DICTIONARY 

OF 

WORC  ESTER 

MASS. 
AND  ITS  VICINITY 


FRANKLIN  P.  RICK 


WHAT  nflKE5  HARD  TIHES  ? 

Too  many  people  trying  to  get  SOMETHING  fOf  NOTHING! 

WHAT  15  THE  USUAL  RE5ULT  ? 

Most  of  those  who  try  this,  get  NOTHING  for  SOMETHING  I 

The  old  woman,  said  "Everything  must  be  done  by  somebody."  Those  who  can  do 
something  well,  will  always  have  work  and  support.  Intelligent  skillful  work  produces 
wealth. 

The  "  Science  of  Accounts"  teaches  how.  Mere  bookkeeping  from  schools  will  not 
do  it.  Every  man  should  have  a  course  of  scientific  study  in  accounts;  not  merely  to 
become  a  bookeeper,  but  to  become  able  to  investigate  business  and  learn  what  he  can 
best  do,  and  how  to  do  it  most  successfully. 

LEWIS  C.  MUZZY, 

28  Lincoln  Square,  Worcester,  flass. 

Scientific  Expert  Accountant, 
Auditor  and  Teacher. 

Memljer  of  the  Institute  of  Accounts,  New  York. 

Teacher  of  Kusiness  Department  in  Worcester  High  School. 
Notary  Public  and  Justice  of  the  Peace. 


What  Many  Successful  Men  say  to  me  about  my  Course  of  Instruction. 

It  is  the  mobl  profitable  thing  I  ever  studied. 

It  is  the  only  study  of  practical  profit  that  I  ever  pursued. 

'I  commend  all  young  men  among  my  friends  to  you. 

What  Some  Unsuccessful  Men  say  to  me. 

I  have  always  been  sorry  that  I  did  not  take  such  study  in  early  life. 
I  wish  I  had  known  it  before  I  commenced  business. 
If  I  had  learned  such  things  I  would  not  have  failed. 

SEM>  VOU  CIRCULAR  ^-^mmHHI 


E.  R.  Cummins,  manager.  Chas.  S.  Forbes,  counsel. 

Show,  CHUt^cH  &  Co., 

Mercantile  Reports  ♦  .  . 

Law  and  Collections, 

Wc  have  a  credit  department,   and  get  reports    up   to  date. 

We  are  the  agency  who  originated  the  well-known  "Draft 
System,"   now  used  almost  universally.  ..... 

We  are  the  only  agency  using  the  copyrighted  "Improved 
•Draft  System,"  which  is  far  ahead  of  any,  and  was  also  devised 
by  us.      ...........  . 

Where  can  you  find  a  more  reasonable,  yet  prompt,  just 
and  courteous  means  of  approaching  a  debtor  for  money  than 
our  copyrighted   "  Improved  Draft  System?"  .        .        .  . 

We  have  devised  more  and  better  methods  of  making  col- 
lections than  any  other  agency.     .        .        .        .        .  . 

We  employ  competent  lawyers,  collectors  and  adjutors. 

We  make  a  specialty  of  large  and  important  matters  requir- 
ing intelligence,  energy  and  integrity.  ..... 


Rooms  47  Sz  48,  Koowles  Bu.ildirig, 


WORCESTER,  MASS 


Worcester  Higfhlands, 
Northlands,  and 

Bloomin^dale. 

THREE  OF  THE 

MOST  BEAUTIFUL  and  ATTRACTIVE  PROPERTIES 

IN   THE  CITY. 


The  Hicrhlands  is  reached  by  Grafton  street  Hne  of  cars. 
Northlands  by  Chadwick  Square  and  North  End  electric  cars,  and 
Bloomingdale  by  the  line  to  the  Lake. 

BUILDING  LOTS  IN  SIZES  TO  SUIT. 

Terms  only  $10.00  down,  and  four  years  in  wliicli  to  pay 
l>alance.    Salesmen  on  tlie  grounds  daily. 

Plans,  specifications   and   free   tickets   furnished   at  the 
office  of 


QUIMBY  &  CO., 


15  Knowles  Building. 


518  Main  Street. 


DICTIONARY 


.  .  .  OF  .  .  . 


WORCESTER 


(  MASSACHUSETTS  ) 


AND   ITS  VICINITY. 


By  franklin  P.  RICE. 


SECOND  ISSUE. 

Reprinted  from  the  Worcester  Commercial. 


Worcester  : 

F.  S.  BLANCHARD  &  CO.,  PUBLISHERS. 
1803. 


Copyright,  1SS9,  1S93, 
By  franklin  P.  RICE 


^^1 


PREFACE. 


The  plan  of  the  Dictionary  of  Worcester  comprehends  a  handbook 
of  general  information,  which,  as  a  collection  of  useful  references  or  a 
guide-book  to  the  city  and  its  surroundings,  will  serve  equally  the  resident 
and  the  stranger.  The  scope  of  the  work  differs  somewhat  from  that  of 
the  "Dictionaries"  issued  in  other  cities,  in  being  more  full  in  matters 
relating  to  the  history  and  chronology  of  the  subjects  treated,  and  in  con- 
taining much  that  is  not  usually  included  in  books  of  a  similar  character. 
Many  of  the  facts  and  figures  given  are  not  readily  accessible  in  any  other 
form,  and  are  of  more  than  common  interest  and  value  to  the  inquirer. 

Occasional  mention  by  name  in  the  text  of  trades-people,  business  houses 
and  other  establishments,  was  unavoidable,  but  in  no  instance  is  such  mention 
a  recommendation  in  the  interest  of  the  parties  named. 

The  material  for  this  second  issue  has  been  thoroughly  revised  and  corrected. 


^aritarii,  Siuiuirr  i-ptluam  (Eu 


Established  in  1842. 


What  has  made  this  the  largest  and  foremost  strictly 
dry  goods  house  between  Boston  and  Buffalo? 

Its  Location  ?    No ! 

Its  Long  Standing  ?    No  ! 

its  Low  Prices  ?    No  ! 

What,  then  ? 

FIRST. — Because  it  has  kept  absolute  faith  with  the 
people  ;  never  deceived  or  misled  them,  nor  con- 
sciously imposed  upon  a  single  soul.  The  rule  of 
right  and  justice  to  all  is  the  first  and  abiding 
principle  here  practiced  in  every  procedure. 

SECOND. — Because  of  its  superior  merchandise  and 
exclusive  styles,  at  low  prices. 


Orders  by  mail  receive  the  same  attention  given  persons 
present  at  the  counters. 


DICTIONARY  OF  WORCESTER 
AND  ITS  VICINITY. 


Academy. — See  Worcester  Academy. 

Adams  Square. — At  the  junction  of  Lin- 
coln and  Burncoat  streets.  North  Park  is  a 
short  distance  from  the  square,  which  can  be 
reached  from  Main  street  by  the  cars  of  the 
ConsoHdated  Street  Railway  Company.  The 
North  End  Street  Railway,  of  about  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile  in  length,  has  its  southern 
terminus  here. 

Adriatic  Mills. — The  building  on  the  Nor- 
wich railroad,  south  of  the  Junction  or  South 
Worcester  station,  at  present  occupied  by  the 
Worcester  Woolen  Mill  Company.  This  mill 
was  erected  in  1854  by  Eli  Thayer,  and  was 
constructed  of  stone  chips  taken  from  Oread 
hill.  The  fine  stone  was  mixed  with  mortar, 
forming  a  concrete.  Wooden  frames  or  moulds 
were  made  the  height  and  thickness  of  the 
walls,  and  the  conglomerate  turned  into  them 
and  allowed  to  harden;  no  masonry  being 
employed  in  raising  the  walls.  Mr.  Thayer 
sold  the  property  to  Charles  White  and  J.  P. 
Southgate;  later  it  came  into  the  possession 
of  Isaac  Davis,  who  sold  it  to  Jordan,  Marsh  & 
Co.  This  firm  equipped  the  shop  (which  had 
been  used  as  a  fire-arms  manufactory),  for  a 
woolen  mill,  and  named  it  the  Adriatic.  The 
original  building,  before  later  additions  were 
made,  w^as  400  feet  long,  40  feet  wdde  and  two 
stories  high. 

Adventists. — A  Second  Advent  church  was 
formed  in  Worcester  in  1841.  The  place 
of  worship  was  for  some   years   in  Thom- 


as street,  and  then  after  an  interval  during 
which  the  services  were  held  in  public  halls, 
the  society  went  in  1866  to  its  house  in  Central 
street  and  remained  there  until  1883,  when  the 
building  was  removed,  and  the  site  is  now  oc- 
cupied by  a  part  of  the  Putnam  &  Sprague 
Co.'s  warehouse.  The  Adventists  now  hold 
their  meetings  in  Clark's  block,  492  Main  st. 

African  Churches. — Zion  M.  E.  Church 
was  organized  in  1846,  and  worshipped  in  a 
building  on  Exchange  street,  which  was  burned 
in  1854.  The  present  brick  Zion's  church, 
opposite  Cypress  street,  on  Exchange,  was 
erected  in  1855.  The  Bethel  M.  E.  Church 
was  organized  in  1867,  and  for  some  time  met 
at  the  corner  of  Laurel  and  Hanover  streets. 
The  present  place  of  worship  is  at  209  Pleasant 
street.  Mt.  Olive  Baptist  Church  w3l?,  formed 
in  1885,  and  in  189 1  a  church  building  was 
erected  at  43  John  street.  Refer  to  Colored 
Bopulatiou . 

Agricultural  Society,  (The  Worcester), 

— See  Worcester  Agricultural  Society. 

Aletheia. — See  High  School  Societies. 

Allen  Library. — The  collection  of  books 
formed  by  the  Rev.  George  Allen  during  his 
long  life,  is  now  the  property  of  The  Worces- 
ter Society  of  Antiquity.  This  is  considered 
one  of  the  best  representative  libraries  of  the 
New  England  theology  in  the  country,  and 
comprises  many  rare  and  valuable  works 
illustrating  early  local  history  and  religious 
controversy.    Through  the  efforts  of  Senator 


ALL— AM  E 


6 


Hoar  and  other  prominent  gentlemen,  the 
sum  of  money  necessary  for  its  purchase  was, 
after  the  death  of  Mr.  Allen  in  1883,  raised 
and  presented  to  the  society.  The  collection 
numbers  2,300  volumes  and  2,000  pamphlets. 

All  Saints'  Church. — See  Episcopal 
Churches. 

All  Souls'  Church.  —  See  Universalist 
Churches. 

Almshouse. — See  Poor  Deparlment. 

Almanacs  Published  in  Worcester. — 

Isaiah  Thomas  began  in  1775  the  publication 
of  his  "Almanack,"  which  was  continued 
until  1823;  after  1800  by  his  son  Isaiah 
Thomas,  Jr.,  and  by  George  A.  Trumbull 
from  1820.  In  1844  Henry  J.  Howland  is- 
sued the  first  number  of  the  Worcester  Alvia- 
nac  and  Directory,  continued  to  the  present 
time  as  the  Worcester  Directory.  I'he  Grand 
Army  Almanac,  a  very  creditable  production 
by  Comrade  Henry  N.  Evans  was  published  in 
Worcester  from  1879  to  1881.  1  he  Yankee 
Almanac  was  published  three  years — 1887-9 
—by  F.  S.  Blanchard  &  Co.  Robert  B. 
Thomas,  who  established  the  famous  Old 
E'armer''s  Almanac,  published  to  this  day, 
was  a  resident  of  Boylston,  a  bookbinder  by 
trade,  and  was  in  the  habit  of  taking  books  to 
bind  for  Isaiah  Thomas,  (by  some  thought  to 
be  a  relative).  Money  being  scarce  he  re- 
ceived his  pay  in  almanacs,  which  he  peddled 
over  the  country.  In  consequence  of  some 
misunderstanding  with  his  employer,  his  supply 
was  withheld,  and  he  started  an  opposition 
almanac  which  has  long  outlived  the  original. 

Ambulance. — There  is  an  Ambulance  to 
be  used  in  case  of  accidents,  etc.,  attached  to 
the  Police  Department.  It  was  purchased  in 
1885. 

American  Antiquarian  Society.  —  This 
Society  was  founded  in  181 2  by  Isaiah  Thomas, 
LL.  D.,  noted  as  a  patriot,  printer,  and 
publisher  of  the  Massachnsetts  Spy.  Dr. 
Thomas  gave  the  society  a  valuable  library, 
with  funds  for  its  maintenance;  and  in  1820 
erected  a  building  (still  standing  on  Summer 
street),  for  its  use.  This  building  being  in 
some  respects  unsuited  to  the  needs  of  the 
society,  was  abandoned  in  1853,  when  the 
books  and  collections  were  removed  to  the 
edifice  in  Lincoln  square.  The  library  now 
contains  over  90,000  volumes.    An  invaluable 


collection  of  American  newspapers  is  here 
preserved  and  accessible.  There  are  also 
many  portraits,  busts,  with  other  objects  of 
art  and  antiquity  well  worth  inspection.  The 
society  has  published  seven  volumes  of  "  Tran- 
sactions," under  the  title  of  Archcsologia 
Americatia  ;  and  the  "  Proceedings  "  of  the 
semi-annual  meetings  since  its  organization. 
The  library  is  open  to  the  public  week  days 
(Saturday  afternoons  excepted)  from  9  a.  m. 
to  5  P.  M.  A  cordial  welcome  is  given  by  the 
Librarian,  Mr.  Edmund  M.  Barton,  who  is 
eminently  practical  in  his  administration. 
Other  officers  of  the  society  are:  President, 
Stephen  Salisbury,  Esq.;  Vice-Presidents, 
Hon.  George  F.  Hoar,  Edward  Everett  Hale, 
D.  D.;  Recording  Secretary,  Hon.  John 
D.  Washburn;  Treasurer,  Nathaniel  Paine, 
Esq.  The  aggregate  of  the  funds  of  the 
society  is  $1 15,000. 

American  Legion  of  Honor. — A  secret 
fraternal  and  mutual  benefit  order,  Hope 
Council,  Ko.  ij,  was  instituted  in  Worcester 
in  1878,  and  now  has  between  fifty  and  sixty 
members.    The  meetings  are  at  Pythian  Hall. 

American  Mechanics.  —  The  Order  of 
United  A?nerican  Mechanics  is  a  social,  fra- 
ternal and  benevolent  secret  association,  com- 
posed entirely  of  those  born  in  the  United 
States  of  America,  or  under  the  protection  of 
its  flag,  and  who  have  arrived  at  the  age  of 
18  years  and  over.  The  Order  was  instituted 
in  Philadelphia  July  8,  1845.  It  was  intended 
at  first  to  be  a  protection  for  the  American 
Mechanics  and  Workingmen  alone,  but  it  was 
deemed  advisable  to  depart  from  that  rule, 
and  to  recognize  everyone  who  works  with 
hands  or  brains  as  eligible.  It  has  no  affilia- 
tion with  Trades'  Unions,  Knights  of  Labor, 
Sovereigns  of  Industry,  or  the  like.  It  is  not 
a  relic  of  the  Know-Nothing  family,  and  does 
not  seek  to  proscribe  the  foreigner.  It  has  a 
membership  of  50,000  in  the  United  States. 
There  are  three  councils  in  Worcester.  Co?n- 
momuealth  Council,  iVo.  j,  was  formed  on 
Fast  Day,  1889,  and  now  meets  at  566  Main 
street.  IVorcester  Council,  A'o.  jg,  formed 
in  1891,  meets  in  Arcanum  Hall.  Indus- 
try Council,  lYo.  17,  is  a  junior  council. 
Fidelity  Council,  A'c.  4,  Daughters  of  Liberty, 
is  a  branch  of  this  Order  formed  in  1891. 

American  Protective  League. — Eureka 
Lodge  meets  at  556  Main  street  the  first  and 
third  Wednesdays  of  each  month. 


7 


AMU— APA 


Amusements.  —  The  places  of  public 
amusement  in  Worcester  are  numerous  and 
adequate  to  the  demands  of  a  city  of  its  size. 
Besides  the  transient  entertainments  in  the 
numerous  halls,  nightly  performances  and 
occasional  matinees  are  given  at  the  Theatre 
on  Exchange  street,  (which,  destroyed  by  fire, 
May  i6,  1889,  was  rebuilt.  See  Music  Hall 
for  account  of  the  first  building. )  with  generally 
the  best  talent,  and  sometimes  high-class  plays. 
The  Front  Street  Miisee  or  Opera  House,  at  the 
location  of  the  Old  Worcester  Theatre,  gives 
several  performances  daily.  Lothrop'' s  Opera 
House,  on  Pleasant  street,  was  built  by  R.  C. 
Taylor  in  1890-91,  and  opened  to  the  public 
August  17,  1891.  This  establishment  affords 
a  good  class  of  entertainments  daily  at  popular 
prices.  The  various  places  of  resort  for  out- 
door amusements  are  treated  under  their 
appropriate  headings.    See  Theatres. 

Ancient  Order  of  Foresters. — A  mutual 
benefit  organization,  which  had  its  origin  in 
England.  There  are  four  courts  in  Worcester : 
City  of  Worcester,  A'o.  7117 ;  Damascus, 
No.  7362 ;  Quinsigatuond,  organized,  1891; 
and  Thomas  E.  Ctcnningham,  A'i?.  8076. 
Knights  of  Sherwood  Forest,  Worcester  Con- 
clave, A'o.  gi,  is  a  higher  branch  of  this  Order 
located  here. 

Ancient  Order  of  Hibernians. — A  secr'et 
mutual  benefit  and  fraternal  order.  Division 
I  was  organized  in  1867,  Division  2  in  1871, 
and  Division  24  in  1876.  The  military  com- 
panies of  this  Order  in  Worcester  are  the 
Hibernian  Guards,  organized  in  1876,  and 
the  Hibernian  Rifles,  Cojnpanies  A  and  B. 
The  rooms  are  at  98  Front  street. 

Ancient  Order  of  United  Workmen. — 

Worcester  Lodge,  No.  56,  was  organized  in 
1885.  Meets  at  405  Main  street,  second  and 
fourth  Thursday  evenings   of  each  month. 

Victor  Lodge,  No.  g2,  organized  in  1887, 
meets  at  566  Main  street,  first  and  third 
Wednesday  evenings  of  each  month.  Clinton 
Lodge,  N'o  2Q,  appears  not  to  be  alive  now. 

Anti-Slavery  Sentiment  in  Worcester. 

— At  an  early  time  a  strong  feeling  against 
slavery  was  apparent  in  Worcester.  In  1767 
the  Representative  to  the  General  Court  was 
instructed  to  use  his  influence  "to  obtain  a 
law  to  put  an  end  to  that  unchristian  and 
impolitic  practice  of  making  slaves  of  the 
human  species,"  and  to  give  his  vote  for  none 


to  serve  in  his  Majesty's  Council  who  should' 
oppose  such  a  law.    The  celebrated  Quock 
Walker  decision,  to  the  effect  that  slavery 
never  had  had  a  legal  existence  in  Massachu- 
setts, was  rendered  here  in  178 1.    On  the  9th 
of  December,  1819,  a  Worcester  Co.  Anti- 
Slavery  Convention  was  held  at  the  Court 
House  to  take  action  to  prevent  the  further 
introduction  of  slavery  into  new  states.  In 
August,  1828,  Benjamin  Lundy  visited  Worces- 
ter, and  from  a  long  residence  in  the  South 
spoke  from  personal  knowledge  of  the  feelings 
of  the  people  there.    He  said  that  a  majority 
of  them,  even   of  the   slave-holders,  were 
desirous  of  abolishing  the  slave  system  as  soon 
as  it  could  be  done  with  prudence.  Lundy 
influenced  the  formation  of  many  anti-slavery 
societies  south  of  the  Potomac,  and  it  is  said 
that  there  were  over  300  of  them  among  the 
slave-holders  in  1829.     These  quickly  dis- 
solved after  the  Nat  Turner  massacre  in  1831, 
which  the  slave-owners  claimed  was  incited  by 
the  inflammatory  methods  of  William  Lloyd 
Garrison.    Garrisonism  found  an  early  lodg- 
ment in  Worcester,  and  it  was  for  many  years 
a  stronghold  of  those  who  placed  themselves 
above  the  law  in  opposition  to  slavery.  It 
was  the  home  of  Stephen  S.  and  Abby  Kelley 
Foster,  and  many  others  of  that  stripe;  and 
was  an  important  station  of  the  underground 
railroad.     Of  the  political  movements,  the 
Free  Soil  revolt  of  1848,  which  sent  Charles 
Allen  to  Congress,  should  be  mentioned.  An 
attempt  to  arrest  a  fugitive  slave  here  in  1854 
caused  a  serious  riot,  the  United  States  deputy 
marshal  narrowly  escaping  with  his  life.  The 
movement  which  rescued  Kansas  and  con- 
vinced the  South  that  it  at  last  had  met  a  for- 
midable power,  originated  in  Worcester,  and 
found  active  supporters  in  all  the  political  par- 
ties, though  it  was  denounced  by  the  extrem- 
ists, and  ignored  by  the  prclessional  politicians. 
The  patriotism  excited  by  the  rebellious  acts 
of  the  South  in  1861  was  not  anti-slavery  sen- 
timent, as  the  war  which  followed  was  a  war 
for   the   Union,    and    emancipation   a  war 
measure  rather  than  a  philanthropic  act. 

Apartment  Houses.  —  Worcester  has, 
within  the  past  few  years,  followed  the  lead  of 
the  larger  cities  in  the  erection  of  Apartment 
Houses.  The  names  and  location  of  some  of 
the  principal  ones  are  given  below : 
/Etna,  722  Main  st. 
Albion,  765  Main  st. 


APO— ARM 


8 


Boynton,  718  Main  st. 
Brightside,  2  King  st. 
Chadwick,  236  Main  st. 
Crescent,  15  Charlton  st. 
Dean,  Lincoln  square. 
Estabrook,  54  Pleasant  st. 
Evans,  Main  and  Hammond  sts. 
Hart,  901  Main  st. 
Salisbury,  Lincoln  square. 
Windsor,  720  Main  st. 

Apothecaries. — There  are  65  Apothecaries 
in  Worcester,  according  to  the  Directory  of 
1892. 

Aqueduct  Company.  —  The  Worcester 
Aqueduct  Company  was  incorporated  in  1845, 
for  the  purpose  of  constructing  and  maintain- 
ing an  aqueduct  to  bring  water  from  Bladder 
or  Bell  Pond  for  the  use  of  the  town.  Stephen 
Salisbury  and  other  prominent  citizens  were 
interested  in  the  undertaking.  The  rights  and 
property  of  this  company  were  purchased  by 
the  city  in  1848.  See  Water  IVorks ;  Bell 
Fond. 

Arcade,  (The). — An  old  wooden  building 
formerly  located  in  Washington  square,  on  the 
site  of  the  Arcade  Malleable  Iron  Works.  It 
was  occupied  principally  by  Irish  families,  and 
probably  was  erected  about  the  time  of  the 
building  of  the  Boston  &  Worcester  railroad, 
to  accommodate  the  workmen.  It  was  some- 
times called  the  Rookery.  A  serious  riot  once 
occurred  here. 

Architects. —  The  IVorcesler  Chapter  of 
the  Avierican  Institute  of  Architects,  recently 
chartered,  held  its  first  meeting  March  19, 
1892,  and  elected  the  following  officers: 
President,  Elbridge  Boyden  ;  Vice-President, 
Stephen  C.  Earle';  Secretary,  Ward  P. 
Delano  ;  Treasurer,  John  B.  Woodworth. 
This  Association  practically  takes  the  place  of 
The  Worcester  Society  of  Architects,  formed 
Jan.  27,  1887,  its  objects  being  to  unite 
in  fellowship  the  architects  of  the  city 
and  vicinity,  and  to  combine  their  efforts 
so  as  to  promote  the  artistic,  scientific 
and  practical  efficiency  of  the  profession. 
The  Society  consisted  of  Fellows  and  Asso- 
ciates. The  Fellows  were  practicing  archi- 
tects, and  the  Associates  persons  not 
practicing  architects  who  had  served  two 
years  in  an  architect's  office,  and  others  in- 
terested in  the  objects  of  the  society.  Meet- 
ings were  held  in  the  offices  of  the  members. 


Elbridge  Boyden  was  President  and  Ward  P. 
Delano,  Secretary.  The  society  was  dissolved 
in  1891.  There  are  fifteen  architects  in 
Worcester. 

Architecture.  —  Worcester  possesses  few 
striking  specimens  of  architecture,  though 
there  are  many  fine  dwelling-houses  and  busi- 
ness blocks.  Of  ancient  buildings,  the  Salis- 
bury Mansion  in  Lincoln  square;  the  Baldwin 
or  Eaton  House,  on  Main  street,  at  the  foot 
of  George;  and  the  Trumbull  House,  in 
Trumbull  square,  may  be  mentioned.  The 
Oread  Institute,  on  Alden  street,  is  a  remark- 
able structure,  resembling  an  ancient  castle; 
and  the  Worcester  Academy,  on  Union  Hill, 
can  hardly  fail  to  attract  the  attention  of  the 
stranger.  Mechanics  Hall  Building  and  the 
Stone  Court  House  are  the  only  edifices  on 
Main  street  of  classic  pretentions.  The 
new  Armory  at  Salisbury  and  Grove  streets, 
is  an  imposing  structure.  Among  the 
churches,  St.  Paul's  (Catholic),  All  Saints' 
(Episcopal),  the  Central,  Plymouth '  and  new 
Old  South,  are  worthy  of  mention.  Of  private 
residences,  that  of  Jonas  G.  Clark,  on  Elm 
street,  is  most  noteworthy.  As  a  rule  the 
dwellings  are  neat  and  attractive,  and  the 
business  blocks  substantial  and  well-built. 

Area. — The  area  of  Worcester  comprises 
about  thirty-six  square  miles,  or  23,000  acres. 

Arlington  Club. — A  social  organization  of 
young  men,  formed  in  1883.  The  club  occu- 
pied rooms  in  Clark's  Block.  It  was  dis- 
banded in  1891.  ^ 

Armenians. — There  are  about  700  Arme- 
nians in  Worcester,  and  the  number  is  increas- 
ing. As  a  rule  they  are  industrious  and 
worthy,  and  many  are  skilled  artizans.  They 
have  been  subjected  to  persecution  and  some 
brutal  treatment  in  Worcester,  as  seems  to  be 
the  case  at  first  with  every  nationality  coming 
in  small  numbers.  Many  Armenians  are  em- 
ployed by  the  Washburn  &  Moen  Mfg.  Co., 
at  the  Wire  Mills.  There  is  an  Armenian 
Club  by  the  name  of  "  Haygagan-Gajar."  An 
Armenian  church,  the  first  in  this  country,  was 
organized  here  under  the  charge  of  Rev.  Fr. 
Sarajian,  who  was  sent  to  America  from  the 
Patriarcate  of  Constantinople  for  that  pur- 
pose. The  first  religious  service  was  held  in 
Reform  Club  Hall,  Sunday,  July  28,  1889,  and 
the  church,  called  St.  Savioiir s,  is  located  on 


Laurel  street.  There  are  a  few  Armenians 
who  worship  in  the  Congregational  faith,  and 
a  society  has  been  formed  which  meets  at  the 
building  of  V.  M.  C.  A. 

Armory. — The  first  Armory  building  in 
Worcester  was  erected  on  Waldo  street  in 
1875,  and  is  now  used  for  the  purposes  of  the 
Central  District  Court,  and  Central  Police  Sta- 
tion. The  land  was  purchased  of  Albert 
Tolman  for  $14,612,  and  the  building  cost 
$34,780,  making  a  total  of  $49,392.  It 
proved  a  bad  bargain  to  the  City,  for  the  build- 
ing was  so  poorly  constructed  that  it  had  to  be 
abandoned  by  the  militia  as  unsafe,  and  liable 
to  tumble  down  when  subjected  to  the  vibra- 
tion incident  to  military  drill.  The  new 
Armory,  at  the  junction  of  Grove  and  Salis- 
bury streets,  is  a  building  of  imposing  propor- 
tions. It  was  erected  on  land  purchased  of 
Stephen  Salisbury  for  $23,000,  and  was  in 
process  of  construction  from  April  15,  1889,  to 
Sept.  30,  1890.  Fuller  &  Delano  were  the 
architects,  under  the  special  superintendence 
of  Gen.  Josiah  Pickett.  It  was  dedicated 
January  30,  1891.  The  cost  (including  land) 
was  nearly  $125,000,  which  sum  was  loaned 
by  the  State,  to  be  repaid  by  the  City  in  a 
term  of  years. 

The  new  Worcester  Armory  was  constructec' 
under  the  superintendence  of  a  State  Commis- 
sion of  three  members:  John  W.  Leighton  of 
Boston  (chairman),  Josiah  Pickett  of  Worces- 
ter, and  Joseph  N.  Peterson  of  Salem.  This 
Commission  built  six  Armories :  two  in  Bos- 
ton, at  a  cost  of  $600,000  ;  one  in  Worcester, 
$125,000  ;  one  in  Lowell,  $105,000  ;  one  in 
Fitchburg,  $60,000  ;  and  one  at  Lawrence, 
$90,000.  It  is  a  noteworthy  fact,  that  in  the 
expenditure  of  this  large  sum  of  $980,000,  in 
no  case  was  the  original  appropriation  ex- 
ceeded— a  record  seldom  made  by  public 
commissions. 

Armory  Square. — The  triangular  plat  of 
ground  in  front  of  the  Armory,  where  Salis- 
bury and  Grove  streets  diverge.  Although 
not  yet  officially  designated,  the  name  has 
come  into  use  with  many.  The  "  Square  "  is 
soon  to  be  improved  by  curbing  and  other  ad- 
ditions, to  bring  it  more  into  character  with 
the  fine  buildings  in  the  vicinity. 

Art  and  Artists. — Art,  like  Hterature,  has 
not  flourished  to  any  great  extent  in  Worces- 
ter.   Mrs.  Helen  C.  Knowles  left  at  her  death 


in  1884  a  bequest  of  $25,000  for  the  promo- 
tion of  Art  Education,  either  Ijy  establishing 
some  organization  for  that  purpose,  or  creating 
a  professorship  in  some  institution  already 
existing  in  Worcester.  This  bequest,  which 
had  accumulated  in  the  hands  of  her  executors, 
Messrs.  E.  A.  Strong  of  Boston  and  Henry  A. 
Marsh  of  Worcester,  to  about  $29,000,  was 
paid  over  to  the  .SV.  IVzilsiatt  Society  {^qq  title), 
in  1 891,  to  be  held  in  trust  for  the  purposes 
designed.  To  this  Society,  Stephen  Salisbury 
has  also  given  in  trust  for  Art  purposes  the  lot 
of  land  comprising  25,000  feet,  at  the  corner 
of  Salisbury  and  Tuckerman  streets,  and  made 
an  offer  of  $10,000  towards  the  erection  of  a 
building. 

George  L.  Brown,  the  celebrated  landscape 
painter,  once  resided  in  Worcester,  and  went 
from  this  place  to  Italy.  His  death  occurred 
in  1889  near  Boston.  S.  P.  R.  Triscott,  a 
water-color  painter  of  later  fame,  was  in 
Worcester  between  1870  and  .1880.  At 
present,  Henry  W^oodward,  Miss  Helen  M. 
Knowlton,  Mrs.  A.  C.  Freeland  and  George 
E.  Gladwin  are  well  known  in  local  circles. 
J.  H.  Greenwood,  in  oil,  and  Fred  A. 
M'Clure,  water  color,  are  rising  to  fame,  and 
there  are  others  of  merit.  B.  H.  Kinney  was 
well  known  as  a  sculptor  years  ago,  and 
Eugene  A.  O'Connor  at  present  is  taking  high 
rank.    See  Art  Society ;  Art  Sttidenf  s  Club. 

Art  Society,  (The  Worcester). —This 
Society  was  organized  Nov.  27,  1877,  ^^^^ 
incorporated  Dec.  29,  1887,  its  purpose  being 
"to  promote  art  culture."  The  first  board  of 
officers  was  constituted  as  follows:  President, 
Hon.  Geo.  F.  Hoar;  Vice-Presidents,  Hon. 
L.  J.  Knowles,  Rev.  E.  H.  Hall,  Rev.  C.  M. 
Lamson ;  Secretary,  Miss  Rebecca  Jones; 
Treasurer,  Jos.  E.  Davis;  Directors,  C.  O. 
Thompson,  S.  C.  Earle,  B.  W.  Potter,  Mrs.  P. 
L.  Moen,  Mrs.  J.  H.Walker.  The  officers  are: 
President,  Rev,  A.  S.Garver:  Vice-Presidents, 
Nathaniel  Paine,  Charles  H .  Davis ;  Treasurer, 
E.  B.  Hamilton;  Clerk,  Miss  Sarah  Hopkins; 
Directors,  J.  G.  Clark,  E.  B.  Glasgow,  S.  Salis- 
bury, Rev.  Daniel  Merriman,  W.  T.  Harlow. 
The  Society  has  held  several  art  exhibitions, 
and  lectures  have  been  given  under  its 
auspices. 

Art  Stores. — The  veteran  art  dealer  of 
Worcester  is  Augustus  E.  Peck,  whose  store  in 
the  Lincoln  House  Block,  368  Main  street, 
has  for  years  been  the  resort  of  the  art  lovers 


ART— ATH 


10 


of  this  county.  Mr.  Peck  eslablished  the 
business  in  i86i,  in  one  of  the  stores  on  Main 
street,  below  Central,  now  occupied  by  the 
Putnam  &  SpragueCo.  He  afterwards  moved 
to  a  store  nearly  opposite,  and  in  1870  took 
possession  of  his  present  quarters.  Mr.  Peck 
has  seen  all  but  six  pass  away  of  those  who 
were  in  business  on  Main  street  when  he 
began.  There  are  several  other  art  stores  in 
the  city,  among  them  being  The  Davis  Art 
Co.,  C.  A.  Boyden,  and  Brown,  Hamilton  & 
Co. 

Arthur's  Spring. — A  pure  and  abundant 
never-failing  spring  in  Dodge  Park,  noted  in 
the  minds  of  many  of  Worcester's  aged  citi- 
zens who  often  quenched  their  thirst  there  in 
youthful  days. 

Art  Students'  Club. — Rooms  in  Walker 
Building.  Meetings  the  last  Saturday  of  each 
month.  This  Association  was  organized  in 
1880  for  practical  work,  and  has  proved  bene- 
ficial, particularly  to  beginners  and  students. 
Occasional  exhibitions  of  works  of  its  members 
are  given.  The  club  was  incorporated  in 
1887. 

Asnebumskit  Hill. — The  highest  emi- 
nence in  the  vicinity  of  Worcester,  on  the  main 
road  to  Paxton,  about  seven  miles  from  the 
City  Hall.  Its  height  is  over  1,400  feet,  and 
a  fine  view  can  be  had  from  the  top.  The 
summit  and  a  considerable  portion  of  this  Hill 
have  recently  been  purchased  by  Hon.  George 
F.  Hoar,  who  has  caused  a  road  to  be  coa- 
structed  to  its  highest  point. 

Assembly  Debating  Society. — See  High 
School  Societies. 

Associated  Charities  of  Worcester, 
(The). — Was  organized  in  1890  with  the  fol- 
lowing officers:  Stephen  Salisbury,  President; 
Arthur  M.  Stone,  Mrs.  George  Crompton, 
Vice-Presidents;  Charles  L.  Nichols,  Secre- 
tary; Lewis  W.  Hammond,  Treasurer;  Mrs. 
Eliza  J.  Lee,  General  Secretary. 

There  is  also  a  Board  of  Directors  composed 
of  prominent  citizens  and  ladies. 

The  objects  of  this  Society  are  : 

"  To  secure  the  concurrent  and  harmonious  action 
of  the  different  charities  of  Worcester,  namely : 
The  various  churches,  charitable  agencies,  public 
relief  and  individuals  charitably  disposed,  in  order 

To  raise  tlie  needy  above  the  need  of  relief,  pre- 
vent begging  and  imposition,  and  diminish  pau- 
perism ; 

To  encourage  thrift,  self-independence  and  indus- 


try through  friendly  intercourse,  advice  and  sym- 
pathy, and  to  aid  the  poor  to  help  themselves ; 

To  prevent  children  from  growing  up  as  paupers; 

To  aid  in  the  diffusion  of  knowledge  on  subjects 
connected  with  the  relief  of  the  poor." 

And,  to  accomplish  these  objects,  it  is  de- 
signed— 

"  I.  To  provide  that  the  case  of  every  applicant  for 
relief  shall  be  thoroughly  investigated ; 

2.  To  place  the  results  of  such  investigation  at  the 
disposal  of  charitable  societies  and  agencies,  and  of 
private  persons  of  benevolence,  and  of  the  Overseers 
of  the  Poor,  so  far  as  such  investigation  may  be 
necessary  for  the  accomplishment  of  the  objects  of 
this  society ; 

3.  To  obtain  employment,  if  possible;  if  not,  to 
obtain,  so  far  as  necessary,  suitable  assistance  for 
every  deserving  applicant  from  charitable  agencies, 
benevolent  individuals  or  public  authorities. 

4.  To  make  all  relief,  either  by  alms  or  charitable 
work,  conditional  upon  good  conduct  and  progress; 

5. '  To  send  to  each  poor  family,  under  the  advice 
of  a  district  conference,  a  friendly  visitor; 

6.  To  hold  public  meetings  and  print  papers  for 
distribution,  as  may  be  found  necessary." 

Or,  in  a  general  way,  it  may  be  stated  that 
the  objects  of  the  Associated  Charities  are 
twofold : 

"  I  St,  to  be  a  central  bureau  of  information  for  ail 
the  benevolent  societies  of  the  city  and  for  all  char- 
itable individuals.  By  this  means  we  shall  enable 
you  to  ascertain  more  readily  and  more  surely  the 
most  needy  and  most  worthy  recipients  of  Vour 
charity;  we  shall  discover  the  unworthy  recipients 
of  present  charity,  and  we  shall  prevent  the  (  ver- 
lapping  of  the  charities  of  Worcester  in  consequence 
of  which  so  much  money  is  unnecessarily  wasted. 
Our  information  being  strictly  confidential,  is  open 
only  to  accredited  representatives  of  the  societies  or 
to  those  personally  interested. 

"  2d,  to  furnish  to  those  whom  misfortune,  sick- 
ness or  trouble  have  placed  in  need,  a  friendly  vis- 
itor who  shall  personally  advise  and  encourage  such 
persons  to  make  themselves  once  more  self-support- 
ing and  thus  save  them  from  pauperism.  In  no 
case  will  our  visitors  approach  persons  already  in 
charge  of  other  societies,  except  at  the  reques"t  of 
such  society,  nor  are  they  allowed  to  use  their  posi- 
tion for  religious  proselytism." 

Office  in  Chapin  Block,  No.  37  Pearl  street, 
Rooms  9  and  10.  Open  from  9.30  A.  M.  until 
I  p.  M.  every  day  except  Sunday. 

Association  Hall. — The  larger  of  the  two 
public  audience  rooms  in  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  building,  and  can  be  en- 
tered from  Elm  or  Pearl  streets.  There  are 
800  seats  on  floor  and  gallery. 

Asylums. — See  Home  for  Aged  Females  ; 
Home  for  Aged  Men ;  Odd  Fellows''  Home  ; 
Children'' s  Friend  Society  ;  Temporary  Home 
and  Day  A^tirsery ;  Insane  Asylums;  Hos- 
pitals. 

Athletics. — More  or  less  interest  in  Ath- 


AUB— BAK 


letics  has  been  manifested  in  Worcester  during 
the  last  fifty  years,  but  a  consecutive  or  minute 
history  cannot  be  presented  here.  The  old 
Mechanics  Ball  Club  formed  over  thirty-five 
years  ago,  and  which  played  the  game  of 
round  ball,  was  maintained  several  years  with 
a  good  degree  of  enthusiasm,  which  gives  evi- 
dence that  the  young  men  of  that  time  were 
alive  to  the  enjoyment  and  healthfulness  of 
the  sport.  The  Quinsigamond  Boat  Club, 
contemporary  in  its  first  years  with  the  above, 
has  at  different  periods  numbered  prominent 
athletes  among  its  members.  The  annual 
college  regattas  at  Lake  Quinsigamond  ex- 
cited an  interest  in  aquatic  sports  which  has 
steadily  increased,  and  the  reader  is  referred 
to  the  article  on  Boat  Clubs  and  Boating  for 
further  information  in  this  particular. 

Many  Worcester  citizens  of  to-day  can 
remember  Aaron  Molineaux,  a  man  of  very 
dark  complexion,  who  came  here  in  1856,  and 
established  gymnasia  on  Orchard  and  Main 
streets.  His  wife  also  instructed  a  class  of 
ladies.  After  two  or  three  years  he  left 
Worcester  to  become  instructor  in  gymnastics 
at  Harvard  College.  T.  W.  Higginson  took 
much  interest  in  the  subject  of  gymnastics,  and 
influenced  the  formation  of  the  Worcester 
Gymnastic  Club,  which  bought  out  Molineaux, 
and  took  his  rooms  at  the  corner  of  Foster 
and  Waldo  streets.  Many  bank  clerks  and 
other  young  men  were  members  of  this  club. 
Samuel  H.  Putnam,  after  the  training  received 
here,  went  to  Oberlin  College  as  instructor  in 
gymnastics,  leaving  there  after  a  few  months, 
to  enlist  in  the  25th  Mass.  Regt. 

The  Germans  from  the  first  have  given  much 
attention  to  athletics.  The  Socialer  Turn 
Verein  was  formed  in  1859.  Pedestrianism, 
Base  Ball  and  Cycling  have  been  given  a 
large  share  of  public  notice.  Several  athletic 
associations  have  existed  for  longer  or  shorter 
periods,  with  greater  or  less  measure  of  suc- 
cess. At  present  the  prominent  successor  of 
these  is  the  Worcester  Athletic  Club,  which  has 
gathered  to  itself  a  majority  of  the  athletes  and 
lovers  of  manly  sports  in  this  vicinity.  The 
first  formal  meeting  of  this  association  was 
held  April  30,  1890,  and  officers  were  elected 
May  21  of  that  year.  It  was  incorporated 
March  11,  1891.  Samuel  E.  Winslow  is 
President,  Frank  E.  Heywood,  Secretary,  and 
Frank  R.  Macullar,  Treasurer.  The  grounds 
at  Lake  View,  known  as  the  Worcester  Oval, 
are  equal  to  any  in  the  U.  S.  in  arrangement 


and  equipment,  with  one-fourth  mile  track  and 
120  yards  straight-away.  The  grand  stand 
has  dressing  rooms  and  lockers,  and  all  the 
modern  accommodations.  There  are  Base 
Ball  Grounds  and  Tennis  Courts.  The  Worces- 
ter Club  is  second  only  to  the  B.  A.  Associa- 
tion in  New  England. 

The  Y.  M.  C.  A.  gives  some  attention  to 
athletics,  and  have  quarters  at  the  Lake  for 
practice  in  the  Summer  season,  as  well  as  a 
room  in  their  building  on  Elm  street. 

Auburn. — This  town  was  taken  from  the 
towns  of  Leicester,  Oxford,  Sutton  and 
Worcester,  and  incorporated  in  1778  under 
the  name  of  Ward,  in  honor  of  Gen.  Artemas 
Ward.  The  name  was  changed  to  Auburn  in 
1837.  It  lies  about  five  miles  from  Worcester 
center,  and  can  be  reached  by  the  Norwich 
railroad.    Population  in  1890,  1,532. 

Auctions  and  Auctioneers. — Auctions  or 
vendues  have  been  held  in  Worcester  from 
the  earliest  time.  The  names  of  prominent 
auctioneers  here  are  given  below,  with  approxi- 
mate dates:  Samuel  Bridge,  1797;  Thomas 
Stickney,  Nathan  Blackman,  T.  Farrar,  1800; 
William  Eaton,  1 808-1 830;  Reuben  Wheeler, 
1816;  John  Milton  Earle,  1830;  James  Esta- 
brook,  1844;  Thornton  A.  Merrick,  1845; 
T.  W.  &  C.  P.  Bancroft,  1840-50;  E.  E.  Ab- 
bott, 1852;  Alex.  Putnam,  1852;  E.  W.Vaill, 
1854;  W.  W.  Pratt,  1856;  E.  B.  Lamson, 
1856-65;  Charles  Hersey,  1858;  A.  E.  Peck, 
1857;  Henry  Glazier,  1865-1875.  B.  W^ 
Abbott,  who  came  to  Worcester  in  1864, 
enjoyed  a  monopoly  of  real  estate  and  other 
sales  for  several  years.  He  died  in  1886. 
Worcester's  most  successful  auctioneer  at  the 
present  time  is  Henry  M.  Clemence,  whose 
office  is  on  Pearl  street.  His  first  sale  was  in 
iVpril,  1875.  Horace  Kendall  &  Son,  in 
Mechanics  Hall  Building,  hold  evening  knd 
occasional  sales  of  furniture  and  notions  at 
their  place  of  business.  There  are  several 
other  auction  rooms  in  different  parts  of  the 
city;  Folsom  &  Slaney,  580  Main  street,  and 
Frank  Tracy,  162  Main  street,  hold  regular 
Saturday  sales  of  new  and  second-hand  furni- 
ture, etc.  There  are  sales  of  horses,  cattle, 
carriages,  harnesses,  etc.,  weekly,  at  the  City 
Stock  Yards,  on  Summer  street,  by  O.  A. 
Kelley,  auctioneer,  and  at  Washington  square 
by  F.  W.  Fiagg. 

Bakers. — There  are  37  Bakers  in  Worces- 
ter. (1892). 


BAL— BAR 


12 


Balanced  Rock. — About  a  mile  and  a  half 
from  the  center  of  Shrewsbury,  on  the  road  to 
Boylston.  It  is  a  large  boulder — an  irregular 
cube  of  perhaps  25  by  15  feet,  resting  on  one 
of  its  angles  on  the  surface  of  a  flat  ledge,  on 
the  crest  of  the  hill.  It  is  very  curious,  and 
suggests  an  idea  of  the  prodigious  glacial 
forces  which  probably  drifted  it  to  its  present 
position  and  dropped  it  gently  and  evenly 
balanced.  Beneath  it,  upon  the  surface  of  the 
ledge,  the  stria:  or  glacial  markings  can  be 
plainly  seen,  the  over-hanging  mass  having 
sheltered  them  from  the  elements. 

Bancroft's  Birthplace. — The  house  in 
which  George  Bancroft,  the  historian,  was 
born,  Oct.  3,  1800,  is  standing  on  Salisbury 
street,  about  half  a  mile  from  Lincoln  square. 
It  is  occupied  by  Mr.  John  B.  Pratt  as  a  resi- 
dence. jSIr.  Bancroft  died  in  Washington, 
Jan.  17,  1891. 

Bancroft  Endowment  Fund. —  The  Aaron 
and  lAicrctia  Bancroft  Scholarship  was  estab- 
lished in  Worcester  in  1886  by  the  gift  of 
$io,0GO  from  the  late  Hon.  George  Bancroft, 
in  memory  of  his  parents,  for  the  purpose  of 
aiding  deserving  indigent  students  in  obtaining 
a  liberal  education.  The  annual  income  is 
$400.  The  first  beneficiary  of  this  fund  was 
George  B.  Churchill,  who  went  from  the  High 
School  to  Amherst  College. 

Bands,  (Military). — There  are  four  mili- 
tary bands  in  Worcester  at  the  present  time : 
The  Worcester  Brass,  which  was  formed  in 
1868,  with  T.  C.  Richardson  as  leader.  It  is 
now  conducted  by  L.  D.  Waters.  The  Bat- 
tery B,  formerly  the  Cadet,  and  at  first  known 
as  the  French  Band,  under  the  leadership  of 
E.  'D.  Ingraham.  Both  the  above  enjoy  a 
well-merited  reputation  from  the;  range  and 
excellence  of  their  playing.  The  City  Band, 
formerly  the  Father  Mathew,  is  now  conducted 
by  J.  H.  Martel.  The  Brigade  Band,  com- 
posed almost  entirely  of  Swedes,  is  an  organi- 
zation of  comparatively  late  origin.  There  are 
two  or  three  other  recently-formed  organiza- 
tions that  furnish  military  music.  Johnson's 
Drum  Corps  has  more  than  a  local  reputation. 
See  under  Music. 

Banks. — There  are  seven  National  Banks 
in  Worcester,  namely,  the  IJ^orcester,  on  Fos- 
ter street,  incorporated  March  7,  1804.  This 
bank  has  had  during  the  eighty-eight  years  of 
its  existence  but  four  presidents,  and  only  two 


names  signed  to  its  notes  as  presidents — 
Daniel  Waldo,  senior,  who  was  for  a  short 
time  the  first  president,  and  w^as  succeeded  by 
his  son,  Daniel  W^aldo,  junior,  who  served 
until  his  death  in  1845.  Stephen  Salisbury 
was  then  elected,  and  continued  until  his 
death  in  1884,  when  the  office  passed  to  its 
present  incumbent  of  the  same  name.  This 
bank  was  organized  as  a  National  Bank,  May 
9,  1864.  The  Cc'w/rrt'/ Bank,  452  Main  street, 
was  incorporated  in  1829,  and  became  a 
National  Bank  May  18,  1864.  The  Quinsiga- 
mond,  318  Main  street,  incorporated  in  1829, 
was  re-organized  in  1865.  The  Citizens,  425 
Main  street,  incorporated  1836,  re-organized 
in  1865.  The  Mechanics,  311  Main  street, 
(Central  Exchange),  incorporated  1848;  re- 
organized 1865.  The  City,  406  Main  street, 
incorporated  1854;  re-organized  1864.  The 
First  A'ational,  410  Main  street,  organized  in 
1863.  The  Security  opened  for  business  July 
20,  1875,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000,  and 
ceased  to  exist  in  1878.  It  was  located  at  the 
north  corner  of  Main  and  Pleasant  streets. 

There  are  four  Savings  Banks :  The  Worces- 
ter County  Institution  for  Savings,  13  Foster 
street,  incorporated  1828;  The  Afechanics 
Savings  Bank,  (Central  Exchange),  incorpo- 
rated 1 851;  The  Five  Cents  Savitigs  Bank, 
320  Main  street,  incorporated  1854;  and  the 
Peoples,  452  Main  street,  incorporated  1864. 

See  Co-operative  Banks  ;  Safe  Deposit  Com- 
panies. 

Baptist  Churches. — There  are  ten  Baptist 
churches  in  Worcester,  namely,  the  First,  in 
Salem  square,  founded  in  181 2;  the  Pleasant 
street,  founded  1841;  Main  street,  1853; 
Dewey  street,  on  Park  avenue,  1872;  Swedish, 
Normal  street,  1880;  Lincoln  square.  Highland 
street,  1881;  Mount  Olive,  John  street,  1885 ; 
South,  corner  Main  and  Gates  streets,  1886; 
Adams  Square,  190  Lincoln  street,  1889;  and 
the  French,  170  Beacon  street,  1890.  There 
are  three  missions,  the  Jamesville,  organized 
1884;  Quinsigamond,  at  Quinsigamond  vil- 
lage, 1885:  and  the  Greendale,  West  Boylston 
street,  1884.  The  Free  Baptist  church, 
formed  in  1881,  is  on  Wellington  street,  and 
the  edifice  w'as  completed  the  present  year 
(1892). 

Bar  Association,  (Worcester  County). 

— An  organization  of  lawyers  in  the  county, 
formed  for  social  purposes  mainly  at  present. 
Col.  W.  S.  B.  Hopkins  is  the  president. 


13 


BAR— BEL 


Barbers. — There  are  88  barbers  in  Worces- 
ter. There  is  a  Ba7-bers^  Union,  which  meets 
the  second  Monday  of  each  month. 

Barber's  Crossing.  —  A  station  on  the 
Boston  &  Maine  and  Fitchburg  R.  R's,  north 
of  Lincohi  square.    There  is  a  postofifice  here. 

Barnardville. — A  village  at  New  Worces- 
ter near  Hope  Cemetery.  A  settlement  was 
begun  here  some  25  years  ago  by  William  C. 
Barnard. 

Base  Ball. — Base  ball  has  always  been  a 
favorite  pastime  in  Worcester.  Previous  to 
1865  the  game  was  commonly  called  "round 
ball,"  and  the  old  Common  was  the  play- 
ground for  everybody  who  wished  to  partici- 
pate, three  or  four  games  going  on  at  the 
same  time  on  holidays.  For  several  years 
previous  to  i860  the  only  organized  club  in 
the  city  was  the  "  Mechanics."  They  played 
a  strong  game  but  were  no  match  for  the 
Uptons  or  Medways,  who  reduced  the  game  to 
a  science  and  far  excelled  all  rivals.  After  the 
war,  the  present  game  of  base  ball,  first  played 
in  New  York,  was  introduced  into  New  Eng- 
land, but  did  not  become  popular  for  several 
years.  The  first  professional  team  in  the  city 
was  the  Irvings,  who  flourished  in  1877-8. 
The  following  year  the  game  was  loudly 
boomed,  and  the  "  Worcesters "  were  or- 
ganized to  represent  the  city  in  what  was 
called  the  International  Association.  In 
1880-81-82  the  Worcesters  were  in  the 
National  League,  and  base  ball  prospered  as 
never  before  or  since.  While  in  the  League, 
a  fifty  cent  tariff  was  tharged  for  admissions  to 
the  game.  The  city  was  not  large  enough, 
however,  to  support  a  League  team,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  season  of  1882  the  Worcesters 
ceased  to  exist.  An  attempt  was  made  to  re- 
vive interest  in  the  game  in  1884,  and  a  pro- 
fessional team  was  organized,  but  after  com- 
pleting half  the  season  the  team  was  disbanded. 
Base  ball  then  remained  practically  at  rest 
until  1888,  when  a  team  was  organized  to  rep- 
resent the  city  in  the  New  England  Base  Ball 
Association.  The  season  w^as  fairly  successful, 
but  the  team  was  disbanded  after  two  or  three 
years.  Previous  to  1888  all  the  professional 
games  were  played  at  the  Fair  Grounds.  At  the 
opening  of  the  season  of  1888,  new  grounds 
were  inclosed  on  Grove  street  and  a  modern 
grand-stand  erected  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  patrons.    The  new  grounds  were  leased  of 


Stephen  Salisbury,  Esq.,  by  the  street  railroad 
company. 

Battle  Flags, — The  original  flags  carried 
by  the  Worcester  Regiments — the  15th,  21st, 
25th,  34th,  36th,  51st  and  57th — in  the  War 
of  the  Rebellion,  are  preserved  in  a  case  in  the 
Aldermen's  chamber  in  the  City  Hall.  The 
flag  carried  by  Sergeant  Plunkett,  who  lost 
both  arms  at  Fredericksburg,  can  also  be  seen 
here.  Some  of  these  flags  are  reduced  to 
shreds,  and  were  borne  in  the  fiercest  battles 
of  the  war.  On  rare  occasions  they  appear  in 
parades  of  the  organizations  to  which  they 
iDelong. 

Bay  State  Bicycle  Club.— Was  formed 
Feb.  5th,  1887.  Meets  every  Wednesday 
evening  at  their  rooms,  35  Pearl  street.  See 
Cyclini[. 

Bay  State  House. — The  principal  hotel  in 
the  City,  at  corner  of  Main  and  Exchange 
streets.  It  was  erected  by  a  corporation,  and 
opened  to  the  public  February  8,  1856.  The 
building  cost  originally  $100,000,  and  $38,000 
was  paid  for  the  land.  The  present  proprietor, 
F.  P.  Douglass,  has  recently  refitted  the  estab- 
lishment, and  it  has  now  all  the  appointments 
of  a  first-class  hotel.  This  location  has  been 
a  tavern-site  from  early  times.    See  Hotels. 

Bay  State  Poultry  Association. — Was 

organized  in  1888,  and  incorporated  in  1889. 
Holds  quarterly  meetings. 

Beaver  Brook. — This  stream  rises  in 
Holden,  and  flows  generally  south  to  New 
Worcester,  where  it  joins  Tatnuck  brook,  to 
which  it  is  a  tributary. 

Bell  or  Bladder  Pond. — Belmont  street. 
It  was  from  this  pond  that  the  first  water  sup- 
ply for  the  town  was  drawn  by  aqueduct  in 
1845.  The  pipes  were  laid  to  a  reservoir 
(recently  demolished)  107  rods  distant,  and 
iron  pipes  conveyed  the  water  through  Pros- 
pect, Thomas,  Main,  Park,  Salem,  Mechanic, 
Pleasant  and  Elm  streets.  The  Pond  is  still  a 
part  of  the  system  of  water  works.  Its  name 
was  given  on  account  of  its  resembling  a  bell 
in  outline.  See'  Aqueduct  Company  and 
Wate?'  Works. 

Belmont  Church. — The  twelfth  Orthodox 
Congregational  Society  in  Worcester,  formed 
in  1889.    The  edifice  is  at  50  Belmont  street. 


BEN— BLO 


14 


Benefit  Associations.  —  See  under  Co- 
operation. 

Benignus  Conventus,  (Worcester). — 
Branch  No.  i  was  organized  in  1888. 

Bethany  Church. — Leicester  street.  The 
fourteenth  Orthodox  Congregational  Society 
in  Worcester,  formed  in  1891. 

Bibles  Printed  in  Worcester. — Four  edi- 
tions of  the  Bible  were  printed  by  Isaiah 
Thomas:  A  Folio  (the  first  in  America)  with 
50  copper  plates;  and  a.  Royal  Quarto,  with 
and  without  a  concordance,  both  issued  in 
1 791 .  An  Octavo,  with  and  without  the  Apoc- 
rypha, published  in  1793.  A  Demy  i2mo.  in 
1797.  The  types  of  the  latter  were  kept 
standing,  and  subsequent  impressions  were 
made.  Isaiah  Thomas,  Jr.,  printed  a  Greek 
Testament  in  Worcester  in  1802;  and  the  first 
American  edition  of  the  Koran  in  1806.  An 
edition  of  Confucius  was  printed  by  Tyler  & 
Seagrave,  at  the  old  Spy  office  in  1866,  and 
published  by  Zephaniah  Baker,  the  first  city 
librarian. 

Bible  Society. — The  Worcester  County 
Bible  Society  was  formed  Sept.  7,  1815.  It  has 
a  nominal  existence  at  the  present  time,  but 
appears  not  to  be  active. 

Bicycling. — See  Cycling. 

Bigelow's  Garden  — On  Norwich  street, 
between  Foster  and  Mechanic  streets.  A 
place  of  popular  amusement  much  frequented 
during  the  past  few  years,  but  whose  glory  has 
now  departed.  The  Garden  contains  the 
building  known  as  the  "Rink,"  which  was 
erected  about  twelve  years  ago  for  roller  skat- 
ing. The  property  soon  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Horace  H.  Bigelow,  who  inclosed  the  Garden 
and  beautified  it,  introducing  music  and  novel- 
ties to  attract  the  crowd.  Public  and  religious 
meetings  and  political  conventions,  as  well  as 
fairs,  exhibitions,  theatricals,  walking  matches, 
and  other  athletic  contests,  etc.,  have  been 
held  in  the  building.  On  the  site  of  the  Gar- 
den stood  the  old  Worcester  Railroad  Station 
or  Foster  Street  Depot,  which  was  removed  in 
1877.  This  land  was  to  have  been  the  location 
of  the  monster  Electric  or  Commercial  Build- 
ing, for  which  plans  were  made  for  Mr. 
Bigelow. 

^  Bigelow  Monument.— On  the  Common. 
This  beautiful  monument  of  Italian  marble 


was  erected  to  mark  the  last  resting  place  of 
the  distinguished  Revolutionary  patriot,  Col. 
Timothy  Bigelow,  and  was  presented  to  the 
City  by  his  great-grandson,  Timothy  Bigelow 
Lawrence.'  It  was  publicly  dedicated  April 
19,  1861. 

Billiards.  —  There  are  13  public  billiard 
halls  in  Worcester.    (1892  ) 

Bimleck  Hill. — The  elevation  back  or 
south  of  Oak  Hill,  was  known  by  this  name  in 
ancient  times,  and  frequent  reference  is  made 
to  it  in  the  old  records. 

Blackstone  River  and  Canal. — The  nat- 
ural course  of  the  Blackstone  River,  which 
rises  in  Paxton,  and  flows  south  into  Narragan- 
sett  Bay,  was  made  available  in  the"  construc- 
tion of  the  Canal  from  Worcester  to  Provi- 
dence. The  project  of  a  canal  between  these 
points  was  proposed  before  1800,  but  the  mat- 
ter was  allowed  to  rest  for  a  quarter  of  a 
century.  About  1820  the  plan  was  renewed, 
and  after  some  agitation  a  company  was 
formed,  and  chartered  in  1823  by  the  legisla- 
tures of  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island. 
Excavation  for  the  work  was  begun  in  Provi- 
dence in  1824,  and  the  canal  completed  in 
1828,  the  first  boat  arriving  in  Worcester  Octo- 
ber 6th.  The  cost  was  $700,000.  The  canal 
was  a  losing  concern,  though  it  contributed 
materially  to  the  prosperity  of  the  region 
through  which  it  passed.  It  ceased  to  be  used 
soon  after  the  opening  of  the  Providence  & 
Worcester  railroad  in  1847.  The  last  toll 
was  collected  November  9,  1848,  and  the 
affairs  of  the  company  were  finally  settled  in 
1853.  The  Blackstone  River  proper  begins  at 
Quinsigamond  Village,  where  Mill  Brook  and 
Middle  River  unite  to  form  the  larger  stream. 

Blacksmiths. — There  are  47  blacksmiths 
in  Worcester,  not  counting  journeymen. 

Blocks  and  Buildings.  —  The  following 
are  known  by  name  in  Worcester : 

American  House  Block,  corner  Main  and 
Foster  streets. 

Bank  Block,  Foster  street. 

Bangs  Block,  Main  street,  opposite  Court 
hill. 

Brinley  Block,  Main  street,  corner  Maple. 
Burnside  Building,  339  Main  street. 
Butman  Block,  Main  street,  between  Pearl 
and  Elm  streets. 

Central  Exchange,  311  Main  street. 


15 


Bi/)_BOA 


Chadwick  Building,  236  Main  street. 
Chapin  Block,  Pearl  street. 
Chase  Building,  44  Front  street. 
Clark  Block,  492  Main  street. 
Clark   Block,  corner   Front   and  Church 
rstreets. 

Crompton  Block,  Mechanic  street. 
Cummings  Building,  59  Main  street. 
Dean  Building,  Lincoln  square. 
Dodge  Block,  Park  street. 
First  National  Bank  Building,  410  Main 
tstreet. 

Five  Cents  Savings  Bank  Building,  320 
Main  street. 

Flagg's  Block,  288  Main  street. 

Flatiron  Building,  (Scott's  Block,)  Frank- 
lin square. 

Foster  Building,  Foster  street. 

Franklin  Building,  Franklin  square. 

Harding  Block,  corner  Front  and  Trumbull 
streets. 

Harrington  Block,  173  Main  street. 
Harrington  Block,  at  Harrington  corner. 
Knowles  Building,  corner  Main  and  Chatham 
•streets. 

Lincoln  House  Block,  from  Elm  to  Maple 
streets,  on  Main  street. 

Paine  Block,  corner  Main  and  Walnut 
streets. 

Parker  Block,  113  Main  street. 
People's  Savings  Bank  Building,  452  Main 
:Street. 

Piper's  Block,  419  Main  street. 

Rice's  Block,  Franklin  square. 

Rogers*  Block,  424-426  Main  street. 

Salisbury  Building,  Lincoln  square. 

Sargent  Block,  corner  Main  and  South- 
"bridge  streets. 

Scott's  Block,  (Flatiron  Building,)  Frank- 
lin square. 

Stevens'  Block,  Southbridge  street. 

Stockwell's  Block,  Mechanic  street. 

Taylor's  Building,  476  Main  street. 

Waldo  Block,  271  Main  street. 

Walker  Building,  405  Main  street. 

Warren  Block,  Pearl  street. 

See  Apa7'ttnent  Houses. 

Bloomingdale. — A  station  on  the  Worces- 
ter &  Shrewsbury  railroad  at  Plantation  street. 

Board  of  Health.— Established  in  1877. 
It  is  composed  of  three  members,  of  whom  the 
City  Physician  is  ex -officio  one.  The  Board 
also  employs  a  General  Inspector   and  an 


Inspector  of  Plumbing.  The  regulation  of  all 
matters  that  affect  the  public  health,  or  are 
connected  with  the  sanitary  condition  of  the 
City,  are  properly  within  the  care  of  the  Board 
— Drainage,  disposal  of  offal,  contagious  dis- 
eases, etc.;  also  the  inspection  of  milk  and 
articles  of  food.  The  Board  also  issues  burial 
permits.  The  members  are  appointed  bi- 
ennially by  the  Mayor  and  Aldermen.  The 
office  of  the  Board  is  in  the  basement  of  the 
City  Hall  building. 

Board  of  Trade. — See  Worcester  Board 
of  Trade. 

Boat  Clubs  and  Boating. —  In  1858  James 
F.  Allen,  Chas.  M.  Bent,  E.  D.  Coggswell, 
H.  A.  Marsh  and  Nathaniel  Paine  formed  a 
boat  club,  which  was  first  called  the  "  Wide- 
Awake."  They  practiced  rowing  on  Salis- 
bury's pond,  and  employed  an  experienced 
trainer;  afterwards  the  club  removed  to  Curtis 
pond,  at  New  Worcester,  and  August  2,  1859, 
to  Lake  Quinsigamond.  The  name  was 
changed  to  "  Atalanta  "  in  April,  1859.  Na- 
thaniel Paine  was  the  first  president.  At  the 
Lake  a  boat-house  was  built  on  the  west  side, 
and  was  occupied  in  common  with  a  new  club 
formed  in  1859,  under  the  name  of  the 
"  Phantom."  This,  by  change  of  name, 
became  tlie  present  Quinsigamond  Boat  Club. 
The  original  members  were  J.  G.  Heywood, 
W.  E.  Hacker,  H.  H.  Chamberlin,  T.  R. 
Green,  J.  P.  Hamilton,  Edward  Hamilton  and 
Edward  Brown.  It  absorbed  the  Atalanta 
Club,  though  the  latter  still  has  a  nominal 
existence.  The  Quinsigamond  occupied  a 
club  and  boat  house  north  of  the  causeway  for 
several  years,  and  then  erected  the  present 
attractive  building  some  distance  south  of  the 
causeway  off  Lake  avenue.  The  Quinsiga- 
mond maintains  the  characteristics  of  a  social 
club,  and  is  exclusive  in  its  membership.  It 
takes  no  part,  as  a  club,  in  rowing  contests 
and  regattas.  In  another  way,  however,  its 
influence  has  been  felt  in  rowing  circles. 

In  i860  a  young  ladies'  boat  club  was 
formed,  under  the  direction  of  Thomas  Went- 
worth  Higginson.  The  Lake  became  a  popu- 
lar resort  for  boating.  College  regattas  were 
annually  held  here  from  1859  to  1870;  and 
many  amateurs  and  professionals  have  from 
time  to  time  availed  themselves  of  its  superior 
advantages.  The  opening  of  the  Shrewsbury 
railroad  in  1873  largely  increased  the  number 
of  visitors  to  the  Lake,  and  gave  a  great 


r.oo— BOO 


i6 


impetus  to  aquatic  sports  there,  and  interest 
has  increased  from  year  to  year,  until  Worces- 
ter has  become  a  rowing  center.  The  efforts 
of  certain  active  local  organizations  have  large- 
ly contributed  to  this  result.  Of  the  three 
boat  clubs  which  have  been  most  prominent  in 
advancing  the  rowing  interest,  the  Lakeside  is 
the  foremost.  It  was  organized  Feb.  14, 
1887,  with  a  membership  of  20,  which  has 
largely  increased.  The  club  is  composed  of 
young  men,  mostly  employed  in  the  banks  and 
offices  in  the  city.  They  occupy  a  fine  build- 
ing, erected  near  the  Quinsigamond's,  at  a 
cost  of  $3,000  ;  and  rooms  in  the  city  are 
occupied  during  the  winter.  Spring  and  fall 
regattas  are  held.  The  club  was  incorporated 
in  1887. 

The  IVachiisett  Boat  Club  was  organized  in 
the  early  part  of  1888,  and  at  once  took  a 
prominent  part  at  the  Lake.  The  regatta  of 
the  New  England  Amateur  Rowing  Association 
was  held  under  its  auspices. 

The  IVor ( ester  was  organized  in  July,  1888. 
Its  four-oared  crew  won  the  championship  of 
the  Lake,  and  Bigelow's  championship  banner, 
in  a  contest  with  the  Woodcock  crew. 

The  Washington  Social  Club  has  a  large 
club-house  on  the  Shrewsbury  shore,  and  pos- 
sesses a  private  fleet  of  boats. 

Books  about  Worcester. — Peter  Whit- 
ney's Histcfv  of  IVoi'cester  County  is  the 
earliest  and  one  of  the  most  reliable  books 
which  has  reference  to  Worcester.  William 
Lincoln's  History  was  published  in  1837,  and 
extended  by  Charles  Hersey  in  1861.  Albert 
A.  Lovell's  "  Worcester  in  the  Revolution  "  is 
a  valuable  record  of  that  period  ;  and  Caleb 
A.  Wall's  Reiuiniscences'^  contains  much 
miscellaneous  matter  of  interest.  Rev.  A.  P. 
Marvin's  "  Worcester  in  the  War  of  the  Re- 
bellion "  gives  a  good  account  of  the  men, 
martyrs  and  deeds  of  the  fight  for  the  Union  so 
far  as  Worcester's  part  is  concerned,  "  The 
Worcester  Book,'"  by  F.  P.  Rice,  was  pub- 
lished in  1884 — a  manual  of  dates  and  note- 
worthy events.  "  Worcester:  Its  Past  and 
Present,''''  published  by  O.  B.  Wood,  is  an 
elaborate  and  profusely  illustrated  book.  Rev. 
Dr.  Smalley's  "  Worcester  Pulpit'''  is  a  valu- 
able work  for  ecclesiastical  history.  Worcester 
Churches,  by  Charles  E.  Stevens,  is  a  recent 
contribution.  Besides  these  works  of  general 
history,  there  have  been  published  many  books 
and  pamphlets  on  different  occasions,  and  re- 


lating to  special  subjects,  societies  and  events,, 
too  numerous  to  be  mentioned  here.  A  large 
history  of  Worcester  County  was  published 
about  twelve  years  ago,  and  another  has  since 
appeared.  Mr.  Nathaniel  Paine  published  in 
1884  a  Bibliography  of  books  about  Worces- 
ter, which  appeared  in  connection  with  the 
Account  of  the  Bi-Centennial  celebration  of 
the  naming  of  the  town. 

Book  Clubs. — Possibly  the  Associate-Cir- 
culating Library  Company,  in  being  in  1793 
(^see  Libraries^,  was  of  a  character  similar  to- 
modern  book  clubs-  The  Worcester  Book 
Club,  formed  in  1839,  is  the  oldest  in  the  city, 
and  the  Review  Club,  formed  in  1847,  comes- 
next.  The  Worcester  Reading  Club,  the  Book 
Club  No.  4,  and  the  Waverley  Club,  with 
those  first  named,  are  the  most  important,  and' 
there  are  many  others. 

Book-stores. — The  oldest  book-store  in; 
Worcester  is  that  of  the  Sanford-Sawtelle 
Co.,  in  the  Lincoln  House  Block,  at  the  cor- 
ner of  Main  and  Maple  streets.  This  estab- 
lishment was  founded  in  March,  1835,  by  H. 
H.  Holton,  and  he  sold  to  M.  D.  Phillips  & 
Co.  in  September  of  that  year.  In  1845  Ed- 
ward Livermore  succeeded,  and  he  was  fol- 
lowed by  Zephaniah  Baker  &  Co.  in  1854.  In. 
1857  Rev.  William  H.  Sanford,  who  had 
recently  retired  from  the  ministry  at  Boylston, 
purchased  the  store,  and  the  business  still  re- 
mains in  the  hands  of  his  family.  A  fine  stock 
of  books  is  kept  here.  The  house  of  Putnam, 
Davis  &  Co.,  at  389  Main  street,  was  estab- 
lished by  Jonathan  Grout  nearly  fifty  years- 
ago,  and  has  long  been  a  popular  resort  of  the 
book  lovers  of  the  town.  Richard  O'Flynn, 
244  Front  street,  and  Henry  M.  Clemence,  on 
Pearl  street,  deal  in  second-hand  and  anti- 
quarian books. 

Book  Publishers.  —  Isaiah  Thomas  was- 
the  most  enterprising  publisher  of  his  time  on 
this  continent.  Besides  several  editions  of  the 
Bible  (see  Bibles)  he  published  most  of  the 
school  text-books  then  used,  dictionaries  and 
lexicons,  medical  and  law  books,  and  many 
standard  works  in  history  and  general  litera- 
ture. He  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Isaiah 
Thomas,  Jr.,  who,  during  the  early  years  of 
this  century,  continued  his  father's  business 
with  declining  success.  The  following  of  their 
publications  deserve  special  mention:  Perry's 
Dictionary  (the  first  dictionary  published  in 


17 


BOO— HKI 


America);  Cullen's  Medical  Works,  in  several 
volumes;  Blackstone's  Commentaries;  Whit- 
ney's History  of  Worcester  County;  Josephus, 
in  six  volumes  (1794);  Plutarch's  Lives,  in 
six  volumes  (1802);  The  Koran,  in  1806;  a 
Greek  Lexicon,  in  1808;  and  Thomas's  His- 
tory of  Printing. 

George  A.  Trumbull,  who  succeeded  the 
younger  Thomas,  published  a  few  unimportant 
books,  and  his  successor.  Clarendon  Harris, 
in  1829  issued  the  first  Worcester  Directory, 
with  a  map  of  the  village  in  copper-plate,  and 
also  pubHshed  other  books.  Dorr  &  Howland 
were  in  business  here  for  several  years  from 
1 82 1,  as  publishers  and  booksellers,  and  S.  A. 
Howland  published  in  1839  Barber's  Histor- 
ical Collections.  Henry  J.  Howland  is  well 
known  as  the  publisher  for  many  years  of  the 
Worcester  Directory,  now  the  property  of 
Drew,  Allis  &  Co.  Mr.  Howland  also  pub- 
lished other  books.  Other  parties  have  occa- 
sionally issued  publications,  but  for  many  years 
the  business  of  "book-making"  for  the  gen- 
eral public  has  been  virtually  dead.  During 
the  last  fifteen  years  many  historical,  genea- 
logical and  privately  printed  books  and  pam- 
phlets have  issued  from  the  private  press  of 
Franklin  P.  Rice,  the  list  numbering  more 
than  seventy. 

Boot  and  Shoe  Stores.  —  There  are  25 
retail  boot  and  shoe  stores  in  Worcester. 

Boulevard,  (The). — A  projected  pleasure 
drive,  ultimately  to  encircle  the  city,  of  which 
only  a  portion,  in  two  sections,  is  completed, 
represented  by  Lake  avenue,  along  the  shore 
of  Lake  Quinsigamond,  and  Park  avenue  on 
the  west  side.  It  was  decreed  in  1873,  and 
the  order  authorizing  it  to  cross  Elm  Park  was 
vetoed  by  Mayor  Jillson  in  December,  this 
being  the  first  exercise  of  the  veto  power  by  a 
mayor  in  Worcester.  The  order  was,  how 
ever,  passed  over  the  veto,  and  the  road  was 
built  over  a  portion  of  the  Park. 

At  times  the  horse-racing  fraternity  take 
possession  of  the  drive,  to  the  obvious  exclu- 
sion of  those  who  regard  life  and  limb;  and 
efforts  to  confine  the  road  to  its  legitimate  use 
have  been  strenuously  resisted  by  the  votaries 
of  the  turf. 

Boylston. — A  town  seven  miles  northeast 
of  Worcester,  not  accessible  by  railroad.  It 
was  originally  a  part  of  Shrewsbury,  and  was 
incorporated  as  a  separate  township  in  1786. 
Population  in  1885,  834;  in  1890,  770. 


Boys'  Club.— A  Boys'  Club  for  "street 
boys,"  established  in  Worcester  in  1889.  The 
rooms  are  in  the  building  at  the  head  of  Bar- 
ton place,  and  were  opened  September  21, 
1889.  These  rooms  are  supplied  with  books, 
games  and  other  attractions,  and  are  open 
evenings  during  the  colder  months  of  the  year 
from  7  to  9.  They  are  in  charge  of  a  superin- 
tendent, who  devotes  his  time  during  the  day 
to  visiting  among  the  boys,  becoming  ac- 
quainted with  them,  learning  their  surround- 
ings, attending  the  police  court  and  judicious- 
ly helping  any,  as  far  as  possible,  whom  he 
may  find  there,  and  in  other  ways  keeping  a 
general  and  friendly  oversight  of  the  boys  who 
are  most  likely,  if  left  to  themselves,  to  grow 
up  to  lives  of  evil,  and  prove  an  expense  as 
well  as  a  menace  to  our  city  and  state.  The 
work  is  similar  to  that  which  has  been  tried 
with  good  success  in  other  cities,  and  which 
the  People's  Club,  some  twenty  years  ago, 
undertook  in  the  "evenings  with  the  news- 
boys," and  carried  on  for  some  time.  It  has 
been  found  that  large  numbers  of  boys  from 
eight  to  seventeen  years  of  age  will  gladly 
take  advantage  of  the  opportunity  of  having 
a  place  to  spend  their  evenings. 

The  work  here  is  under  the  direction  of  a 
local  committee  connected  with  the  State  com- 
mittee of  the  "Work  for  Boys,"  of  which 
Rev.  Edward  Everett  Hale  of  Boston,  T.  E. 
Pierson  of  Pittsfield,  William  H.  Haile  of 
Springfield  and  A.  C.  Buck  of  Worcester  were 
the  originators.  C.  L.  Burges  is  the  local 
superintendent. 

Liberal  subscriptions  have  been  made  by 
prominent  citizens  to  sustain  the  work. 

Brand  Mark. — The  ancient  Brand  Mark 
of  Worcester,  designated  by  the  General  Court 
in  1684,  by  which  the  cattle,  etc.,  belonging 
to  the  place  were  to  be  distinguished,  was  rep- 
resented thus : 

Brigade  Club. — A  social  organization  at 
first,  composed  of  officers  of  the  old  Third 
Brigade  and  others.  The  club  was  formed  in 
December,  1879.  Rooms  were  occupied  in 
the  Odd  Fellows'  building  on  Pleasant  street 
for  several  years,  and  recently  the  club  re- 
moved to  Clark's  Block.  The  membership  is 
limited  to  <-hirty. 


BRI— CAR 


i8 


British  Americans. — The  census  of  1885 
gave  2120  as  the  number  of  British  born  resi- 
dents of  Worcester,  but  there  are  probably 
more  than  5,000  of  English  blood  in  the  city 
at  the  present  time.  The  British-American 
Society,  Branch  No.  36,  was  organized  here 
in  January,  1888,  as  the  result  of  a  meeting 
held  in  Horticultural  Hall,  at  which  a  number 
of  gentlemen  from  the  British-American  So- 
ciety of  Boston  attended.  Organizations  of 
British-Americans  in  nearly  all  the  states  in 
the  Union  followed  the  ill-advised  opposition 
of  certain  Boston  politicians  to  the  use  of 
Faneuil  Hall  by  the  Englishmen  at  the  time 
of  Queen  Victoria's  Jubilee  in  June,  1887. 
The  British-American  element  is  now  an  im- 
portant factor  in  politics.  Although  the  pres- 
ent strong  organization  originated  in  Boston, 
Worcester  was  the  first  to  form  a  British- 
American  Society,  which  was  organized  Octo- 
ber 5,  1883.  The  inception  of  the  idea  be- 
longs to  Joseph  Turner,  who  was  the  first 
president.  The  society  met  regularly  for  sev- 
eral years.  The  Order  of  the  Sons  of  St. 
George  was  founded  in  Pennsylvania  about 
1870.  Prince  Consort  Lodge,  A'o.  2g,  was 
organized  in  Worcester  in  1872,  and  Worces- 
ter Lodge,  A^o.  16^,  organized  1 890.  These 
are  mutual  benefit  societies.  The  Daughters 
of  St.  George  is  a  similar  society  for  ladies. 
Princess  Alice  Lodge,  iVo.  i,  was  organized 
here  in  1882.  All  of  the  above  associations 
hold  meetings  at  St.  George's  Hall. 

Builders'  Exchange. — Organized  in  May, 
1886,  as  the  Mechanics'  Exchange.  The  pres- 
ent name  was  adopted  in  1889,  when  the  by- 
laws were  changed.  Any  citizen  being  a  me- 
chanic or  trader,  or  whose  avocation  is  con- 
nected with  the  building  trades  or  industries 
of  the  country,  may  become  a  member  of  the 
Exchange,  but  the  membership  is  limited  to 
250.  There  is  an  arbitration  committee  ap- 
pointed by  the  Board  of  Trustees  from  their 
own  body  for  the  settlement  of  disputes.  El- 
lery  B.  Crane  was  the  first  president,  and  was 
succeeded  by  H.  W.  Eddy,  C.  D.  Morse  and 
O.  S.  Kendall.  George  Bouchard  is  secretary 
and  F.  H.  Goddard  treasurer.  The  rooms  of 
the  Exchange  are  in  the  Knowles  building, 
corner  of  Main  and  Chatham  streets.  The 
Exchange  hour  is  11.45  a.  m. 

Building  Laborers'  International  Union 

meets  Tuesday  evenings  at  476  Main  street. 


Building  Trades  Council  was  organized 
in  1889. 

Burial  Places.— See  Cemeteries. 

Burncoat  Plain. — A  level  tract  two  miles 
north  of  the  City  Hall,  through  which  Burn- 
coat  street  runs.  The  origin  of  the  name  is 
not  definitely  known.  In  the  old  records  it  is' 
sometimes  spelled  Biirntcoat. 

Calliope. — The  steam  Calhope  was  invented 
in  Worcester  by  J.  C.  Stoddard  in  1856.  It 
is  an  adaptation  of  the  steam  whistle  to  the 
musical  scale.  Mounted  on  railroad  trains  it 
was  used  with  great  applause  in  the  Fremont 
campaign,  and  has  since  been  popular  on  river 
steamboats,  discoursing  music  that  can  be 
heard  for  miles. 

Camera  Club,  (The  Worcester). — An 

association  of  amateur  photographers  formed 
in  1885  for  mutual  improvement.  The  officers 
were:  President,  Dr.  George  E.  Francis; 
Secretary,  Paul  Morgan;  Treasurer,  G.  H. 
Corbett. 

Canal. — See  Blackstone  Canal. 

Canal  Basin. — The  Holman  Machine  Shop 
occupies  the  site  of  the  mam  or  upper  basin 
of  the  old  Blackstone  Canal,  between  Thomas 
and  Central  streets,  just  east  of  Union  street. 
In  1828  there  were  few  buildings  between 
Main  and  Summer  streets,  in  the  long  stretch 
of  meadows  between  Front  street  and  Lin- 
coln square.  Several  storehouses  and  stores 
were  located  around  the  basin,  kept  by  Gen. 
Nathan  Heard,  the  Earles,  George  M.  Rice, 
S.  R.  Jackson  and  others. 

"Carl's  Tour  in  Main  Street." — A  series 
of  sketches  or  reminiscences  of  old  Worcester, 
published  in  the  Worcester  Palladium  in  1855, 
and  twice  reprinted  in  that  paper.  The 
"Tour"  was  the  joint  production  of  Hon.  J. 
S.  C.  Knowlton  and  Clarendon  W^heelock. 
The  statements  are  not  always  in  strict  accord- 
ance with  historical  accuracy,  and  dates  are 
lacking,  but  the  descriptions  of  old-time  men, 
localities  and  events  are  deeply  interesting. 
Sanford  &  Davis  published  in  1889  an  edi- 
tion of  "Carl's  Tour"  in  a  neat  i2mo.  vol- 
ume of  246  pages,  which  was  indifferently  ed- 
ited by  the  compiler  of  this  Dictionary. 

Carpet  Manufactories.  —  In  1804  Peter 
and  Ebenezer  Stowell  commenced  the  weav- 
ing of  carpets  here,  and  at  one  time  had  six 


19 


CAR— CEM 


looms  of  their  own  construction  in  operation. 
They  made  the  first  carpets  used  in  the  State 
House  in  Boston.  There  are  at  the  present 
time  two  carpet  manufactories  in  the  city  which 
make  Wiltons  and  Brussels.  The  late  George 
Crompton  established  the  latter  manufacture 
in  1870,  when  the  Crompton  Carpet  Com- 
pany was  organized.  W.  J.  Hogg,  Sr.,  suc- 
ceeded this  company  in  1879,  and  was  in  turn 
succeeded  by  his  son  of  the  same  name,  the 
present  proprietor.  In  1879  Mr.  M.  J.  Whit- 
tall  began  the  manufacture  of  Wiltons  and 
Brussels,  which  he  still  carries  on  extensively. 
Both  mills  are  at  South  Worcester. 

Carriages,  (Public). — John  Crosby  drove 
the  first  passenger  carriage  in  Worcester  in 
1842.  Fare  from  the  depot  to  any  part  of  the 
village  17  cents.    See  Hack  Fares. 

Cascade. — A  small  waterfall  near  Tatnuck, 
on  the  road  to  Holden  (sometimes  called  the 
Silver  Cascade).  The  stream  at  some  sea- 
sons does  not  flow  in  sufficient  quantity  to 
supply  the  cascade  in  volume,  but  in  the 
Spring  or  after  rainfall  it  can  be  seen  at  its 
best. 

Caterers. — Probably  the  first  Worcester  ca- 
terer was  Alexander  G.  Vottier,  a  Frenchman, 
who  came  here  in  1820.  Augustus  Marrs 
was  well  known  in  this  line  for  thirty  years 
from  1849.  He  had  a  restaurant  in  Waldo 
Block.  C.  Rebboli,  on  Pleasant  street,  and 
L.  J.  Zahonyi,  348  Main  street,  are  the  best 
known  caterers  at  the  present  time. 

Catholic  Churches. — There  are  nine  Rom- 
an Catholic  churches  in  Worcester.  The 
names  and  dates  of  formation  are  given  below  : 

St.  John's,  Temple  street,  1846. 

St.  Anne's,  Eastern  avenue,  1855. 

St.  PauVs,  Chatham  street,  1869. 

Xotre  Dame  des  Canadiens,  Park  street, 
1869.  (French.)  This  church  edifice  was 
built  by  the  Methodists  (see  Trinity  Church'), 
and  sold  by  them  to  the  Catholics  in  1871, 
The  building  has  been  made  over  and  its  ap- 
pearance entirely  changed. 

Church  of  the  Inimactilate  Conception,  Pres- 
cott  street,  1874. 

Church  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  Cambridge 
street,  1880. 

St.  Peter's  Chnrch,  935  Main  street,  1884. 

St.  Stephen's  Church,  Grafton  street,  1887. 

St.  Joseph's  Church,  Wall  street,  1 89 1. 
(French.) 


St.  Anne's  Mission,  Grand  street,  was  or- 
ganized in  1886. 

Some  of  the  above  are  noticed  by  their 
titles  in  the  Dictionary. 

Catholic  School  and  Home  Magazine, 
(The). — A  monthly  publication,  edited  by 
Rev.  T.  J.  Conaty.  The  first  number  ap- 
peared in  March,  1892. 

Catholic    Young    Men's    Lyceum.  — 

Founded  in  1885.  Meets  alternate  Tuesday 
evenings  at  the  Church  of  the  Sacred  Heart 
on  Cambridge  street. 

Causeway,  (The). -The  road  built  through 
Lake  Quinsigamond  to  take  the  place  of  the 
old  floating  bridge.  It  was  completed  June 
27,  1862,  at  a  cost  of  $25,997.  See  Floating 
Bridge. 

Cemeteries. — The  first  burying  place  in 
Worcester  was  on  the  site  of  the  school  house 
at  the  corner  of  Thomas  and  Summer  streets. 
A  portion  of  the  Common  was  for  a  century 
used  as  a  burying  ground,  till  interments  there 
were  forbidden  in  1824.  In  1853  many  of 
the  bodies  were  removed,  and  the  grave- 
stones of  those  remaining  turned  down  and 
sunk  below  the  surface.  In  1795,  a  ground 
was  opened  in  Mechanic  street,  and  this  was 
used  for  about  fifty  years.  The  bodies  were 
all  removed  in  1878.  The  Pine  street  ground, 
upon  a  part  of  which  the  Union  Station  and 
railroad  improvements  encroached,  was  opened 
in  1828,  and  used  for  some  thirty  years.  Most 
of  the  bodies  here  have  been  removed.  A 
Catholic  burial  place  near  Tatnuck,  first  used 
in  1835,  is  still  enclosed,  but  no  interments 
are  made  there. 

Rural  Cemetery,  Grove  street,  the  original 
tract  (nine  acres)  for  which  was  given  by 
Hon.  Daniel  Waldo,  was  consecrated  Sept.  8, 
1838.  It  now  comprises  40  acres.  It  is  con- 
trolled by  a  private  corporation.  Cars  from 
Main  street  pass  the  gate. 

Hope  Cemetery,  at  New  Worcester,  is  owned 
by  the  City,  and  was  consecrated  May  22, 
1852.  .  It  originally  comprised  fifty  acres,  pur- 
chased in  1851  for  $1,855.  Additions  have 
increased  it  to  89  acres.  Street  cars  go  to 
Webster  square,  a  short  walk  from  the  gate. 

Other  cemeteries'- now  used  are  St.  Anne's 
(Catholic),  Shrewsbury  street;  St.  Johns 
(Catholic),  South  Worcester,  opened  in  1847 
(cars  through  Southbridge  street);  the  S7ued- 


CEX— CHR 


20 


ish,  Webster  street,  (near  Hope  cemetery), 
incorporated  1885;  and  the  Xotre  Dame  des 
Canadiens  (French  Catholic),  Webster  street, 
1885. 

Central  Church. — At  the  corner  of  Grove 
street  and  Institute  road.  This  fine  edifice,  the 
second  owned  by  the  Society,  was  first  occu- 
pied in  1885.  The  land  cost  $20,000,  the 
building  $90,000,  and  the  parsonage  $12,000. 
The  first  Central  Church  building  is  still  stand- 
ing on  its  original  location  in  Main  street,  a 
few  rods  north  of  George  street,  and  is  now 
used  for  business  purposes.  It  was  erected  by 
Hon.  Daniel  Waldo  in  1823,  and  presented 
by  him  to  the  society.  The  Central  Society 
was  formed  in  1820,  and  the  present  pastor. 
Rev.  Daniel  Merriman,  D.  D.,  was  installed 
in  1878.  It  is  the  third  Congregational,  and 
the  second  Orthodox  society  in  the  city. 

Central  Exchange.  —  The  building  from 
307  to  315  Main  street,  erected  in  1844  on 
the  site  of  a  former  building  of  the  same  name. 
The  Mechanics  Banks  are  located  here;  and 
from  1844  to  1867  a  portion  of  the  main  floor 
was  occupied  by  the  Post  Office. 

Central  Labor  Union  was  organized  in 
1888,  and  meets  Wednesday  evenings  at  476 
Main  street. 

Central   Massachusetts    Poultry  Club 

(The) — was  formed  in  1882. 
Central  Park. — See  Conniion. 

Chadwick  Square. —  At  the  junction  of 
Grove  arid  West  Boylston  streets.  The  street 
railway  through  Grove  street  terminates  here. 

Chamberlain  District  Farmers'  Club. — 

Organized  in  1873  for  mutual  improvement  in 
the  science  of  farming.  Meetings  are  held  at 
the  residences  of  members. 

Chandler  Hill. — The  eminence  to  the  south 
of  Belmont  street,  sometimes  called  Reservoir 
Hill.  The  highest  point  is  721  feet  above 
tidewater,  and  a  view  of  the  city  and  several 
adjacent  towns  may  be  had  from  the  summit, 
which  will  well  repay  the  effort  of  a  few  min- 
utes' walk  from  Lincoln  square.  The  City 
has  recently  acquired  this  hill  for  a  public 
park  at  a  cost  of  $45,000.  The  tract  pur- 
chased comprises  about  thirty-sevxn  acres,  and 
forms  with  East  Park  a  public  ground  reach- 
ing from  Shrewsbury  street  to  Belmont  street. 

Charitable  Institutions. — See  the  differ- 


ent titles  in  the  Dictionary:  Associated 
Charities;  Children's  Friend  Society:  Dis- 
pensaries; Employjnent  Society ;  Good  Sam- 
aritaii  Society;  Home  for  Aged  Females: 
Hospitals ;  Home  for  Aged  Men ;  Poor 
Department ;  Temporary  Home  and  Day 
Nursery,  etc.  There  are  charitable  societies 
connected  with  many  of  the  religious  and 
other  organizations. 

Chatauqua  Literary  and  Scientific  Cir- 
cle.— There  are  three  organizations  in  Wor- 
cester: Bryant  Circle,  Longfelloio  Circle,  and 
IVide  A7.'ake  Circle. 

Cherry  Valley. — A  manufacturing  village 
in  Leicester  two  miles  from  Webster  square. 

Children's  Friend  Society,  (Worcester) 
— Formed  in  1848  to  "rescue  from  evil  and 
misery  such  children  as  are  deprived  of  their 
natural  parents,  and  provide  them  a  home  until 
new  homes  are  found  for  them  in  suitable  fam- 
ilies." An  estate  given  to  the  society  by  John 
W.  Lincoln,  located  in  Shrewsbury  street,  was 
occupied  several  years,  until  the  removal  to 
the  present  quarters  at  the  corner  of  Main  and 
Benefit  streets  in  1867.  The  Home  is  in 
charge  of  a  board  of  managers  composed  of 
prominent  ladies,  with  an  advisory  board  of 
gentlemen. 

Chinese. —  By  the  census  of  1890  there 
were  27  Chinamen  in  Worcester. 

Chimes. — A  chime  of  ten  bells  was  pre- 
sented to  Plymouth  church  in  1880  by  E.  A. 
Goodnow,  who  has  been  a  liberal  benefactor 
to  the  church.  The  bells  cost  $5,500.  They 
are  sounded  on  Sundays,  before  the  Wednes- 
day evening  meetings  and  occasionally  on 
public  holidays. 

Choral  Union,  (The  Worcester).— The 
Mozart  Society,  formed  in  1850,  and  the 
Beethoven  Society,  organized  in  1864,  united 
in  1866  to  form  the  Mozart  and  Beethoven 
Choral  Union,  which  was  incorporated  in 
1872  under  the  name  of  the  Worcester  Choral 
Union.  It  is  auxiliary  to  the  W^orcester 
County  Musical  Association.  See  under 
Music. 

Christadelphian  Church. —  The  Society 
worships  at  566  Main  street.  The  Worcester 
Ecclesia  of  Christadelphians  was  established 
in  1867,  and  meets  at  339  Main  street. 

Christian  Alliance. — Organized  in  1891, 
and  meets  at  492  Main  street. 


21 


CHR— CIT 


Christian  Crusaders. — Headquarters  476 
Main  street.    See  Salvation  Army. 

Christian  Endeavor,  or  the  Y.  P.  S.  C. 

E.,  was  founded  Feb.  2,  1881,  by  Rev.  Fran- 
cis E,  Clark,  pastor  at  that  time  of  the  WilHs- 
ton  Church  of  Portland,  for  the  purpose  of 
training  young  people  for  and  into  church 
work.  The  movement  has  had  a  marvelous 
growth  and  has  spread  over  the  entire  world. 

1881,  less  than  50  members  and  i  society. 

1892,  between  i  and  2  million  members  and 
18,500  societies. 

It  is  unsectarian  and  has  all  denominations 
enrolled.  Its  annual  convention  is  the  largest 
meeting  of  the  kind  known  to  have  been  held 
in  the  world,  having  from  15,000  to  20,000 
registered  delegates.  Its  purpose  is  well  de- 
scribed by  its  motto,  "For  Christ  and  the 
Church." 

Each  society  is  independent  of  the  national 
body  which  levies  no  taxes,  nor  interferes  in 
any  manner  with  the  individual  society  work. 

The  first  society  formed  in  Worcester  was 
in  the  fall  of  1884  at  the  Old  South  Church. 
Soon  after  societies  were  formed  in  the  differ- 
ent churches  until  a  Union  Society  was  found 
necessary  and  organized  in  the  fall  of  1887, 
Rev.  W.V.W.  Davis,  President.  At  the  present 
time  the  Union  enrolls  32  societies  and  about 
2,000  members,  and  has  extended  its  jurisdic- 
tion to  some  of  the  adjacent  towns.  The 
present  officers  of  the  Union  are :  President, 
George  C.  Whitney;  Corresponding  Secretary, 
Charles  D.  Nye;  Secretary,  Mrs.  F.  H.  Samp- 
son; Treasurer,  H.  H.  Roach.  The  largest 
society  in  Worcester  is  the  Piedmont  Society, 
having  146  members. 

Church  of  the  Immaculate  Conception. 
— The  fifth  Roman  Catholic  church  in  Wor- 
cester, founded  in  1873.  The  edifice  is  located 
on  Prescott  street.  Rev.  Robert  Walsh  has 
been  the  pastor  from  the  beginning. 

Church  of  the  Sacred  Heart.— The  sixth 
Roman  Catholic  Church  in  Worcester,  founded 
in  1880.  Rev.  Thomas  J.  Conaty,  D.  D.,  a 
clergyman  of  more  than  local  celebrity,  is  the 
pastor.  The  building  is  at  340  Cambridge 
street,  and  the  establishment  cost  $80,000. 

Churches. — There  are  71  church  organiza- 
tions in  Worcester;  and  59  church  edifices. 
See  under  the  different  denominations. 

Circuit,  (The). — The  drive-way  along  the 


margin  of  Lake  Park  on  the  south,  west  and 
north.  The  road  on  the  three  sides  of  the 
park  is  about  one  mile  in  length. 

Cigar  Makers'  Union,  No.  92,  was  or- 
ganized in  1882. 

Citadel. —  The  plan  of  the  Committee  to 
secure  the  re-settlement  of  W^orcester,  in  1684, 
embraced  a  citadel  or  stockade  to  which  the 
inhabitants  might  retreat  in  case  of  Indian 
attacks.  It  was  laid  out  half  a  mile  square  on 
Mill  brook,  the  southern  boundary  coming 
a  little  below  and  including  Lincoln  square. 
Within  the  enclosure  the  house  lots  of  the 
early  settlers  were  laid  out. 

City  Clerk.— The  City  Clerk  has  the  cus- 
tody of  all  the  general  records  of  the  City; 
issues  licenses  for  most  purposes,  including 
marriage  licenses;  records  mortgages  of  per- 
sonal property  and  assignment  of  wages; 
registers  births,  marriages  and  deaths.  He  is 
ex-officio  Clerk  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen,  a 
registrar  of  voters  and  keeper  of  the  City  Seal. 
There  have  been  but  three  City  Clerks  since 
W^orcester  abandoned  town  government  in 
1848:  Charles  A.  Hamilton  to  1855;  Samuel 
Smith  to  1877;  and  the  present  incumbent, 
Enoch  H.  Towne. 

City  Farm. — See  under  Poor  Department. 

City  Government. — The  Government  of 
the  City  is  vested  in  the  Mayor,  eight  Alder- 
men, one  from  each  ward;  and  a  Common 
Council  of  twenty-four,  or  three  from  each 
ward.  The  Mayor  holds  office  for  one  year, 
and  the  Aldermen  and  Councilmen  for  two 
years. 

City  Guards,  (Worcester). —  Company 
A,  Second  Regiment,  M.  V.  M.  This  com- 
pany was  organized  in  1840  as  the  Harrison 
Guards.  It  was  attached  to  the  Third  Battal- 
ion of  Rifles,  and  was  in  the  first  three  months' 
service  in  the  Rebellion,  under  Capt.  A.  B.  R. 
Sprague. 

City  Hall. — An  unpretentious  structure  of 
brick  at  the  corner  of  Main  and  Front  streets, 
in  which  are  located  most  of  the  local  public 
offices,  the  rooms  of  the  Mayor  and  Aldermen, 
and  the  Common  Council.  This  building, 
now  entirely  inadequate  for  the  purposes  to 
which  it  is  applied,  was  in  its  original  propor 
tions,  erected  in  1825,  and  known  then  and 
until  1848,  when  Worcester  became  a  city,  as 


3 


cn—cu) 


22 


the  Town  Hall.  It  has  been  enlarged  and 
several  times  remodeled.  The  police  station 
was  for  many  years  in  the  basement,  and  the 
District  Court  occupied  part  of  the  building 
until  the  removal  of  both  to  the  Armory  build- 
ing on  Waldo  street. 

City  Hospital. — See  Hospital. 

City  Missionary  Society. — Formed  Oct. 
i6,  and  incorporated  Dec.  lo,  1883,  its  object 
being  to  promote  religion  and  morality  in 
Worcester  by  the  employment  of  missionaries. 
Rev.  Albert  Bryant  was  for  several  years  City 
Missionary.  This  society  had  no  connection 
with  the  one  formed  about  1850.  Rev.  Mr. 
Fox  was  the  first  City  Missionary,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Deacon  Moses  Brigham.  Rev. 
W\  T.  Sleeper  followed  in  1854  and  continued 
till  1857  when  Rev.  Samuel  Souther  assumed 
the  charge  and  also  continued  three  years. 
The  Ministry  at  Large  was  instituted  April  15, 
1849,  with  Warren  Burton  as  Minister  at 
Large,  and  he  was  succeeded  by  Francis  Le- 
Baron.  Ichabod  Washburn  built  the  Mission 
Chapel  on  Summer  street  in  1854,  in  aid  of 
mission  work. 

City  Treasurer. — The  City  Treasurer  is 
collector  of  taxes,  receives  and  disburses  the 
public  money,  and  has  the  custody  of  the 
same.  Office  in  the  City  Hall.  John  Boyden 
was  the  first  City  Treasurer  from  1848  to  1850. 
George  W.  Wheeler  served  from  1850  to 
1872,  and  was  succeeded  by  W'illiam  S. 
Barton,  at  present  in  office. 

Civil  Engineers. —  The  JVorcester  Coiinty 
Society  of  EugincerF  is  an  association  com- 
posed mostly  of  civil  engineers,  but  to  w^hich 
mechanical  engineers  are  admitted.  Hon. 
Phinehas  Ball  is  President,  and  Arthur  J. 
Marble,  Secretary. 

Civil  Service. — The  Board  of  Examiners 
for  Worcester  consists  of  three  members,  who 
are  appointed  by  the  Civil  Service  Commis- 
sioners of  the  state. 

Clark  University. — Founded  in  1887  by 
Jonas  G.  Clark,  who  has  endowed  the  institu- 
tion with  $1,500,000.  Two  substantial  build- 
ings have  been  erected  on  Main  street, 
opposite  University  park.  The  main  building 
is  devoted  entirely  to  lecture  rooms  and  offices 
of  the  faculty.  The  chemical  laboratory  is 
one  of  the  most  complete  in  the  country,  and 
contains  about  fifty  rooms  fitted  up  with  the 


most  modern  chemical  apparatus.  The  foun- 
dations of  another  large  building,  to  be  erect- 
ed between  the  main  building  and  the  chemical 
laboratory,  are  laid.  Jonas  G.  Clark  is  Presi- 
dent of  the  corporation;  Frank  P.  Goulding 
is  Secretary;  Stephen  Salisbury  Treasurer; 
G.  Stanley  Hall  is  President  of  the  University. 
The  full  Board  of  Trustees  consists  of  Jonas 
G.  Clark,  Stephen  Salisbury,  George  F.  Hoar, 
William  W.  Rice,  John  D.  Washburn,  Frank 
P.  Goulding,  George  Swan,  Edward 
Cowles,  Thomas  H.  Gage. 

The  purpose  of  the  University  is  to  aftbrd 
means  and  opportunity  for  the  highest  educa- 
tion and  original  research.  Unlike  any  other 
American  University  it  has  no  distinctively 
undergraduate  departments.  It  will  aim  to 
increase  the  sum  of  human  knowledge,  and 
transmit  the  highest  culture  of  one  generation 
to  the  ablest  youth  of  the  next.  The  Univer- 
sity opened  Oct.  2d,  1889,  with  the  following 
five  departments:  Mathematics,  physics,  chem- 
istry, biology  and  psychology.  Other  depart- 
ments will  be  organized  in  the  future. 

Publications  connected  with  the  Uuniversi- 
ty:  The  Journal  of  Morphology  was  com- 
menced in  September,  1887,  and  is  edited  by 
Prof.  C.  O.  Whitman.  From  three  to  six 
numbers  a  year  are  issued,  of  150  to  200 
pages  each,  with  illustrations.  The  American 
Journal  of  Psychology  was  commenced  in 
November,  1887,  and  is  edited  by  Dr.  G. 
Stanley  Hall.  Issued  quarterly.  The  Peda- 
gogical Seminary.  The  first  number  was 
issued  in  January,  1891,  and  is  edited  by 
President  Hall. 

Clearing  House  Association. — Formed 
in  1863.  Henry  A.  Marsh  is  chairman  and 
G.  A.  Smith  manager.  Amount  of  Exchange 
for  the  year  1891,  $61,366,423. 

Clothing  Trade. — Benjamin  Andrews,  for 
many  years  a  tailor  in  the  town,  advertised  in 
1802  "  Ready-made  Cloaths."  The  names 
of  some  Worcester  tailors  in  early  years,  with 
approximate  dates,  are  here  given:  Calvin 
Foster,  1808;  Thompson  Kimberly,  181 1  to 
1830;  Benjamin  Kingman,  1813;  Benjamin 
Phelps,  181 5;  Caleb  Tebbetts,  18 16  and  years 
after;  Varnum  Brigham,  1822;  George  C. 
Dean,  1823;  Asa  Walker,  1826  and  nearly 
fifty  years  after;  Leonard  Brigham,  1830; 
Estes  Smith,  1831.  The  oldest  tailoring  es- 
tablishment in  the  city  at  present  is  represent- 


23 


CLU— COL 


ed  by  Brown  &  Estabrook.  It  was  founded 
in  1824  by  Albert  Brown.  L.  W.  Sturtevant 
and  S.  Parker  began  business  in  1846.  Henry 
M.  Sikes  offered  "Gentlemen's  Top  Coats, 
latest  London  Fashion,"  in  1819.  W.  D. 
Lewis  dealt  in  ready-made  clothing  in  1838. 
Handy,  Luther  &  Co.  opened  a  clothing  store 
in  1842,  and  Bigelow  &  Longley  are  the  suc- 
cessors of  this  firm,  through  Luther  &  Free- 
land  and  C.  W.  Freeland  &  Co,  The  house 
of  the  Ware-Pratt  Company  dates  from  1847, 
when  A.  P.  Ware  started  the  business,  and 
D.  H.  Fames  began  in  1851. 

Clubs. — The  principal  social  clubs  in  Wor- 
cester are  the  JVo)-ces/er,  the  Commoii7i<ealth, 
the  Washington,  the  Washington  Social,  and 
the  Hancock.  The  Quinsiganiond  Boat  Club 
is  largely  socialin  character.  Several  others, 
more  or  less  prominent,  exist  under  various 
names.    (See  the  different  titles). 

Coal  Clubs. — Clubs  to  purchase  coal  at 
wholesale  have  been  formed  among  the  em- 
ployees of  several  of  the  large  manufactories 
during  the  past  five  years.  By  combining, 
the  members  are  enabled  to  obtain  their  year's 
stock  of  coal  direct  from  the  wholesale  dealers 
at  the  seaports  at  a  considerable  reduction 
from  the  prices  exacted  by  the  coal  dealers. 
Ivers  Gibbs  was  the  first  to  engage  in  the 
scheme,  and  during  the  winter  of  1886-7 
purchased  a  large  quantity  of  coal  which  was 
divided  at  satisfactory  prices.  His  example 
was  followed  by  others,  and  wuthin  the  last 
two  years  a  large  amount  of  coal  has  come  to 
Worcester  upon  the  orders  from  these  clubs. 

Coal  Mine. — Near  the  north  end  of  Lake 
Quinsigamond.  Previous  to  1820  plumbago 
was  obtained  here,  most  of  which  was  ground 
in  West  Millbury,  and  used  to  coat  the  bottom 
of  vessels.  Coal  from  the  mine  was  first 
burned  in  1822  by  William  Lincoln  and  Isaac 
Davis  in  the  presence  of  Hon.  Levi  Lincoln 
and  other  prominent  gentlemen.  The  mine 
was  worked  in  1823,  and  in  February,  1824, 
an  act  of  incorporation  for  the  Massachusetts 
Coal  Company  was  applied  for.  The  coal  was 
first  used  as  fuel  by  S.  B.  Thomas,  who  kept 
a  hotel  here;  it  was  also  used  at  the  brewery 
and  by  the  Grafton  Manufacturing  Company. 
In  1827  Amos  Binney  purchased  the  mine, 
and  the  next  year  a  horizontal  passage  was 
made  60  feet  deep,  12  feet  wide  and  9  feet 
high.    Several  hundred  tons  were  sold  at  $3 


per  ton.  Failure  to  purchase  the  adjoining 
estate,  and  the  death  of  the  proprietor,  caused 
the  operations  to  be  abandoned,  and  the  mine 
fell  into  disuse.  The  coal  contained  75  per 
cent,  of  carbon.  In  1884  Joseph  H.  Perry 
of  the  High  School  found  at  the  old  mine  a 
specimen  of  the  very  rare  fossil  coal  plant, 
"  Lcpidodendroti  (^Sagenaria~)  acwninattim,^'' 
of  which  a  notice  appeared  in  the  Atfiericaw 
Journal  of  Science  for  February,  1 885. 

Goes  Square.  —  New  Worcester,  where 
Beaver,  Goes  and  Lovell  streets  and  Park 
avenue  meet. 

Cold  Spring. — The  entrance  to  the  Sanc- 
tuary (see  title)  at  Lake  Quinsigamond  has  long 
been  known  by  this  name  on  account,  doubt- 
less, of  the  coldness  of  the  water  as  it  issues 
from  the  pool  within. 

College  of  the  Holy  Cross. — A  Roman 
Catholic  Institution  of  learning,  situated  on 
Mount  St.  James,  Pakachoag  hill,  south  of  the 
city.  It  wMs  founded  in  1843  by  the  Rt.  Rev. 
Benedict  Joseph  Fenwick,  bishop  of  Boston, 
and  was  given  by  him  to  the  Fathers  of  the 
Society  of  Jesus.  In  1865  it  was  incorporated 
by  the  Legislature  with  power  and  authority 
to  confer  degrees  such  as  are  conferred  by  any 
other  college  in  the  State,  except  medical  de- 
grees. "The  object  of  the  institution  is  to 
prepare  youths  for  a  professional  or  for  a  com- 
mercial state  of  life."  The  course  of  studies 
embraces  in  its  whole  extent  a  period  of  seven 
years,  of  which  three  are  given  to  the  prepar- 
atory and  junior  classes,  and  four  to  the  senior. 
The  last  of  these  years  are  devoted  to  the 
5tudy  of  Rational  Philosophy  and  the  Natural 
Sciences.  The  academical  term  commences 
the  first  Wednesday  in  September  and  ends 
the  last  Thursday  in  June.  Michael  A. 
O'Kane  is  president  of  the  College.  The 
College  building  is  a  conspicuous  object  when 
entering  Worcester  from  the  south.  The  grave 
of  Bishop  Fenwick,  who  died  in  1846,  is  a 
short  distance  from  the  College. 

Colleges.— See  College  of  the  Holy  Cross; 
Polytechnic  Institute ;  Clark  University. 

Colonial  Hall. — No.  34  Front  street.  This 
hall  is  much  used  for  select  assemblies,  cham- 
ber concerts  and  the  higher  class  of  entertain- 
ments. It  is  furnished  and  decorated  in  the 
colonial  style.  The  hall  was  publicly  opened 
Nov.  21,  1890,  with  a  piano  and  violin  recital 


COL— CO-0 


24 


by  Mrs.  Fannie  Bloomfield-Zeisler  and  T. 
Adamowski.  There  are  seats  for  300,  and  a 
kitchen  and  retiring  rooms  are  connected  with 
the  auditorium. 

Colored  Population.  —  According  to  the 
census  of  1890  there  were  (including  mulat- 
toes)  976  persons  of  color  in  Worcester.  The 
social  condition  of  this  race  has  not  improved 
here  during  the  past  forty  years — in  fact,  ne- 
groes are  not  treated  with  the  consideration 
they  were  before  the  war,  when  Worcester 
was  thought  a  paradise  for  the  fugitive  from 
oppression.  There  are  a  few  well-to-do  col- 
ored men  here,  but  the  majority  are  not  pros- 
perous. 

Columbia  Cycle  Club. — See  the  article  on 
Cycling. 

Common,  (The)  or  Central  Park.  —  A 

small  pleasure  ground  of  eight  acres,  bounded 
by  Main,  Front  and  Park  streets  and  Salem 
square.  This  ground  was  originally  set  apart 
in  1684  as  a  training  field,  and  was  then  of 
much  larger  proportions.  It  was  encroached 
upon  for  other  uses,  and  its  territory  curtailed 
from  time  to  time.  A  portion  was  used  for 
burial  purposes  for  a  century  previous  to  1824, 
and  in  the  year  1719  the  meeting-house  was 
allowed  a  place  there  when  the  first  edifice 
was  built,  an  act  of  hospitality  which  cost  the 
city  a  heavy  sum  when  the  church  was  evicted 
in  1887.  The  Soldiers'  Monument  is  at  the 
lower  end  of  the  Common,  and  a  short  dis- 
tance southwest  of  this  is  the  fine  monument 
in  memory  of  Col.  Timothy  Bigelow  of  the 
Revolution. 

Commonwealth  Club. — This  Club  was  or- 
ganized in  1880  and  incorporated  November 
29,  1881;  its  object  being  mutual,  social  and 
poHtical  improvement.  Oscar  F.  Rawson, 
Albert  A.  Lovell,  F.  W.  Blacker  and  Henry 
T.  Farrar  were  the  prime  movers.  The  Club 
occupies  a  fiiTe  suite  of  rooms  in  Bank  Build- 
ing, Foster  street. 

Congregational  Churches  (Trinita- 
rian).— There  are  sixteen  Orthodox  churches 
in  the  city.  The  names,  location  and  dates  of 
formation  are  given  in  the  following  list : 

First  (Old  South),  corner  Main  and  Wel- 
lington streets,  1719. 

Central,  Salisbury  street,  1820. 

Union,  Front  street,  1836. 

Salevi  Street,  Salem  square,  1848. 


Suinnier  Street,  1 865. 

Plymouth,  Pearl  street,  1869. 

Piedmont,  corner  of  Main  and  Piedmont 
streets,  1872. 

Swedes,  Providence  street,  1880. 

Pilgrim,  907  Main  street,  1885. 

Church  of  the  Covenant,  1 885. 

Park,  Russell  street,  1887. 

Belmont,  50  Belmont  street,  1889. 

Hope,  South  Worcester,  1889. 

Bethany,  Leicester  street,  1891. 

Armenian,  Curtis  Hall,  1892. 

Lake  View,  Coburn  avenue,  1890. 

(See  Unitarian  Churches  ;  Tabernacle 
Church.') 

Congregational  Club,  (The  Worces- 
ter).— Was  formed  in  1874,  and  meets  six 
times  yearly  for  the  discussion  of  subjects  per- 
taining to  Congregational  polity.  The  mem- 
bership is  confined  to  clergymen  and  promi- 
nent Orthodox  Congregationalists  in  the  coun- 
ty, and  is  somewhat  exclusive. 

Congressional  District. — The  State  is  now 
divided  into  thirteen  Congressional  Districts. 
(The  number  and  boundaries  are  determined 
by  the  Legislature  once  in  ten  years,  after  the 
United  States  census.)  District  A'o.  j,  estab- 
lished by  Chap.  396,  Acts  of  1891,  includes 
the  city  of  Worcester  and  the  towns  of  Au- 
burn, Blackstone,  Charlton,  Douglas,  Dudley, 
Grafton,  Holden,  Leicester,  Mendon,  Mill- 
bury,  Northbridge,  Oxford,  Paxton,  Rutland, 
Shrewsbury,  Southbridge,  Spencer,  Sturbridge, 
Sutton,  Upton,  Uxbridge,  Webster,  West- 
borough,  West  Boylston,  in  Worcester  Coun- 
ty, and  Hopkinton,  in  Middlesex  County. 
The  district,  by  the  census  of  1890,  had  a 
population  of  171,484.  (See  Representatives 
for  a  list  of  Congressmen  from  1789.) 

Continentals,  (The  Worcester). — A  pri- 
vate military  organization  formed  in  1876. 
The  uniform  is  a  fac-simile  of  that  worn  by 
the  Continentals  in  the  Revolution.  This 
company  made  its  first  public  appearance  in 
the  Centennial  Parade,  July  4,  1876.  Their 
armory  is  at  the  corner  of  Main  and  Foster 
streets,  and  the  organization  partakes  much  of 
the  character  of  a  social  club. 

Co-operation. — There  were  several  early 
attempts  at  co-operation  in  Worcester,  one  of 
which  we  notice  under  the  name  of  "  The 
Worcester  Flour  and  Grain  League,^''  formed 


25 


CO-O— 


in  1855  to  furnish  its  members  with  breadstuffs 
and  other  necessaries  at  first  cost.  Z.  E. 
Berry  was  president  and  A.  L.  Burbank  sec- 
retary. This,  evidently,  was  not  a  success, 
and  Hke  the  Loan  Fund  Association,  formed 
about  the  same  time  (see  next  article),  did 
not  long  exist.  Probably  the  most  notable 
enterprise  in  co-operation  here  was  the  First 
Worcester  Co-operative  Association,  formed 
in  1867,  and  which  at  first  had  a  grocery  store 
on  Southbridge  street,  and  later  moved  to 
Franklin  square.  The  association  was  very 
successful  for  a  time,  but  finally,  aftgr  twenty 
years  operation,  failed.  The  Sovereigns''  Co- 
operative Association,  organized  in  1875  and 
chartered  in  1876,  maintained  with  good  suc- 
cess a  grocery  store  on  Pleasant  street  until 
May,  1892,  when  its  affairs  were  settled.  It 
lately  had  no  connection  with  the  Sovereigns 
of  Industry.  Prof.  George  I.  Alden  and  Jos. 
P.  Cheney,  Jr.,  were  respectively  president 
and  agent  of  the  association  from  the  first. 

The  Progressive  Co-operative  Association, 
whose  store  is  at  60  Pleasant  street,  was 
formed  in  May,  1883,  and  incorporated  June 
16,  1886.  There  are  two  Swedes'  co-operative 
grocery  stores — one  on  Prospect  street,  the 
other  at  Quinsigamond  village.  The  Knights 
of  Labor  Co-operative  Boot  and  Shoe  Associa- 
tion has  a  store  at  152  Front  street  for  the 
sale  of  foot-wear  and  gentlemen's  furnishing 
goods.  During  the  past  five  years  this  enter- 
prise has  been  conducted  with  good  results. 
The  association  has  no  connection  with  the 
order  of  Knights  of  Labor.  D.  F.  Fitzgerald 
is  manager  and  treasurer.  The  Worcester 
Co-operative  Boot  and  Shoe  Associatioti  was 
incorporated  April  19,  1888,  with  the  purpose 
"  to  manufacture,  buy  and  sell  boots  and  ^hoes 
and  other  goods,  and  general  merchandise  on 
the  co-operative  plan."  This  association  was 
largely  composed  of  British  Americans,  with 
David  Armitage  as  president.  The  store  in 
Franklin  square,  was  managed  by  Thomas 
Jackson  with  good  success,  and  the  association 
finally  sold  out  to  him.  There  are  many  mu- 
tual benefit  associations  in  Worcester  connect- 
ed with  the  secret  and  fraternal  orders,  or 
maintained  as  such,  some  of  the  titles  of  which 
appear  separately  in  the  Dictionary.  Prob- 
ably the  oldest  benefit  society,  pure  and  sim- 
ple, with  which  Worcester  has  to  do  is  the 
Boston  ^  Worcester  Railroad  Mutual  Ben- 
efit Association,  incorporated  April  10,  1855. 


This  was  formed  in  Know-Nothing  times  and 
chartered  by  the  Know-Nothing  Governor, 
Henry  J.  Gardner;  and  article  2d  of  the  con- 
stitution still  reads:  "  No  person  shall  become 
a  member  of  this  Association  unless  he  be  an 
American  born,"  etc.  The  purpose  is  to  in- 
sure a  sum  to  each  member  sufficient  to  pay 
funeral  expenses  in  case  of  death. 


The  efforts  at  co-operation,  especially  as  ap- 
plied to  distribution,  have  been  numerous  in 
Worcester  County  and  City.  A  generation 
ago,  a  modified  or  joint-stock  form  of  co-oper- 
ation spread  over  the  state.  The  Protective 
Union,  Div.  42,  Front  street,  is  a  monument 
to  the  efforts  put  forth  at  that  period,  and  its 
benefits  are  still  shared  by  the  lucky  few  who 
own  shares  of  stock  in  an  institution  which 
has  been  exceedingly  well  managed  for  a  long 
term  of  years. 

The  Worcester  Co-operative  Grocery  Asso- 
ciation was  at  one  time  an  element  of  hope 
to  those  who  believed  that  the  system  of  dis- 
tributive co-operation,  which  has  proved  to  be 
such  a  power  in  Great  Britain,  would  also  de- 
velop the  same  results  in  an  industrial  field 
like  Worcester.  Their  hopes,  however,  were 
doomed  to  disappointment.  Manager  suc- 
ceeded manager  in  rapid  succession.  Some 
of  them  went  into  competitive  business  on 
their  own  account,  whilst  all  of  them  carried 
on  the  business  of  the  co-operative  store  dur- 
ing their  term  of  office  in  the  same  way  that 
most  retail  grocery  stores  are  carried  on — that 
is,  in  giving  credit  to  needy  customers.  Year 
after  year  the  position  of  the  association  grew 
worse,  until  the  business  was  wound  up.  At 
one  time  the  association  did  a  business  of 
$100,000  a  year.  Bad  debts,  which  true  co- 
operation practice  makes  impossible,  are  ac- 
countable for  this  and  many  other  failures  of 
co-operation  in  Worcester. 

While  it  may  be  proper  to  call  attention  to 
the  fact  that  the  recent  co-operative  associa- 
tions which  have  gained  a  footing  in  Worces- 
ter are  supposed  to  withhold  credit  to  mem- 
bers and  traders,  it  is  to  be  feared  that  the 
rule  is  not  strictly  lived  up  to  in  all  cases,  and 
hence  the  future  career  of  some  of  these  stores 
may  be  jeopardized  by  this  false  action  on  the 
part  of  their  managers.  The  true  co-operative 
idea  is  to  buy  and  sell  for  cash.  When  this  is 
adhered  to  successful  co-operation  is  assured, 


CO-0— cou 


26 


provided  the  volume  of  trade  transacted  is 
sufficient  to  sustain  the  enterprise. 

In  proof  of  this  position,  it  may  be  well  to 
notice  the  result  of  living  up  to  the  co-opera- 
tive plan  by  the  co-operative  banks  of  this 
city.  There  are  now  three  of  them.  The 
first,  The  Worcester  Co-operative  Bank,  was 
chartered  in  October,  1877.  The  association 
flourished,  and  its  outgrowth  has  been  two 
other  co-operative  banks,  one  organized  in 
June,  1882,  and  the  other  in  March,  1887. 
These  banks  have  issued  shares  to  depositors 
and  make  loans  amounting  to  more  than  a  mil- 
lion dollars,  without  the  loss  of  a  dollar  of 
principal  or  interest  on  any  loan.  Here  the 
true  co-operative  principle  has  been  carried 
out,  and  the  result  has  been  gratifying  to  those 
who  believe  in  the  successful  workings  of  co- 
operation. Unfortunately  the  same  methods 
can  not  be  invoked  to  keep  members  to  their 
duty  as  co-operators,  in  the  strict  sense  of  the 
term,  in  any  effort  made  to  co-operate  in  dis- 
tributive or  productive  co-operation. 

The  Dictionary  is  indebted  to  David  Ar- 
mitage  for  many  of  the  above  facts. 

Co-operative  Banks. — These  institutions 
"  aim  to  help  people  buy  houses,  pay  off  mort- 
gages, build  homes  and  save  money.  These 
are  Mutual  Associations  where  the  members 
lend  the  money  they  have  to  spare  monthly, 
the  borrowers  giving  real  estate  security  and 
paying  interest."  An  association  with  the 
above  objects  was  founded  in  Worcester  and  in- 
corporated April  25,  1854,  under  the  name  of 
the  Mechanics''  Mutual  Loan  Fund  Associa- 
tion, with  Hon.  H.  W.  Benchley  as  president 
and  A.  L.  Burbank  secretar)-.  It  did  not 
prove  a  success,  though  it  was  in  existence 
some  four  or  five  years.  There  are  now  three 
co-operative  banks  in  successful  operation  in 
this  city,  the  IVorcester,  incorporated  in  1877; 
the  Home,  in  1882,  and  the  Equity,  in  1887. 
These  are  located  in  the  Walker  building,  405 
Main  street,  and  Hon.  Thomas  J.  Hastings  is 
secretary  and  treasurer  of  all  of  them.  The 
First  S7c>edish  Bui/ding-  Association,  organized 
in  1886,  is  somewhat  similar  in  character  to 
the  co-operative  banks. 

Coroner. — See  Medical  Examiner. 

Councilor  District. — The  State  is  divided 
by  the  Legislature  into  Eight  Councilor  Dis- 
tricts, the  last  apportionment  having  been 
made  in  1886,  and  will  hold  ten  years.  The 


Seventh  Councilor  District  comprises  the  cities 
of  Worcester  and  Fitchburg,  and  the  follow- 
ing towns:  Athol,  Auburn,  Barre,  Berlin, 
Blackstone,  Bolton,  Boylston,  Brookfield, 
Charlton,  Clinton,  Dana,  Douglas,  Dudley, 
Gardner,  Grafton,  Hardwick,  Harvard,  Hol- 
den,  Hopedale,  Hubbardston,  Lancaster,  Lei- 
cester, Leominster,  Lunenburg,  Mendon,  Mil- 
ford,  Millbury,  New  Braintree,  Northborough, 
Northbridge,  North  Brookfield,  Oakham,  Ox- 
ford, Paxton,  Petersham,  Phillipston,  Prince- 
ton, Rutland,  Shrewsbury,  Southborough, 
Southbrjjdge,  Spencer,  Sturbridge,  Sterling, 
Sutton,  Templeton,  Upton,  Uxbridge,  War- 
ren, Westborough,  Webster,  West  Brookfield, 
West  Boylston,  Westminster,  in  Worcester 
County,  and  Amherst,  Belchertown,  Enfield, 
Granby,  Greenwich,  Hadley,  Pelham,  Pres- 
cott.  South  Hadley  and  Ware,  in  Hampshire 
County.  The  above  towns  are  comprised  in 
the  First,  Second,  Third  and  Fourth  Worces- 
ter, and  the  Worcester  and  Hampshire  Sen- 
atorial Districts. 

County  House. — See  Jail. 

Court  Hill. — At  the  north  end  of  Main 
street.  The  County  Court  Houses  are 
situated  here.  There  were  formerly  three 
parallel  roads  at  this  point,  at  different  grades, 
like  terraces.  The  middle  road  was  discontin- 
ued in  1832  by  vote  of  the  town.  The  bank 
wall  was  begun  in  1852  and  completed  the  next 
year.  The  stone  steps  in  front  of  the  granite 
Court  House,  which  descend  into  Main  street, 
were  provided  by  the  County  Commissioners, 
the  City  paying  the  expense  of  putting  them  in 
position. 

Court  Houses. — The  two  County  Court 
Houses  are  located  on  Court  Hill.  The  brick 
edifice  was  erected  in  1802,  and  is  used  mostly 
for  criminal  sessions.  The  Granite  Court 
House  was  completed  in  1845,  and  cost  $100, 
000.  A  wing  was  added  in  1878.  Here  are 
held  the  sessions  of  the  Supreme  and  the 
Superior  Courts,  and  the  Probate  and  Insol- 
vency Courts.  The  Registry  of  Deeds,  Registry 
of  Probate  and  other  county  offices  are  also 
located  in  this  building. 

The  Central  District  Court  occupies  a  part 
of  the  old  Armory  Building  in  Waldo  street. 

Court  Mills. — The  buildings  which  long 
stood  at  the  entrance  to  Union  street,  in 
Lincoln  square,  on  the  site  of  the  present 


27 


COU— CRI 


Salisbury  building.  These  mills  were  erected 
and  owned  by  Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury,  and 
were  occupied  by  the  Ruggles,  Nourse  & 
Mason  Co.,  later  the  Ames  Plow  Co.,  until 
the  removal  of  the  latter  in  1874-5  to  the  new 
shop  on  Prescott  street.  The  place  of  the 
Court  mills  is  probably  where  Dr.  Abraham 
Lincoln's  "  Trip  Hammer  Shop  "  stood,  about 
the  year  1800  or  before.  Later  Earl  & 
Williams  had  a  shop  here  for  the  manufacture 
of  carding  and  spinning  machinery,  and  black- 
smiths' work,  which  was  destroyed  by  fire 
Jan.  5,  1815. 

Courts. — The  Supreme  Judicial  Court 
meets  at  Worcester  (jury  sitting)  on  the  second 
Tuesday  in  April,  and  (law  sitting)  third  Mon- 
day after  second  Tuesday  in  September. 

The  Superior  Court  sits  for  civil  cases  the 
first  Monday  of  March;  Monday  next  after 
the  fourth  Monday  of  August,  and  the  second 
Monday  of  December.  For  criminal  cases, 
third  Monday  of  January  and  October,  and 
second  Monday  of  May. 

The  Central  District  Court  sits  daily  for 
criminal  cases,  and  every  Saturday  for  civil 
cases.  District  comprises  Worcester,  Millbury, 
Sutton,  Auburn,  Leicester,  Paxton,  West 
Boylston,  Boylston,  Holden  and  Shrewsbury. 
Samuel  Utley  is  justice. 

The  Court  of  Probate  and  Insolvency  holds 
at  Worcester  on  the  first  and  third  Tuesdays 
of  every  month  except  August.  William  T. 
Forbes  of  Westboro  is  judge. 

Cremation  Society,  (The  Massachu- 
setts).— Organized  April  10,  1885,  as  the 
Worcester  Cremation  Society,  and  incorpor- 
ated in  January  1886,  as  the  Massachusetts 
Cremation  Society.  At  the  time  of  the  up- 
heaval of  the  Mechanic  street  burying  ground 
in  1878  the  writer  was,  so  far  as  he  knows,  the 
only  outspoken  advocate  of  cremation  in  Wor- 
cester, and  probably  the  original  one.  The 
idea  was  then  generally  condemned  as  hea- 
thenish and  irreligious.  The  prime  mover  in 
establishing  the  society  was  Dr.  J.  O.  Marble, 
who  in  the  latter  part  of  the  year  1884,  began  to 
agitate  the  matter,  and  spoke  and  wrote  much 
in  its  favor.  The  first  officers  were :  President, 
J.  Evarts  Greene;  Vice  Presidents,  Edward 
L.  Davis,  Stephen  Salisbury,  Thomas  H. 
Gage;  Secretary,  John  O.  Marble;  Treasurer, 
P.  \V.  Moen;  Directors,  F.  P.  Goulding,  E. 
H.  Russell,  Rev.  C.  M.  Lamson,  S.  S.  Green, 


Waldo  Lincoln,  W.  B.  Chamberlain,  Y.  H. 
Dewey,  Jr.,  Merrick  Bemis,  Emerson  Warner. 
The  later  organization  was:  President,  Waldo 
Lincoln;  Vice-President,  E.  L.  Davis;  Sec- 
retary, Dr.  J.  O.  Marble;  Treasurer,  P.  W. 
Moen;  Directors,  Stephen  Salisbury,  E.  L. 
Davis,  Waldo  Lincoln,  E.  H.  Russell,  G.  E. 
Francis,  J.  O.  Marble,  F.  H.  Dewey,  W.  B. 
Chamberlain,  E.  H.  Brigham.  The  capital 
stock  was  $10,000,  and  the  shares  $10.  Tke 
erection  of  a  Crematory  was  contemplated. 
But  recently  a  proposition  from  movers  for  the 
formation  of  a  cremation  society  in  Boston,  to 
unite  with  them,  and  to  dispose  of  a  large  part 
of  the  stock  here  to  Boston  parties  interested 
in  the  subject,  was  accepted  by  vote  of  the 
stockholders,  March  12,  1892,  and  the  fol- 
lowing officers  were  elected:  Clerk,  Dr.  John 
Homans,  2d;  Treasurer,  John  Richie;  Direc- 
tors, Dr.  James  R.  Chadwick,  Dr.  Henry  P. 
Bowditch,  Augustus  Hemenway,  Dr.  Russell 
Sturgis,  Jr.,  and  Babson  S.  Ladd,  all  of  Bos- 
ton; Stephen  Salisbury  and  Dr.  J.  O  Marble 
of  Worcester.  Two  Boston  Ladies  are  also  on 
the  directorate. 

It  is  expected  that  $15,000  will  be  subscribed 
in  Boston  in  addition  to  the  $10,000  taken 
here,  making  up  the  entire  capital  stock  of 
$25,000.  Then  a  lot  will  be  purchased  and  a 
crematory  erected  as  speedily  as  possible. 
This  should  be  placed  in  some  locality  remote 
from  any  cemetery,  where  that  which  is  mortal 
can  be  resolved  into  its  original  elements  free 
from  surroundings  or  suggestions  of 

"  Corruption,  earth  and  worms." 

Those  who  do  not  regard  the  method  with 
favor  because  it  is  not  customary,  or  are  averse 
to  it  through  tenderness  for  the  dead,  should 
consider  that  in  both  cremation  and  burial  the 
process  of  resolution  and  the  final  result  are 
the  samel  in  the  one  case  rapid,  pure  and 
complete;  in  the  other  slow,  with  all  the 
horrible  and  disgusting  accompaniments  of 
prolonged  decay. 

Cricket  and  Foot-Ball. — The  Worcester 
City  Cricket  and  Foot-Ball  Club  was  organized 
in  1886. 

About  the  year  1855  the  IVorcester  Cricket 
Club  was  organized,  and  was  quite  prominent 
in  this  section  for  a  number  of  years,  playing 
frequently  on  the  Common,  and  occasionally 
going  out  of  town.  Nathaniel  Paine,  William 
S.  Davis,  Henry  A.  Marsh,  Lewis  W.  Ham- 


CRO— DEA 


28 


mond,  and  C.  M.  Bent  were  well-known 
members. 

Crompton  Park. — Between  Millbury  street 
and  Quinsigamond  avenue.  Contains  about 
12  acres.  This  land  was  purchased  of  the 
Crompton  heirs  in  1888  for  $44,350. 

Curtis  Chapel. — A  beautiful  building  erec- 
ted at  Hope  Cemetery  by  Albert  Curtis,  Esq., 
and  by  him  presented  to  the  City,  January  31, 
1891.  The  material  is  granite  with  brown- 
stone  trimmings.  The  tower  over  the  entrance, 
and  the  stained  glass  windows  give  it  an  ap- 
propriate appearance.  The  interior  is  finished 
with  faced  brick.  The  pulpit  and  seats  are  of 
polished  ash. 

Curtis  Pond. — The  large  sheet  of  water  at 
New  Worcester,  above  the  mills  of  Curtis  & 
Marble,  between  Webster  aud  Leicester  streets. 

Cycling. — The  brief  furor  over  the  clumsy 
and  rattling  velocipede  of  twenty  years 
ago  will  be  remembered  by  many.  At  that 
time  a  "riding  school  "  was  opened  in  the  top 
story  of  Sargent's  building,  (since  burned  off) 
at  the  entrance  to  Southbridge  street,  and  was 
popular  for  a  season.  The  use  of  this  cumber- 
some vehicle  was,  however,  confined  to  those 
whose  enthusiasm  was  far  in  advance  of  their 
judgment,  and  after  a  few  months  it  disappear- 
ed. The  modern  bicycle  was  then  an  un- 
thought  of  thing.  The  idea  originated  in 
England.  The  first  bicycle  made  in  America 
was  built  in  Worcester  at  Stowe's  shop  on 
Cypress  street,  in  April,  1878,  by  W.  H. 
Pierce,  an  Englishman.  This  was  a  52-inch 
machine  and  was  constructed  for  Hill  & 
Tolman.  April  9,  1879,  the  Worcester  Bi- 
cycle Club  was  formed  with  F.  S.  Pratt,  Presi- 
dent and  Captain;  W.  H.  Pierce,  Sub-Captain; 
and  Geo.  I^I.  Doe,  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 
Another  club  of  the  same  name  has  since  ex- 
isted but  is  not  now  active.  In  1882  the  ^-Eolus 
Club  was  formed,  and  later  the  Bay  State. 
Hill  &  Tolman,  on  Front  Street,  were  the 
pioneer  dealers  in  bicycles  in  Worcester,  and 
carried  on  an  extensive  business  in  this  line. 
Lincoln  Holland  &  Co.  also  had  a  salesroom. 

The  Cycling  Clubs  of  Worcester  at  present 
are  the  Bay  State  Bicycle  Club  (organized  Feb. 
5,  1887); 'Columbus  Cycle  Club;  Y.  M.C.  A. 
Wheelmen;  and  the  (Y.  W.  C.  A.)  Hickory 
Cycle  Club.  The  Bay  State  is  the  oldest  and 
the  largest  club.  The  annual  Cycling  Tourna- 
ment, which  has  been  held  by  the  Bay  State 


Club  for  four  years  past,  and  the  Spring  Meet 
of  the  Massachusetts  Division  of  the  League  of 
American  Wheelmen  are  the  greatest  cycling 
events  in  Central  Massachusetts.  Owing  to  the 
introduction  of  the  safety  type  machine,  the 
number  of  riders  in  this  city  has  increased  three- 
fold. The  dealers  at  present  are  Lemont  & 
Whittemore,  L.  C.  Havener,  L.  M.  Alexan- 
der, and  John  Lowe.  The  first  named  manu- 
facture a  safety  lock  for  bicycles  that  is  much 
preferable  to  the  chain  and  padlock. 

Daily  Papers. — The  Spy  and  Telegram^ 
morning  papers;  and  the  Gazette  and  Post 
issued  in  the  afternoon,  comprise  the  dailies  at 
present.  See  under  the  different  titles  in  the 
Dictionary. 

Dale  Hospital. — A  hospital  for  invalid 
soldiers  established  by  the  Government  in 
1864,  and  continued  for  a  few  months.  The 
Medical  College  building  on  Union  hill  (now 
the  Worcester  Academy),  was  occupied  for 
the  purpose,  and  in  addition  14  barracks,  each 
capable  of  accomodating  60  patients  were 
erected,  with  a  number  of  store  houses,  work- 
shops, etc.  The  hospital  was  in  charge  of 
Maj.  C.  N.  Chamberlin,  and  at  times  600 
were  under  his  care.  The  establishment  was 
first  occupied  Oct.  24,  1864,  and  formally 
dedicated  Feb.  22,  1865.  It  received  its 
name  from  Surgeon-General  Dale. 

Daughters  of  Pocahontas. — There  are 
two  councils  in  Worcester :  IVeetamo,  No.  j, 
organized  in  1887;  and  Minnehaha,  No  5. 

Daughters  of  St.  George. — See  British 
Americans. 

Daughters  of  Samaria.  (United  order 
of). — Supreme  Council,  and  Lodge  Xo.  i, 
was  instituted  in  1887. 

Daughters  of  Veterans. — See  Grand 
Army. 

Davis  Park. — A  small  open  plot  of  ground 
in  Clinton  street,  named  in  honor  of  Isaac 
Davis. 

Day  Nursery. — See  Temporary  Hoine  and 
Day  Nnrsery. 

Deathville. — A  village  in  the  town  of 
Rutland,  now  known  as  West  Rutland,  some 
ten  miles  from  Worcester.  There  is  a  Post- 
office  here.  The  place  received  its  name  from 
the  circumstance  that  Foster  Death,  a  promin- 
ent manufacturer,  owned  a  factory  there  about 
sixty  years  ago. 


29 


DEE— DRY 


Deeds,  (Registry  of).— See  Registry. 

Depots. — See  Railroad  Stations. 

Dental  Society. —  The   Worcester  Dental 
Society  was  organized  in  I 
of  1892  gives  the 


^89.  The  Directory 

names  of  48  Dentists  in 
Worcester. 

Debt  of  the  City  for  each  year  since  its 
incorporation : 

1848,  $  99.677  1870,  $1,185,718 

1849,  95.633  1871,  1,899,808 

1850,  96,996  1872,  2,456,788 

1851,  97.241  1873,  2,687,910 

1852,  101,829  1874,  1,238,000 

1853,  108,758  1875,  1,711,000 

1854,  98,567  1876,  2,589,700 

1855,  98,435  1877,  2,492,300 

1856,  118,955  ^878,  2,509,200 

1857,  102,993  1879,  2,507,100 

1858,  100,188  1880,  2,542,300 

1859,  99,553  1881,  2,580,200 

1860,  99,429  1882,  2,582,300 

1861,  102,324  1883,  2,652,700 

1862,  129,319  1884,  2,947,700 

1863,  208,414  1885,  3,112,700 

1864,  214,759  1886,  3,389,700 

1865,  364,459  1887,  3,506,700 

1866,  424,418  1888,  3,383,700 

1867,  458,395  1889,  3.595.700 

1868,  619,946  1890,  3,930,700 

1869,  773,290  1891,  3,988,400 
The  Sinking  Fund,  Dec.  i,  1891,  amount- 
ed to  $1,287,501. 

Devil's  Alley. — The  narrow  passage  way 
from  Walnut  to  Sudbury  street,  which  shortens 
so  much  the  distance  from  Harvard  street. 
This  narrow  strip  was  conveyed  to  the  City  to 
be  kept  open  for  public  convenience. 

Directories  of  Worcester. — In  1829 
Clarendon  Harris  published  a  Village  Direc- 
tory accompanied  by  a  copper-plate  map. 
This  was  a  "House  Directory"  similiar  in 
plan  to  the  one  issued  in  1888  by  Drew,  Allis 
&  Co.,  which  they  have  elaborated  in  the  is- 
sues of  1890  and  1892.  A  Business  Directory 
was  pubHshed  in  1843  by  A.  W".  Congdon. 
Henry  J.  Howland  began  the  publication  of 
the  present  "  Worcester  Directory  "  in  1844. 
The  first  number  was  a  24mo.  of  116  pages, 
and  contained  1249  names.  Twelve  hundred 
copies  were  printed.  Mr.  Howland  sold  the 
Directory  to  Drew,  Allis  &  Co.,  in  1872,  and 
they  have  published  it  continuously  to  the 


present  time.  It  is  now  a  stout  octavo  of 
nearly  900  pages,  with  39,084  names. 

Disciples  of  Christ. — This  church  was  or- 
ganized Aug.  5,  i860,  and  for  twenty-five 
years  held  its  meetings  on  Thomas  street.  The 
present  church  edifice  on  Main  street,  at  King 
street,  was  dedicated  September  12,  1886,  and 
cost  about  $25,000. 

Dispensaries. —  The  Washburn  Free  Dis- 
pensary was  estabhshed  in  1874,  and  first 
occupied  part  of  the  old  Abijah  Bigelow  house, 
at  the  corner  of  Front  and  Church  streets. 
When  that  building  was  taken  down  the  Dis- 
pensary was  removed  to  No.  1 1  Trumbull 
street,  and  is  now  finally  located  at  the  Wash- 
burn Memorial  Hospital  on  Belmont  street,  of 
which  institution  it  is  a  branch.  It  is  open 
every  day  except  Sundays. 

The  Hoviapathic  Free  Dispensary,  formerly 
at  13  Mechanic  street,  and  now  at  11  Trumbull 
street,  is  under  the  management  of  the  Worces- 
ter Homcepathic  Dispensary  Association.  Pa- 
tients are  treated  daily  from  10  to  II  A.M., 
Sundays  and  holidays  excepted,  and  visits  are 
made  when  required. 

Dodge  Park. — A  public  ground  of  13  acres 
in  the  northerly  part  of  Worcester,  situated 
between  West  Boylston  and  Burncoat  streets, 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  Odd  Fellows'  Home. 
This  Park  was  presented  to  the  City,  October 
7,  1890,  by  Thomas  H.  Dodge,  Esq. 

Dogs. — The  law  requires  that  all  dogs 
three  months  old  and  over  shall  be  licensed, 
and  the  licenses  renewed  annually  on  the  first 
of  May.  The  fee  in  Worcester  is  $3  for  males, 
and  $6  for  females.  The  licenses  are  issued 
by  the  City  Clerk  at  his  office  in  the  City  Hall. 

Drainage. — See  Seiuerage. 

Drama,  (The) — See  under  Theatres. 

Dry  Goods  Trade. — Capt.  John  Lyon  kept 
a  small  dry  goods  store  in  Worcester  in  the 
early  part  of  the  century,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  widow.  Eliza  Bancroft  (afterwards 
the  wife  of  Hon.  John  Davis),  opened  a  shop 
in  181 1,  and  dealt  in  the  finer  and  fancy 
goods.  She  was  followed  by  Elizabeth  Denny 
in  the  same  line.  Henry  M.  Sikes  was  one  of 
the  earliest  to  engage  in  the  dry  goods  trade 
exclusively.  He  was  in  business  in  Worcester 
from  181 7  to  1827.  D.  G.  Wheeler  began 
in  1828,  and  was  the  first  to  advertise  exten- 


DUX— EM  E 


30 


sively.  Others  of  this  period  were  Jonathan 
Wood,  1822;  A.  and  C.  A.  Hamilton,  1827; 
\Vm.  Manning,  Jr.,  1828;  W.  H.  Swan, 
1829;  and  later  Swan  &  Williams;  Thayer 
&  Daniels,  1830;  E.  &  R.  Sanger  and  E. 
A.  Brigham,  1832;  H.  B.  Chaflin,  afterwards 
the  well-known  New  York  merchant,  was  in 
trade  here  from  1833  to  1843,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Hardon  &  Hunt.  D.  S.  Messinger 
opened  a  store  in  1834,  and  continued  several 
years.  Among  those  more  or  less  prominent 
from  1835  to  1845,  ^vere  Richardson  &  Esta- 
brook,  Orrin  Rawson,  (succeeded  by  Martin 
Stowe),  Julius  L.  Clark,  B.  F.  Mann,  J.  H. 
Rickett,  J.  H.  Everett  and  C.  A,  Upton,  the 
latter  continuing  many  years.  H.  H.  Chamber- 
lin,  the  founder  of  the  present  house  of  the 
Barnard,  Sumner  &  Putnam  Co.,  established 
the  business  in  1835.  H.  H.  Dayton  was  the 
pioneer  in  the  fine  lace  and  glove  trade  in 
1849,  and  was  followed  by  Gross  &  Strauss 
in  1855.  J.  H.  Clarke  &  Co.  represent  an- 
other old  house  in  the  general  line,  founded  in 
1847.  The  Denholm  &  McKay  Co.,  succes- 
sors of  Denholm  &  McKay,  succeeded  Finlay, 
Lawson  &  Kennedy,  and  they  J.  S.  Pink- 
ham,  who  opened  a  store  at  the  corner  of  Main 
and  Mechanic  streets,  some  thirty  years  ago. 

Dungarven. — The  region  south  of  the 
Bloomingdale  road  and  west  of  Suffolk  street, 
well-known  in  police  circles.  The  name  is  of 
Irish  origin.    Also  known  as  Dutch  hill. 

East  Park. — By  an  act  of  the  Legislature 
approved  June  16,  1887,  the  city  was  granted 
the  right  to  hold,  occupy  and  control  free  of 
rent  or  charge  by  the  Commonwealth,  all  the 
land  belonging  to  the  State  lying  between 
Shrewsbury  street  and  East  Shelby  street, 
(part  of  the  old  Hospital  tract)  for  the  purpose 
of  constructing  and  maintaining  a  Public  Park. 
The  tract  thus  acquired,  containing  from  ten 
to  twelve  acres,  has  formally  received  the 
name  of  East  Park  from  the  Parks  Commission. 
With  the  Chandler  hill  portion  on  the  north,  a 
public  ground  of  nearly  fifty  acres  is  formed, 
extending  from  Shrewsbury  street  to  Belmont 
street. 

Election    or    Voting    Precincts. — See 

Wards. 

Electric  Lights. — The  public  streets  were 
first  lighted  by  electricity  in  1883.  There  are 
now  332  lights  furnished  by  the  Worcester 
Electric  Light  Co.,  which  cost  55  cents  each 
per  riight. 


Electric  Railways. — Worcester  was  slow 
to  adopt  electricity  as  a  motive  power.  The 
Worcester,  Leicester  and  Spencer  Railroad 
was  the  first  to  apply  the  agency,  this  road 
being  opened  to  travel  September  8,  1891. 
The  Consolidated  Street  Railway,  however, 
made  the  first  trip  over  the  short  line  from 
Washington  square  to  Lake  Quinsigamond  by 
electricity  just  before  midnight,  September  2, 
1 89 1,  and  the  road  was  open  to  traffic  Septem- 
ber 4.  The  Lauiel  Hill  line  from  Main  street 
through  Thomas  was  opened  December  30, 
1 89 1.  The  Worcester  and  Millbury  Electric 
Railroad  is  soon  to  be  constructed,  and  half  a 
dozen  other  lines  are  projected.  It  is  proba- 
ble that  electricity  will  be  used  exclusively  on 
all  the  lines  of  the  Consolidated  in  the  near 
future. 

Elm  Park. — Bounded  by  Elm,  Agricultural, , 
Pleasant  and  Highland  streets.  March  15, 
1854,  the  City  purchased  of  Levi  Lincoln,  13 
acres  and  70  rods  of  land,  and  of  John  Ham- 
mond 13  acres  and  73  rods  adjoining,  for  a 
public  park.  The  sum  paid  for  the  two  lots 
was  $1 1,257.50.  Hon.  Levi  Lincoln  left  at 
his  death  in  1868,  $1000  as  a  fund  for  the  im- 
provement of  the  park.  The  tract  remained 
unimproved  for  twenty  years,  and  was  used 
during  that  time  as  a  place  for  circuses  and 
other  exhibitions,  but  had  few  of  the  features 
of  a  public  pleasure  ground.  Under  the  ef- 
ficient direction  of  Edward  W.  Lincoln  of  the 
I'arks  Commission,  a  wonderful  transformation 
has  taken  place  during  the  last  ten  years,  and 
the  park  is  now  the  most  attractive  public 
ground  and  the  best  thing  in  Worcester.  In 
the  winter  the  ponds  are  much  resorted  to  for 
skating.  The  recent  acquisition  of  Newton 
Hill,  added  to  the  original  tract,  opens  to  the 
public  one  of  the  finest  prospects  in  the  City. 
Cars  go  direct  from  Main  street  to  the  Park. 

Elm  Square. — See  Grafton  Square. 

Emergency  and  Hygiene  Association,— 

T/ie  IVorcc'sfer  Branch.  "In  the  winter  of 
1883,  the  Woman's  Education  Association — 
following  the  example  of  the  St.  John  Ambu- 
lance Association,  organized  in  London  in 
1877,  and  of  the  State  Charities  Aid  Association 
of  New  York,  which  established  courses  of 
lectures  on  "First  Aid  to  the  Injured,"  in 
1882, — began  a  similar  work  in  Boston.  It 
undertook  to  provide,  for  both  men  and 
women,   instruction   which  should  fit  them 


31 


EMM— EM  P 


to  be  of  use  in  cases  of  sudden  illness  or  ac- 
cident. Seven  courses  of  lectures  to  free 
classes,  and  three  to  paying  classes,  were 
given,  the  money  received  from  the  latter 
serving  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  former. 
As  the  value  of  these  lectures  became  more 
fully  recognized  the  work  was  carried  forward 
with  increased  vigor  in  the  following  year. 
From  January  i  to  May  i,  1884,  twenty-five 
courses  of  lectures,  with  practical  demonstra- 
tions, were  given,  of  which  eight  were  to 
policemen  and  two  to  firemen.  Each  lecture 
•occupied  an  hour,  and  was  invariably  followed 
by  conversation  between  members  of  the  class 
and  the  lecturer,  with  further  demostration, 
which  often  continued  more  than  another  hour. 
The  close  of  each  course  was  followed  by  an 
examination,  and  by  the  awarding  of  certificates 
to  those  who  passed  it  successfully. 

The  work  above  described  having  outgrown 
the  Hmits  imposed  by  the  regulations  of  the 
Woman's  Education  Association,  a  new  body 
was  formed  under  the  name  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Emergency  and  Hygiene  Association, 
having  the  purpose  to  extend  the  work  through 
the  State,  with  Dr.  Francis  Minot  as  Presi- 
dent, Miss  Ellen  M.  Tower  as  Secretary,  and 
Mrs.  Kate  Gannett  Wells,  Chairman  of  the 
Executive  Committee.  Many  influential  pro- 
fessional and  business  men  were  active  in  the 
organization,  as  well  as  several  ladies  well- 
known  by  their  interest  in  practical  philan- 
thropy. Mrs.  Wells  was  especially  prominent 
in  the  undertaking.  Branches  were  established 
in  different  places  in  the  State.  The  IVorces- 
ter  Branch  began  under  very  favorable  con- 
ditions in  November,  1885,  and  the  following 
-winter  seven  courses  of  lectures  were  given  by 
prominent  physicians  to  policemen,  firemen, 
employees  of  several  of  the  large  -manufactories, 
and  others.  This  service  has  been  repeated 
each  year  to  the  present  time,  with  increasing 
zeal  and  interest  in  the  work.  Following  sub- 
stantially the  plan  and  example  of  the  central 
organization,  the  Worcester  Branch  has, 
through  its  various  and  efficient  committees, 
carried  out  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  or- 
ganized in  a  satisfactory  degree,  but  for  want 
of  space  a  detailed  account  of  its  efforts,  meth- 
ods and  results  cannot  be  given  here.  The 
vice-presidents  and  those  associated  in  the 
management  and  direction  of  the  association 
comprise  many  of  our  most  respected  citizens 
and  best  known  physicians.  The  Chairman 
of  the  Executive  Committee  is  Dr.  William  C. 


Stevens  and  Prof.  George  E.  Gladwin  has 
been  the  Secretary  from  the  beginning. 

Emmet  Guards.  —  This  company  was 
formed  in  i860,  and  first  paraded  in  public  on 
the  nth  of  July,  under  command  of  M.  J. 
McCafferty.  It  was  and  is  composed  entirely 
of  Irishmen,  and  took  the  place  of  the  Jack- 
son Guards,  disbanded  by  Gov,  Gardner, 
during  the  Know-Xothing  frenzy.  The  Em- 
met Guards  served  with  the  Third  Battalion  in 
Maryland,  in  1861.  The  company  is  now 
known  as  Co.  Cj.  of  the  Ninth  Regiment  In- 
fantry, M.  V.  M. 

Empire  State  Society. — An  association 
composed  of  natives  of  New  York  state  and 
members  of  their  families,  formed  in  1885. 

Employment  Society,  (The  Worces- 
ter).— This  society  had  its  origin  in  the  or- 
ganization known  as  the  People's  Club,  which 
was  formed  in  1871,  with  Hon.  Henry  Chapin 
as  president.  The  active  work  of  the  Club 
comprised  three  sections,  viz. :  Benevolent, 
hospitality  and  educational.  The  benevolent 
section  was  subdivided  into  three  departments, 
from  one  of  which — the  Employment  Commit- 
tee— has  come  the  above  named  society. 
From  a  report  of  the  Benevolent  Section  of 
the  Club  in  1873  the  following  is  quoted: 
"  The  relief  committee  sent  women,  whom 
they  find  in  want  of  work,  to  the  employment 
committee,  and  thus  the  way  is  opened  for  the 
flower  mission  to  send  its  sweet  messengers  to 
homes  of  poverty,  sickness  and  suffering." 
The  reports  of  the  club,  in  the  three  years  of 
its  existence,  give  abundant  evidence  of  satis- 
factory work  accomplished  in  all  the  lines 
undertaken.  But  through  the  reluctance  of 
those  who  thoroughly  believed  in  its  methods 
to  apply  themselves  practically  to  the  work, 
the  club  through  lack  of  sufficient  support  in 
this  direction,  was  at  last  given  up.  The 
evenings  with  the  newsboys  were  continued 
for  some  time,  under  the  charge  of  ten  ladies 
and  gentlemen,  who  gave  themselves  most 
heartily  to  the  work,  which,  though  very  diffi- 
cult, was  manifestly  accomplishing  much  by 
means  of  its  civilizing,  refining  and  educating 
influences;  but  for  want  of  a  generous  re- 
sponse in  the  way  of  workers,  this,  too,  was 
abandoned.    (See  Boys'  Club.) 

The  employment  committee  was  organized 
into  a  society,  and  its  first  annual  treasurer's 
report  appeared  as  a  single  small  sheet  in 
1875-6.    A  board  of  managers  was  formed  of 


EPI— EPW 


32 


ladies  representing  the  different  churches.  In 
1883  an  act  of  incorporation  was  secured 
under  the  present  name  "  for  the  purpose  of 
assisting  needy  and  deserving  women  by  giving 
them  employment."  The  different  churches 
are  represented,  the  managers  acting  as  solic- 
itors in  their  respective  churches.  Each 
church  receives  in  return  twenty-five  per  cent, 
of  its  subscriptions  in  garments  suitable  for 
charitable  distribution,  the  garments  being 
disposed  of  at  cost  of  making  simply.  It  is 
believed  that  offering  them  at  this  low  figure 
serves  also  in  another  charitable  direction,  by 
enabling  those  who  have  much  need  for  family 
sewing  and  little  time  in  which  to  do  it,  to 
buy  strong  and  serviceable  garments.  The 
visiting  committee  are  allowed  $100  worth  of 
the  same  to  distribute  among  these  women. 
The  officers  may  dispose  of  clothing  to  the 
amount  of  $10  each.  The  number  of  women 
employed  is  55.  The  visiting  committee  num- 
bers II,  each  one  of  whom  has  the  responsi- 
bility of  recommending  five  women.  As  far 
as  can  possibly  be  assured  each  woman  em- 
ployed must  be  honest  and  temperate.  Most 
of  those  who  come  under  the  charge  of  the 
society  are  advanced  in  jears,  and  left  entirely 
to  themselves  for  means  of  support,  with  few 
exceptions.  Others  are  younger — widows,  or 
deserted  by  their  husbands — with  large  fami- 
lies to  care  for.  Working  naturally  with  the 
church  benevolent  societies,  more  or  less,  and 
in  the  absence  of  any  association  or  bureau  of 
charities,  this  organization  has  been  able  oft- 
entimes to  supply  in  a  limited  way,  this  de- 
ficiency in  our  city. 

The  society  has  funds  from  legacies  and 
other  sources  to  the  amount  of  about  $3,500. 
The  officers  are  :  President,  Mrs.  Theo.  Brown ; 
Vice-President,  Mrs.  M.  F.  Pratt;  Clerk,  Miss 
Martha  Hobbs;  Treasurer,  Miss  Mary  N. 
Perley.  There  is  a  board  of  advisors  of  five 
gentlemen,  and  a  board  of  lady  managers  fr^m 
the  different  churches.  Rooms  at  492  Main 
street. 

Episcopal  Churches. — An  attempt  to  es- 
tablish Episcopal  worship  here  was  made  in 
1835,  and  the  first  Protestant-Episcopal  ser- 
vices were  held  here  on  December  13th,  by 
the  Rev.  Thomas  H.  Vail.  In  1843,  another 
effort  was  made  which  succeeded,  and  in  1847 
All  Saints'  Church  was  erected  on  Pearl  street, 
on  the  lot  now  occupied  by  the  fine  stone 
residence  of  Dr.    J.  O.  Marble,  generally 


known  as  the  Dr.  Bull  house.  This  church 
was  burned  April  7,  1874,  and  the  society 
purchased  the  lot  at  the  corner  of  Pleasant 
and  Irving  streets,  and  erected  the  elegant 
brown  stone  structure  in  present  occupation, 
which  was  consecrated  Jan.  4,  1877.  Rev. 
William  R.  Huntington,  now  rector  of  Grace 
Church,  New  York,  was  rector  here  from 
1862  to  1883.  Rev.  A.  H.  Vinton  is  the 
present  rector.  In  1871,  St.  Matthew's 
Church  at  South  Worcester  was  consecrated. 
St.  John's  on  Lincoln  street,  and  St.  Mark's 
on  Freeland  street  were  formed  in  1884  and 

1888  respectively. 

Episcopal  Church  Club. — Organized  in 

1889  for  social  and  literary  purposes,  and 
bears  the  same  relation  to  the  Episcopal 
Church  as  the  Congregational  Club  does  to 
the  church  it  represents. 

Epworth  League.  —  An  organization  in 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  similar  in 
character  to  the  Young  People's  Society  of 
Christian  Endeavor.  (See  Christian  Endeav- 
or"). The  Epworth  League  was  organized 
May  15,  1889,  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  from  the 
five  societies  then  existing  among  the  young 
people  of  the  M.  E.  Church.  These  five 
societies  were:  i,  The  Oxford  League;  2, 
Young  People's  Methodist  Alliance;  3,  Young 
People's  Christian  League  ;  4,  Methodist 
Young  People's  Union  ;  5,  Young  People's 
Methodist  Episcopal  Alliance.  The  first  char- 
ter was  given  to  the  church  in  Plainfield,  New 
Jersey,  the  church  home  of  Dr.  J.  L.  Hurlburt, 
who  is  General  Secretary  of  the  Leagne. 

Worcester  Leagues  were  organized  as  fol- 
lows: I,  Trinity,  Oct.,  1889;  2,  Grace,  Oct. 
1889;  3,  Laural  Street;  4,  Coral  Street,  Nov. 
17,  1890;  5,  Webster  Square,  April  21,  1890; 
6,  Thomas  Street,  (Swedish),  May,  1892;  7, 
Bethel  A.  M.  Church,  (colored). 

The  number  of  charter  of  Trinity  is  584; 
Grace  582;  Coral  Street,  Haven  Chapter, 
4206;  and  Webster  Square,  585. 

Membership  of  the  Worcester  Leagues,  May 
20,  1892:  I,  168;  2,  120;  3,  60;  4,  102;  5, 
47;  6,  30. 

Total  membership  of  the  League  at  its  third 
anniversary,  May  15,  1892,  nearly  500,000. 
There  are  over  8000  Chapters.  These  figures 
apply  only  to  the  M.  E.  Church.  There  are 
many  flourishing  leagues  in  the  M.  E.  Church 
South  and  in  Canada. 


33 


EUC— EXP 


Epworth  in  England  was  the  birthplace  of 
John  Wesley. 

Eucleia. — See  High  School  Socielies. 

Exchange  Hotel. — At  the  corner  of  Main 
and  Market  streets,  is  the  oldest  hotel  in 
Worcester,  known  a  hundred  years  ago  as 
the  "United  States  Arms."  Washington 
breakfasted  here  in  1789,  on  his  way  to 
Boston,  and  Lafayette  was  a  guest  in  1825. 
Reuben  Sikes,  a  large  owner  of  stage  lines, 
kept  the  house  from  1807  to  1823,  and 
it  was  known  during  this  period  as  Sikes' 
Coffee  House.  Samuel  B.  Thomas  succeeded, 
and  it  became  Thomas'  Temperance  Exchange 
Coffee  House,  and  later  as  the  Exchange.  It 
has  been  much  resorted  to  by  jurymen  and 
others  attending  court. 

Executions. — The  Dictionary  is  indebted 
to  Hon.  Clark  Jillson  for  the  following  list  of 
executions  in  Worcester : 

1737,  Hugh  Henderson,  alias  John  Hamil- 
ton, for  burglary. 

1742,  Jabez  Green,  for  murder. 

1744,  Edward  Fitzpatrick,  for  murder. 

1745,  Jeffry,  a  negro,  for  murder. 
1768,  Arthur,  a  negro,  for  rape. 
1770,  William  Lindsey,  for  burglary. 

1778,  William  Brooks,  James  Buchanan, 
Ezra  Ross  and  Bathsheba  Spooner,  for  mur- 
der. 

1779,  Robert  Young,  for  rape. 

1783,  William  Huggins  and  John  Mansfield, 
for  iDurglary. 

1786,  Johnson  Green,  for  burglary. 

1793,  Samuel  Frost,  for  murder. 

1825,  Horace  Carter,  for  rape. 

1845,  Thomas  Barrett,  for  murder.  This 
was  the  first  private  execution  in  the  county. 

1868,  Silas  and  Charles  T.  James,  for  mur- 
der. 

1876,  Samuel  J.  Frost  for  murder. 

Explosions.  —  There  have  been  several 
serious  explosions  in  Worcester,  the  most  re- 
markable of  which  was  the  dualin  explosion 
on  the  Boston  &  Albany  railroad,  near  the 
Junction,  June  23,  1870,  when  one  man  was 
killed,  thirty  persons  injured,  and  many  build- 
ings shattered.  On  the  3d  of  May,  1850,  an 
attempt  to  blow  up  Mayor  Chapin's  office,  at 
the  corner  of  Main  and  Sudbury  streets,  re- 
sulted in  considerable  damage  to  the  bruilding. 
This  affair  grew  out  of  the  temperance  agita- 
tion, and  the  principal  of  the  conspiracy  fled. 


Jan.  I,  1859,  an  engine  house  in  the  school 
yard,  corner  of  Pleasant  and  Oxford  streets, 
was  totally  destroyed  by  an  explosion  of  gas, 
and  on  the  22d  of  July,  of  the  same  year,  the 
boiler  at  the  wire  mill  on  Grove  street,  30 
feet  long,  4  feet  in  diameter,  and  weighing  5 
tons,  exploded,  shattering  the  building,  in- 
jured several  workmen,  shot  into  the  air  300 
feet,  and  landed  in  a  yard  on  Lincoln  street, 
i  of  a  mile  distant.  Mayor  Blake  lost  his  life 
by  a  gas  explosion  on  the  i6th  of  December, 
1870. 

Express  Business. — Before  the  railroads 
were  in  operation  every  stage-driver  and  post- 
rider  performed  the  functions  of  an  express- 
man. The  pioneer  in  this  country  of  the, 
express  business  as  carried  on  to-day  was 
Rufus  W.  Whiting,  who  kept  a  shoe  store  in 
Worcester  as  early  as  1833.  In  the  Spy  of 
Nov.  21,  1838,  he  advertised  that  he  had 
made  arrangements  with  the  Boston  &  Wor- 
cester Railroad  Company  to  occupy  part  of  a 
car,  and  that  he  would  m.ake  daily  trips  each 
way,  and  attend  to  the  business  of  his  patrons, 
beginning  Monday,  Nov.  26.  It  is  uncertain 
how  long  Mr.  Whiting  continued  his  trips 
between  Worcester  and  Boston,  but  he  proba- 
bly retired  before  1840.  It  is  said  he  was  the 
first  to  engage  in  the  milk  traffic  over  a  rail- 
road by  transporting  it  from  the  country  towns 
into  Boston.  On  the  first  day  of  August, 
1840,  Samuel  S.  Leonard  established  the  bus- 
iness so  long  known  by  his  name,  and  contin- 
ued by  his  sons.  The  same  year  Harnden's 
Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia  and  Balti- 
more Express  was  established,  with  Simeon 
Thompson  as  agent  in  Worcester;  and  soon 
""after  P.  B.  Burke  and  Alvin  Adams  founded 
the  company  which  bears  the  name  of  Adams 
Express  at  the  present  time.  J.  B.  Tyler  was 
their  agent  in  Worcester.  Harnden  run  the 
first  express  over  the  Western  Railroad,  but 
abandoned  it  after  a  year's  trial.  Thompson 
&  Co.'s  express  to  Albany  was  early  estab- 
lished, and  the  present  American  Express  Co. 
is  their  successor.  In  1847  Johnson,  Mowton 
&  Co.  started  an  opposition  express  between 
W^orcester  and  Boston,  which  was  discontin- 
ued in  1848.  William  Ross's  express  from 
Providence  to  Worcester  began  with  the  run- 
ning of  the  railroad  in  1847;  and  Liberty 
Bigelow  established  the  express  afterwards 
owned  by  Cheney  &  Fisk,  and  now  called  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  running  .over  the 


EXP— FIR 


34 


Worcester  &  Nashua  Railroad.  In  1856 
Caleb  S.  Fuller,  formerly  a  conductor  on  the 
Norwich  &  Worcester  Railroad  established 
the  Norwich  express,  which  was  continued  by 
his  son,  Theo.  S.  Fuller. 

In  i860  Earle's  Boston  and  Providence 
Express,  Ross's  Providence  and  Worcester, 
and  the  Leonard  Boston  and  Worcester,  con- 
solidated under  the  name  of  the  Earle  Express 
Company,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $150,000. 
This  company  controlled  the  approaches  to 
Boston  from  the  south  and  west,  and  the 
Adams  Express  Company  were  obhged  to 
forward  their  local  freight  for  eastern  Massa- 
chusetts in  charge  of  the  Earle  company. 
After  considerable  effort  the  Adams  purchased 
the  stock  and  franchise  of  the  Earle,  and  the 
latter  ceased  to  exist.  The  present  Boston 
and  Worcester  Despatch  was  established  by 
T.  W.  Davis  in  1872.  Previous  to  this  J.  H. 
Osgood  had  made  trips  for  a  year  or  two. 
Gen.  S.  H.  Leonard,  of  the  old  Leonard 
Company,  is  concerned  in  the  present  man- 
agement of  the  Boston  &  Worcester  Despatch. 

Express  Companies  and  Expresses. — 

GENERAL. 

Adams,  375  Main  street. 
American,  30  Front  street. 
Boston  &  Worcester  Despatch,  18  Foster 
street. 

Eastern  Despatch,  19  Mechanic  street. 
Metropolitan,  10  Church  street. 

LOCAL. 

Barre,  18  Foster  street. 

Farnumsville,  404  Main  street. 

Grafton,  24  Mechanic  street. 

Holden,  1 54  Main  street. 

Leicester,  18  Foster  street. 

Millbury,  404  Main  and  18  Foster  streets. 

Oakdale,  18  Foster  street. 

Oxford,  18  Foster  street. 

Paxton,  6  North  Foster  street. 

Shrewsbury,  139  Front  street. 

Spencer,  7  Park  street. 

Upton,  6  Norwich  street. 

West  Boylston,  139  Front  street. 

West  Rutland,  24  Front  street. 

Eyrie,  (The). — The  high  elevation  on  the 
Shrewsbury  side  of  Lake  Quinsigamond,  south 
of  the  causeway,  improved  and  owned  for 
many  years  by  Mr.  T.  C.  Rice,  who  main- 
tained a  house  of  popular  resort,  much  fre- 


quented in  the  summer  season.  A  delightful 
view  of  the  Lake  may  be  had  from  this  place. 

Fairmount.  —  In  1846  Dr.  John  Green 
purchased  of  Eli  Goulding  a  tract  of  land 
north  of  Rural  Cemetery,  comprising  94  acres- 
and  74  rods,  for  $7,000.  This  included  the 
eminence  known  as  Fairmount.  Dr.  Green 
sold  a  strip  of  this  land  to  the  Nashua  Rail- 
road Company  for  $1,000;  and  in  1849  David 
S.  Messinger  bought  the  remainder,  about  90 
acres,  for  $14,000.  Mr.  Messinger  improved 
the  tract  for  building,  laying  out  several 
streets,  to  which  he  gave  names  noted  in  lit- 
erature. He  also  gave  the  name  Fairmount 
to  the  locality,  which  is  often,  though  incor- 
rectly, called  Messinger  Hill.  Fairmount 
square,  on  the  summit,  was  recently  deeded  to 
the  city  by  Mr.  Messinger.  Street  cars  go 
through  Grove  street. 

Father  Mathew  Hall.  —  No.  100  Green 
street.  This  hall  was  erected  in  1888  by  the 
Father  Mathew  Mutual  Benefit  Total  Absti- 
nence Society  at  a  cost  of  $30,000.  The  seat- 
ing capacity  is  1,000. 

Father  Mathew  Mutual  Benefit  Total 
Abstinence  Society. — See  under  Irish  So- 
cieties. 

Father  Mathew  Pioneer  Corps.  —  Or- 
ganized in  1889,  and  meets  Tuesday  evenings, 
at  Father  Mathew  Hall. 

Field  Sports  Association,  (Worcester.) 

— Was  organized  in  1891  with  a  capital  of 
$5,000. 

Fires. — The  following  comprise  some  of 
the  most  disastrous  fires  that  have  occurred 
in  Worcester:  February  18,  181 5,  the  bake- 
house of  the  Flagg  Brothers  and  house  of 
Samuel  Brazer  were  totally  destroyed.  Loss 
$10,000.  On  the  same  spot,  on  the  29th  of 
January,  1854,  was  burned  the  Flagg  build- 
ings, with  a  loss  of  $50,000.  The  old  Cen- 
tral Exchange  and  other  buildings  were  burned 
March  6,  1843.  The  Bradley  &  Rice  car 
shops  in  Washington  Square  were  destroyed 
May  12,  1842.  Loss  $20,000.  Holy  Cross 
College  was  i)urned  in  July,  1852.  The  Mer- 
rifield  fire  occurred  June  16,  1854,  and  was 
the  most  destructive  of  all  the  fires  in  Worces- 
ter. The  pecuniary  loss  was  half  a  million, 
and  many  establishments  were  burned  out  and 
hundreds  of  workmen  were  thrown  out  of  em- 
ployment.   {See  Merrifteld  Bttildings.)  The 


35 


FIR 


fire  next  to  this  in  magnitude  of  loss  was  at 
Taylor's  building  opposite  the  Common,  May 

28,  1875.  May  16,  1884,  the  Fakachoag 
Mills  were  burned.    Two  or  three  lives  were 

lost  and  many  operatives  injured.    The  loss 

was  nearly  $150,000.    The  Worcester  Theatre 

on  Exchange  street  was  totally  destroyed  on 

the  morning  of  May  16,  1889. 

Fire  Alarm  Telegraph. — Number  and 
location  of  signal  boxes : 

12  Chandler  street,  near  Main 
121  Piedmont  street,  corner  Davis 

13  Webster  square 

131  Leicester  street,  corner  Montague 

132  Webster  and  West  Fremont  streets 
134  ]amesville 

14  "School  street,  Hose  No.  i  House 
141  Loring-      Blake's,  19  Union  street 

15  Washburn  &  Moen  Manufacturing-  Company 
352  Electric  Light  Station 

16  Southbridge  and  Sargent  streets 

17  ^Liin  and  Foster  streets 

18  Lincoln  and  Catherine  streets 

19  Grove  and  North  streets 
21  Main  and  May  streets 

213  Main  and  Wy'man  streets 

23  Union  street,' Rice,  Barton  &  Fales 
231  Foster  street.  Cutting-  &  Bishop 

24  Southbridge  «fe  Southgate  streets 

25  No.  26  Salisbury  street 

26  Madison  and  Portland  streets 
261  Salem  street,  City  Barn 

27  Pleasant  and  West  streets 
271  Pleasant  and  Chestnut  streets 

2S  Millbury  and  Worth  streets 

2S1  Ward  and  Taylor  streets 

282  Ward  and  South  Ward  streets 

29  Tatnuck 

291  Chandler  and  Tune  streets 

31  ]VLiin  and  Richards  streets 

32  Exchange  and  Union  streets 
321  Insane  Asylum,  Summer  street 
324  Summer  and  Charles  streets 

333  No  School  Signal,  struck  7.50  A.  M.  and  1  P.  M. 

34  Green  and  Bradley  streets 

341  Fox  and  Ingalls  streets 

342  Columbia  and  Arlington  streets 

35  Winthrop  and  Vernon  streets 

351  Union  avenue  and  Batchelder  street 

36  Front  and  Spring  streets 

37  Highland  and  North  Ashland  streets 
371  West  street.  Polytechnic  Institute 

38  Salisbury  street,  opposite  Military  Academy 

39  Valley  Falls 
4  City  Hall 

41  Summer  and  Thomas  streets 
416  Hanover  and  Arch  streets 

42  vSouthliridge  and  Cambridge  streets 

43  C^iinsigamond  Wire  Mill 

431  Millbury  and  Green-vvood  streets 

45  ShrewsSury  and  East  Worcester  streets 

451  Prospect  street  and  Eastern  avenue 

452  East  Centi-al  street  and  Eastern  avenue 

453  Albany  street,  Malleable  Iron  Works 

46  Grafton  street.  Hose  No.  2  House 

47  Belmont  street  and  Oak  avenue 
471    Belmont  street  and  Eastern  avenue 

48  Southgate  and  Camp  streets 


4S1  Cambridge  and  Canterbury  streets 

49  Park  avenue  and  May  street 

491  Park  avenue  and  Shirley  street 

5  Trumbull  Sciuare 

51  Lincoln  Square 

512  State  and  Harvard  streets 

52  Prescott  street,  Richardson  Manufacturing  Co. 
521  Prescott  street,  near  North 

53  Providence  and  Harrison  streets 

54  Belmont  street,  Worcester  Lunatic  Hospital 

541  Plantation  street,  near  Draper's 

542  Plantation  street,  opposite  Hospital  Barns 

543  Coburn  avenue,  near  Bolmont  street 

56  Chestnut  and  William  streets 

57  Hermon  street,  W.  C.  Young  &  Co.'s 

58  Woodland  and  King  streets 

59  Lincoln  street,  corner  Green  Lane 

6  Laurel  and  Edward  streets 

61  Gardner  street.  Forehand  &  VV'adsworth 

62  Orange  and  Plymouth  streets 
621  Washington  and  (iold  streets 

63  Washington  Square 

631  Blooiningdale  road.  Steel  Works 

64  Grafton  and  Barclay  streets 

65  Elm  and  Linden  streets 

67  Pleasant  street,  Engine  No.  4  House 
671  Pleasant  and  Highfand  streets 

68  Bloomingdale  road,  Tannery 
681  Norfolk  and  Ascension  streets 

69  Grafton  Sc|uare 

691  Orient  and  Division  streets 

7  Lamartine  street.  Hose  No.  7  House 

71  Central  and  Main  streets 

72  Austin  and  Newbury  streets 

721  Wellington  street,  opposite  Jaques  avenue 

73  Dix  and  Wacliusett  streets 

74  Windsor  street  and  Harrington  avenue 

75  ^lay  and  Woodland  streets 

76  West  and  William  streets 
761  Elm  and  Sever  streets 

78  Lake  \'iew 

8  Irving  and  Chatham  streets 

81  City  Poor  Farm 

82  Cambridge  and  Pitt  streets 

83  Park  avenue  and  Sunnyside  street 

84  Brussels  street,  Pakachoag  Mills 

85  Benefit  and  Beacon  streets 
87  Putnam  lane 

9  Franklin  Square 

91  West  Boylston  and  Millbrook  streets 

92  Chandler  and  Dewey  streets 

921  Pleasant  street  and  Park  avenue 

93  Coes  Square 

94  Charlotte  and  Clifton  streets 

95  Adams  Square 

Fire  Department. — The  \Yorcester  Fire 
Department  was  established  February  25, 
1835.  Previous  to  that  time  the  town  relied 
upon  volunteer  organizations,  the  principal  of 
which  was  the  Worcester  Fire  Society  noticed 
below.  The  Mutual  Fire  Society,  formed  in 
1822,  was  another  body  of  similar  character, 
and  there  was  also  a  hook  and  ladder  com- 
pany. The  Town  Fire  Department  was  or- 
ganized by  the  choice  of  Isaac  Davis  as  chief 
engineer  and  a  board  of  eight  assistants.  A 
list  of  chief  engineers  to  the  present  time  is 
here  given:    Isaac  Davis,  1835-6;  Nathan 


FIR— FLO 


36 


Heard,  1837-9;  Henry  W.  Miller,  1840-44; 
Joel  Wilder,  1845-9;  E.  N.  Holmes,  1850- 
54;  L.  W.  Sturtevant,  1855-58;  S.  A.  Por- 
ter, 1859;  L.  R.  Hudson,  i860;  Alzirus 
Brown,  1861-65;  A.  B.  Lovell,  1866-68;  R. 
M.  Gould,  1869-71;  Simon  E.  Coombs,  1872- 
91,  and  Edwin  L.  Vaughn,  at  present  in 
office.  Before  i860,  when  the  first  steam  fire 
engine  was  purchased,  only  hand  engines  were 
used,  and  some  of  these  remained  ten  or 
twelve  years  later.  The  Fire  Alarm  Telegraph 
was  constructed  in  1871  and  first  used  on  the 
28th  of  June.  It  has  cost  $17,000.  Worces- 
ter has  now  one  of  the  most  efficient  fire  de- 
partments in  the  country.  It  comprises  four 
steamers,  two  extinguishers,  two  hook  and 
ladder  companies  and  ten  hose  companies, 
with  a  total  force  of  180  men.  In  addition, 
the  Insurance  Fire  Patrol  numbers  eight  men. 
(See  Protective  Depai-tnieiitJ)  The  apparatus 
includes  two  Hayes  trucks.  The  sum  appropri- 
ated to  maintain  the  department  the  present 
year  (1892)  is  $106,500. 

Fire  Escapes.  —  The  public  halls,  hotels, 
and  business  and  other  buildings  are  generally 
provided  with  fire  escapes  in  compliance  with 
a  law  of  the  state. 

Fire  Patrol. — See  Protective  Department. 

Firemen's  Relief  Association,  (Wor- 
cester).— Formed  in  1874  and  incorporated 
in  1878.  Only  members  of  the  Fire  and  Pro- 
tective Departments  are  eligible  to  active 
membership.  In  case  of  injury  or  sickness  a 
fireman  draws  $10  per  week,  and  may  receive 
further  assistance.  The  association  has  a  fund 
of  several  thousand  dollars. 

Fire  Society,  (The  Worcester).  —  On 

the  2ist  day  of  January,  1793,  twenty-two 
prominent  citizens  of  Worcester,  "influenced 
by  a  sense  of  social  duty,"  and  "  for  the  more 
effectual  assistance  of  each  other  and  of  their 
townsmen,  in  times  of  danger  from  fire," 
formed  themselves  into  an  association,  with 
the  title  above  given.  Among  the  names 
subscribed  to  the  first  agreement  we  find  those 
of  Hon.  Joseph  Allen,  Judge  Nathaniel  Paine, 
Dr.  John  Green,  Hon.  Edward  Bangs,  Dr. 
Elijah  Dix,  Stephen  Salisbury,  Daniel  Waldo, 
and  Isaiah  Thomas;  and  many  distinguished 
names  have  since  been  placed  upon  its  rolls. 
Governors  Lincoln,  Davis,  Washburn  and  Bul- 
lock, United  States  Senators  Davis  and  Hoar, 


Messrs.  Francis  Blake,  E.  D.  Bangs,  S.  M. 
Burnside,  Pliny  Merrick,  Thomas  Kinnicutt, 
A.  D.  Foster,  I.  M.  Barton,  S.  F.  Haven, 
Dwight  Foster  and  Charles  Devens  are  among 
those  who  have  at  different  periods  graced  the 
meetings  of  the  Society  with  their  presence. 
The  organization  from  the  first  was  largely  of 
a  social  character,  and  for  the  last  fifty  years 
has  been  entirely  of  that  nature,  its  active 
service  probably  ending  before  or  at  the  time 
of  the  formation  of  the  Worcester  Fire  De- 
partment in  1835.  From  the  first  its  bias  was 
aristocratic,  and  it  has  always  been  maintained 
as  an  exclusive  body.  Its  membership  is  lim- 
ited to  thirty.  The  annual  suppers  of  the 
society  have  of  late  years  been  occasions  of 
much  interest  and  enjoyment  to  the  members; 
and  reminiscences  of  deceased  associates  given 
at  these  gatherings  hjrve  been  preserved  in 
printed  form,  and  furnish  almost  all  we  know 
to-day  of  many  of  the  prominent  residents  of 
the  town  in  years  gone  by. 

In  1822  another  society  of  similar  order  was 
formed,  called  the  Mutual  Fire  Society,  which 
maintained  its  organization  some  twenty-five 
years;  and  still  another,  called  the  Social  Fire 
Society,  was  in  existence  a  few  years.  These 
never  attained  the  standing  of  the  first  society, 
though  many  respectable  and  worthy  citizens 
belonged  to  them. 

Five  Points. — A  place  in  the  northeast 
part  of  Worcester  where  five  roads  meet.  It  is 
a  short  distance  from  the  "  Summit  "  station. 

Flat,  (The).  —  A  name  given  the  level 
tract  in  the  vicinity  of  Dewey,  Mason  and 
Parker  streets,  running  south  of  Pleasant 
street,  where  from  1852  to  1856  an  extensive 
real  estate  transaction  was  carried  on  by  F.  H. 
Dewey,  Joseph  Mason,  Samuel  P.  and  Leon- 
ard Harrington,  Ebenezer  E.  Abbott  and 
others.  It  was  sometimes  called  "Abbott's 
Flat." 

Floating  Bridge. — In  181 7,  a  bridge  at 
Lake  Quinsigamond,  at  the  point  where  the 
Causeway  now  is,  which  was  constructed 
somewhat  upon  the  principle  of  a  wharf,  and 
then  loaded  with  stones  and  earth,  gave  way 
and  disappeared,  after  an  expenditure  of  $10,- 
000.  Sometime  later  a  bridge  was  constructed 
on  the  ice  in  the  winter  and  secured  at  each 
end  by  chains.  This  formed  the  floating 
bridge  which  was  removed  when  the  Cause- 
way was  built. 


37 


FLO— FRE 


Flora. — A  list  of  the  Flora  of  Worcester 
County,  compiled  by  Joseph  Jackson,  has 
been  published  in  pamphlet  form  by  the  Wor- 
cester Natural  History  Society. 

Foreign  Blood  Population  of  Worces- 
ter.— (  Estimate. ) 

Armenians   700 

Chinese   27 

Colored   900 

French  Canadians   10,000 

Germans     1,300 

Irish   30,000 

Italians   200 

Jews   1 ,500 

Scandinavians  10,000 

Total   54,627 

The  number  of  others  of  foreign  blood  is 
not  known.  Of  the  above  the  Catholics  num- 
ber 40,000  in  a  total  (estimated)  population 
of  92,000. 

Fossil  Coal  Plant.— See  Coal  Mine. 

Franklin  Social  Club. — For  several  years 
occupied  rooms  at  98  Front  street.  It  was 
disbanded  in  May,  1892. 

Franklin  Square.  —  Where  Main  and 
Southbridge  streets  meet.  The  new  Govern- 
ment building  will  face  the  Square  if  Scott's 
block  ("  Flatiron  building  ")  is  taken  away. 

Rev.  George  Allen  informed  the  writer  that 
about  the  year  1830  an  effort  was  made  by 
himself  and  his  brother,  Judge  Charles  Allen, 
to  induce  those  living  in  the  vicinity  to  sub- 
scribe the  sum  necessary  to  purchase  the  tri- 
angular piece  of  land  comprising  the  part 
occupied  by  Scott's  block  and  about  half  of 
the  new  post  office  lot,  which  could  have  been 
had  for  $40,  and  enclose  it  as  a  public  ground. 
It  was  impossible,  however,  to  raise  the 
money,  and  the  project  was  abandoned. 

Free  Church. — A  Free  Church  was  organ- 
ized in  W^orcester  in  1852,  with  Thos.  Went- 
worth  Higginson  as  pastor.  The  society  at 
first  occupied  Horticultural  Hall,  and  after- 
wards Washburn  Hall.  David  A.  Wasson 
succeeded  Mr.  Higginson. 

Free  Institute  of  Industrial  Science, 
(Worcester  County).  —  Name  changed  in 
1887  to  Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute.  See 

Poly  tech  u  it  Institute . 

Free  Public  Library. — Towards  the  close 
of  the  year  1859,  the  late  Dr.  John  Green  and 
the  Lyceum  and  Library  Association  oft'ered  to 
give,  upon  certain  conditions,  to  the  city  of 

4 


W'orcester,  libraries  containing  respectively 
7000  and  4500  volumes,  to  form  the  nucleus  of 
a  public  library.  The  offer  was  accepted  by 
the  City  Government,  and  an  ordinance  estab- 
lishing the  Free  Public  Library  was  passed 
December  23rd,  of  the  same  year.  The  library 
was  opened  to  the  public  in  Worcester  Bank 
Block,  Foster  Street,  April  30,  i860.  In  ac- 
cordance with  a  stipulation  made  in  the  deed 
by  which  Dr.  Green  transferred  his  books  to 
the  city,  the  latter  bought  from  Hon.  Emory 
Washbnrn  a  lot  of  land  on  Elm  street,  at  an 
expense  of  $5,042,  and  began  the  erection  of 
a  library  building.  The  corner-stone  of  that 
building,  which  constitutes  the  older  portion 
occupied  by  the  library,  was  laid  July  4,  i860; 
it  was  completed  in  186 1,  at  a  cost,  including 
the  lot,  of  about  $30,000,  and  thrown  open  to 
the  public  September  4th  of  that  year.  That 
building  having  become  filled  with  books,  and 
having  ceased  to  afford  room  enough  to  the 
readers  and  students  who  wished  to  use  it,  the 
city  bought  in  1888  an  estate  adjoining  the 
library  lot  on  the  east  for  $35,000,  and  in 
the  summer  of  1889  began  to  put  up  a  new 
building  which  was  finished  and  occupied 
April  I,  1 89 1.  The  cost  of  the  new  building 
and  furniture  was  $108,000  exclusive  of  the 
amount  paid  for  the  land.  At  the  start  the 
library  consisted  of  1 1 ,500  volumes ;  December 
I,  1 89 1,  the  date  of  the  last  annual  report,  it 
had  85,502  volumes,  divided  among  the  dif- 
ferent departments  as  follows :  Green  or  refer- 
ence library  23,045,  Intermediate  Department 
23,177,  Circulating  Department  39,280.  The 
books  have  been  selected  with  especial  ref- 
erence to  the  needs  of  the  residents  in  Wor- 
cester, and  the  library,  therefore,  while  well 
supplied  with  works  in  the  different  branches 
of  knowledge,  is  particularly  rich  in  the  de- 
partments of  chemistry,  physics,  mechanics 
and  the  fine  and  industral  arts.  According  to 
the  first  annual  report  of  the  library,  31,454 
volumes  were  used  by  frequenters  in  the  eight 
months  covered  by  the  report.  During  the 
the  last  year,  which  ended  November  30,  1891, 
188,480  volumes  were  either  taken  to  the 
hom.es  of  residents  or  used  within  the  library 
building.  The  aim  in  the  library  is  to  establish 
pleasant  personal  relations  between  the  fre- 
quenters of  the  librar)-  and  its  officers,  and  all 
persons  having  questions  to  ask,  answers  to 
which  may  be  found  in  books,  are  cordially 
welcomed,  encouraged  to  ask  questions,  and 
sympathetically  aided  in  getting  answers  to 


PRE- 


SS 


them.  There  were  used  58,720  volumes 
during  the  last  year  by  persons  seeking  infor- 
mation within  the  library  building.  The  library 
has  become  distinguished  for  the  value  and 
efficiency  of  the  aid  which  it  has  rendered  to 
the  teachers  and  scholars  of  the  public  and 
private  schools  of  Worcester.  It  has  begun  in 
its  new  building  to  place  upon  the  walls  of 
halls  many  of  its  valuable  art  treasures  and  il- 
lustrations of  countries,  and  scenes  and  in- 
cidents in  history.  It  is  rich  in  pictorial  col- 
lections and  is  using  them  for  general  enter- 
tainment and  instruction,  and  in  many  instan- 
ces in  connection  with  its  school  work.  When 
the  pictures  have  been  put  up  on  the  walls, 
the  public  generally,  or  school  children  in  par- 
ticular, are  invited  to  examine  and  study  them. 
A  reading  room  was  founded  in  connection 
with  the  library  in  1865.  It  contains  359  re- 
views, magazines  and  papers. 

Dr.  Cireen  died  in  1865,  and  left  by  will 
$30,000  to  the  library  mainly  to  endow  his 
department  of  it.  One  provision  of  the  be- 
quest is  that  one  quarter  of  the  income  shall  be 
added  to  the  principal  every  year.  The  Green 
Library  Fund  amounted  November  30,  1891, 
to  $44,766.06.  Another  bequest  of  Dr.  Green 
to  the  amount  of  about  $4,500  has  recently 
become  available.  Hon.  George  F.  Hoar 
raised  by  subscription  $10,000  or  $11,000, 
which  constitutes  a  Reading-room  Fund,  the 
income  of  which  is  used  in  paying  annual  dues 
for  reviews,  magazines  and  papers.  The  ex- 
penditures of  the  last  library  year  were  $26, 
372.20  exclusive  of  $4,500  spent  for  furniture 
as  mentioned  above.  The  income  was  as  fol- 
ows :  City  appropriation  $20,000,  dog  license 
money  $5,079.92,  income  from  Green  Library 
Fund  $1,660.15,  income  from  Reading-room 
Fund  $434.70,  receipts  from  fines,  etc.,  $544. 
64.  December  8,  1872,  the  reading  rooms 
and  library  for  purposes  of  reference,  were 
thrown  open  to  the  public  on  Sunday.  The 
Free  Public  Library  was  the  first  public  library 
in  New  England  to  open  its  doors  on  Sunday. 
During  the  last  thirteen  years  13,404  persons 
on  an  average  have  used  the  library  annually 
on  that  day  of  the  week.  Thanksgiving  Day, 
1889,  the  reading  rooms,  and  the  library  for 
purposes  of  reference,  began  to  be  open  on 
holidays.  The  reading  rooms  and  the  library, 
for  purposes  of  reference,  are  now  open  every 
day  in  the  year.  The  circulating  department  is 
open  every  day  except  Sundays  and  legal  holi- 
days.   The  librarians  have  been  Zephaniah 


Baker,  Feb.  17,  i860,  to  Jan.  14,  1871,  and 
Samuel  Swett  Green,  Jan.  15,  1871.  Mr.  Green 
belongs  to  the  progressive  school  of  librarians, 
and  is  a  prominent  member  of  the  American 
Librarians'  Association,  and  has  recently  been 
its  President.  He  has  originated  and  intro- 
duced new  methods  in  library  management, 
and  is  the  author  of  several  treatises  upon  sub- 
jects pertaining  to  his  occupation.  The  office 
hours  of  the  librarian  are  10  A.M.  to  1  P.M.,. 
3  to  6  P.  M.;  Sundays  3  to  5  P.  M.  The  cir- 
culating department  is  open  for  the  delivery 
and  return  of  books  from  9  A.  M.  to  8  P.  M  , 
excepting  Sundays  and  holidays;  Saturdays, 
open  until  9  P.  M.  W  eek-days,  including 
holidays,  the  upper  reading  rooms  are  open 
from  9  A.M.  to  9  P.M.;  the  lower  reading- 
room  from  8  A.M.  to  9.30  P.M.  Sundays, 
both  reading  rooms  open  from  2  to  9  P.  M. 
The  books  of  the  circulating  department  can 
be  taken  to  their  homes  freely  by  residents 
who  have  reached  the  age  of  fifteen  years. 
Younger  persons  in  the  discretion  of  the  libra- 
rian may  have  cards  of  an  especial  color  to  use 
in  taking  out  books,  but  attendants  are  in- 
structed to  take  unusual  care  in  seeing  to  it 
that  persons  using  such  cards  get  books  suited 
to  their  age  as  regards  quality  and  comprehen- 
sibility.  Books  belonging  to  the  intermediate 
department  can  be  taken  out  under  certain 
conditions.  Books  in  the  reference  department 
which  were  given  to  the  Library  by  Dr.  Green, 
or  which  have  been  bought  with  the  income 
of  the  Green  Library  Fund,  can  only  be  used 
in  the  library  building.  Every  facility  is  af- 
forded there,  however,  for  theic  use.  The 
books  of  the  Worcester  District  Medical  Society 
are  kept  in  the  Free  Public  Library  building, 
and  may  be  consulted  on  the  same  easy  con- 
ditions which  prevail  in  regard  to  the  use  of 
the  Green  Library.  The  library  building  is 
Nos.  12  t  >  18  Elm  street.  The  former 
presidents  of  the  Board  of  Directors  have  been 
Hon.  Alexander  H.  Bullock,  Hon.  William 
W.  Rice,  Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury,  Hon. 
George  F.  Hoar,  Hon.  Thomas  L.  Nelson, 
Hon.  Peter  C.  Bacon,  J.  Evarts  Greene,  Esq., 
Rev.  Dr.  W'illiam  R.  Huntington,  Hon.  Fran- 
cis H.  Dewey,  Hon.  Francis  A.  Gaskill,  E. 
Harlow  Russell,  Esq.,  A.  George  Bullock, 
Esq.  The  President  for  1892  is  Hon.  E.  T. 
Marble. 

Free-Thinkers. — Although  Worcester  has 
been  known  in  the  past  by  its  conservatism  in 
religion  and  politics,  it  has  also  been  the  birth- 


39 


FRE— FRI 


place  of  several  noteworthy  liberal  movements, 
religious  and  political.  The  free-thinking  ele- 
ment has  existed  here  in  considerable  numbers 
and  force,  in  all  degrees,  from  the  Unitarian 
of  high  culture  down  to  the  iconoclastic  Nihil- 
ist, "  who  is,  but  was  not,  nor  to  be."  Con- 
siderable "Infidel"  literature  has  been  pub- 
lished here.  The  Liberal  Tract  Society,  in 
existence  some  twenty  years  ago,  printed  hun- 
dreds of  thousands  of  tracts,  and  employed  a 
colporteur  to  distribute  them,  with  Paine's 
"Age  of  Reason,"  broadcast  over  the  coun- 
try. Some  of  these  tracts  are  very  curious, 
adorned  with  strange  wood-cuts  to  emphasize 
the  argument.  The  Anthropological  Society, 
formed  in  1868,  used  to  meet  in  Crompton's 
block,  but  did  not  retain  its  organization  after 
1875.  It  had  several  able  members  and  sen- 
sible men,  but  the  ranting  element  was  large- 
ly represented,  and  perhaps  caused  its  down- 
fall. Prof.  WilHam  Denton,  Parker  Pillsbury, 
Ingersoll  and  other  distinguished  liberals  and 
infidels  used  to  speak  often  in  Worcester. 

French  Canadians. — The  Dictionary  is 
indebted  to  J.  Arthur  Roy,  proprietor  of  L£ 
Worcester  Canadicn,  for  the  following  concise 
statement :  French  Canadian  population  in 
Worcester,  January  15,  1892,  10,343;  number 
of  voters,  677;  business  men,  178;  there  are 
three  French  schools — Notre-Dame  des  Cana- 
diens,  St.  Joseph  and  Ste.  Anne,  with  1 278 
pupils.  There  are  two  French  Catholic 
churches,  Notre-Danie  des  Canadiens  and 
r Eglise  St.  Joseph  de  Worcester.  There  is 
also  a  chapel  at  South  Worcester,  called  Ste. 
Anne.  The  first  was  formed  September  10, 
1869.  The  second,  April  17,  1892 — a  chapel 
in  the  same  parish  ( St.  Joseph )  was  organized 
September  26,  1886.  The  church  edifice  on 
Park  street  was  formerly  that  of  the  Metho- 
dists, but  the  appearance  is  now  very  different. 

French  Canadian  Societies — 28  as  fol- 
lows: 3  benevolent,  9  national,  6  religious,  2 
choral,  2  dramatic,  2  literary,  i  commercial, 
I  musical,  2  military.  There  are  three 
Naturalization  clubs,  in  wards  3,  5  and  6, 
and  a  French  Republican  club.  The  Garde 
Lafayette  and  Garde  Nationale  are  military 
companies.  The  principal  French  Canadian 
societies  are  Societe  St.  Jean  Baptiste,  organ- 
ized 1868,  and  L^  Union  St.  Joseph,  organized 
in  1885,  both  of  the  mutual  benefit  order.  The 
former  has  825  members  and  $7,200  in  bank, 
December,  1891.    Yearly  receipts  about  $13,- 


000.  The  latter  has  275  members  with  $1,950 
in  bank,  December,  1891. 

Of  the  two  Prench  newspapers  now  pub- 
lished, Le  Travaillenr,  founded  by  late  Fer- 
dinand Gagnon,  and  now  owned  by  B.  Leuthier 
of  Lowell,  is  the  oldest,  being  established 
October  16,  1874,  Le  Courrierde  Worcester, 
founded  by  Belanger  Freres,  February  11, 
1879,  and  now  owned  by  B.  Leuthier  of 
Lowell.  Le  K'epublicain,  founded  by  P.  U. 
Vaillant  and  F.  J.  Laurie,  in  1891.  There  is 
also  a  yearly  publication,  Le  Worcester  Cana- 
dicn, founded  by  J.  Arthur  Roy,  November  4, 
1886.  There  were  also  La  Voix  du  Peuple, 
founded  by  late  Ferdinand  Gagnon,  in  March, 
1869.  V Etendard  Xational,  founded  by 
late  Ferdinand  Gagnon,  November  3,  1869. 
E Lmp'erial,  founded  by  M.  Lanctot,  1869. 
Le  Foyer  Canadien,  founded  by  late  Ferdinand 
Gagnon  and  Frederic  Houde,  March  18,  1873. 
Lanterne  Magique,  (illustrated),  founded  by 
Dr.  J.  N.  O.  Provencher,  August  13,  1875. 
Le  Bien  Public,  founded  by  late  Charles 
Gigault,  January  10,  1879. 

There  are  two  orphanages. 

There  are  1736  families.  There  are  about 
125  native  Frenchmen  in  this  city,  but 
this  takes  men  above  18  years  old  only.  In 
January,  1891,  there  were  5,401  males  and 
4,765  females.  January,  1891,  there  were 
1,719  French  Canadians  working  at  different 
trades,  and  145  laborers. 

French  Catholic  Young  Men's  Asso- 
ciation.— Rooms  at  44  Front  street. 

French  Medico-Chirurgicale  of  New- 
England,  (The). — Meets  at  Worcester  semi- 
annually on  the  first  Tuesdays  of  April  and 
October. 

Friends  or  Quakers.  —  The  number  in 
Worcester  at  present  probably  does  not  exceed 
100.  Meetings  were  held  in  Worcester  as 
early  as  1845,  a  room  in  Paine's  block,  at  the 
corner  of  Main  and  Walnut  streets,  being  occu- 
pied at  first.  In  1847  the  Friends'  Meeting 
House  on  Oxford  street  was  erected,  and  is 
still  in  use.  The  first  meeting  held  here  was 
on  the  1st  of  January,  1848.  The  land  on 
which  the  meeting  house  stands  was  given  by 
Anthony  Chase  and  Samuel  H.  Colton,  two 
prominent  quakers  of  Worcester. 

Friday  Morning  Club. — An  association 
of  ladies  interested  in  the  study  of  the  works 
of  the  great  musical  composers.    It  was  formed 


FRO— GOV 


40 


several  years  ago,  and  has  given  on  occasion 
chamber  aad  semi-pubUc  concerts  with  much 
success. 

Frohsinn  Gesang  Verein. — A  German 
singing  society  organized  in  1858. 

Garde  Lafayette  and  Garde  Nationale. — 

French-Canadian  military  companies,  the  first 
organized  in  1878. 

Gas  Light  Company. — This  company 
was  formed  on  the  22d  of  June,  1849.  The 
works  were  for  twenty  years  located  on  Lin- 
coln street  at  Lincoln  square,  where  the 
buildings  still  remain.  The  works  are  at 
present  on  Quinsigamond  avenue,  near  the 
South  Worcester  railroad  station,  and  the  city 
office  is  at  39  Pearl  street.  The  rate  is  $1.50 
per  1,000  feet. 

Gazette,  (The  Worcester  Evening). — 

Published  at  390  and  392  Main  street  by  The 
Gazette  Co.  This  paper  was  established  on 
April  I,  1851,  as  the  Daily  Morning  Tran- 
sn-ipt.  The  several  editors  of  the  Transcript 
were  Julius  L.  Clarke,  Charles  E.  Stevens, 
Edwin  Bynner,  J.  B.  D.  Cogswell,  Z.  K. 
Pangborn,  Wm.  R.  Hooper  and  Caleb  A. 
Wall.  The  latter  sold  the  paper  to  S.  B. 
Bartholomew  &  Co.,  and  the  name  was 
changed  to  the  ]]\ircester  Evening  Gazette 
on  January  I,  1866.  In  1869  the  paper  passed 
into  the  hands  of  Doe  &  Wood  well,  and  on 
the  death  of  Mr.  Woodwell,  Mr.  Doe  suc- 
ceeded. The  weekly  edition  of  this  paper, 
the  ^-Egis  and  Gazette,  has  been  published 
continuously  under  the  n^mt  ^-Egis  since  1838, 
when  the  Xational  ^-Egis,  first  published  in 
1801,  was  re-established  after  four  years' 
suspension.  The  Gazette  is  Republican  in 
politics. 

Geographical  Position. — The  latitude  of 
Worcester  is  42^  16'  17"  north,  and  its  lon- 
gitude 71"  48'  13"  west. 

Geology. — The  local  geological  structure 
consists  of  the  St.  John's  group,  Merrimack 
schist  and  fenruginous  gneiss,  in  which  occur 
steatite,  beds  of  clay  and  peat,  and  iron  ore. 

Germans. — According  to  the  best  estimates 
there  are  about  1500  Germans  in  Worcester 
at  the  present  time.  They  are  generally  a 
well-conditioned  people,  and  form  a  valuable 
portion  of  the  community.  In  religion  their 
liberal  views  have  made  it  difficult  to  maintain 
any  distinctive  religious  organization,  and  sev- 


eral attempts  in  this  direction  have  failed. 
The  latest  is  the  German  Lutheran  Church, 
formed  in  1888,  which  worships  at  the  Mis- 
sion Chapel  on  Summer  street.  Of  the 
German  associations  the  Singing  Society 
''Frohsinn''  was  formed  in  1858.  The  Socialer 
Turn  J'erein,  or  School  of  Gymnastics  was 
founded  in  1859.  Einigkeit  Lodge,  A'o.  44, 
Deutcher  Orden  der  Lfarugari,  a  mutual  ben- 
efit association  similar  to  the  Odd  Fellows, 
was  organized  in  1853. 

Golden  Cross,  (United  Order  of  the). 

— Worcester  Commandery,  No.  88,  was  or- 
ganized in  iSSo,  and  meets  at  566  Main 
street. 

Good  Samaritan  Society  of  Worcester, 
(The). — An  association  for  practical  philan- 
throphy,  formed  March  4,  1892,  with  its 
principal  object  "to  loan  to  the  sick  and 
needy  such  articles  as  may  be  required  by 
them;"  in  other  words  to  keep  for  use  on 
occasion,  comforts  and  conveniences  needed 
in  time  of  sickness  which  are  not  likely  to  be 
in  the  possession  of  ordinary  families.  These 
articles  are  loaned  without  charge,  except  in 
one  or  two  cases  in  which  a  small  fee  is 
exacted.  The  society  has  a  room  at  174 
Southbridge  street  which  is  open  every  week 
day  from  12  to  I,  in  charge  of  the  custodian, 
Miss  Helen  Taft.  The  loan  of  articles  can 
be  had  only  through  an  order  from  a  physician 
or  the  District  Nurse.  Dr.  Charles  H.  Davis 
was  the  prominent  mover  in  the  organization 
of  this  society.  The  officers  elected  are, 
President,  Mrs.  C.  H.  Davis;  Vice-Presidents, 
Mrs.  J.  B.  Stone,  Miss  Mary  E.  D.  King; 
Secretary,  Miss  Mary  E.  Tatman;  Treasurer, 
Miss  Mary  L.  Nichols;  Executive  Committee, 
includes  the  above-named  officers  and  Mrs. 
Chas.  L.  Gates,  Mrs.  F.  L.  Durkee,  Mrs.  O. 
F.  Rawson.  The  Society  has  over  one  hun- 
dred members.  The  annual  dues  are  one 
dollar,  and  from  this  source  and  gifts  there  is 
a  present  fund  of  $368.  The  room  is  well 
equipped  with  a  good  number  and  great  vari- 
ety of  articles  needed  in  the  sick  chamber. 

Gounod  Club. — A  musical  society  formed 
in  1SS6.  Henry  F.  Harris  is  president,  and 
E.  N.  Anderson  musical  director. 

Government  Building. — The  new  Gov- 
ernment or  Post  Ofiice  Building  is  now  erect- 
ing on  the  land  between  Main  and  South- 
bridge  streets,  bounded  by  Myrtle  street  on 


41 


GRA— MAC 


the  south.  For  this  land  the  Government 
paid  $75,000,  and  it  is  asserted  that  a  like 
amount  in  addition  was  paid  the  owners  of  the 
property  by  parties  who  were  interested  in  pull- 
ing the  city  southward.  A  curious  anecdote 
showing  the  value  of  the  land  at  this  place 
sixty  years  ago  will  be  found  in  the  article  on 
Franklin  Square. 

Grace  Methodist  Episcopal  Free 
Church. — Walnut  street.  This  church  was 
formed  in  1867,  and  for  four  years  worshipped 
in  Washburn  Hall,  under  the  name  of  the 
Main  street  M.  E.  Church.  In  1870  a  lot  on 
Walnut  street  was  purchased  of  W.  W. 
Sprague  for  $10,000,  and  the  present  struc- 
ture erected  at  an  expense  of  about  $60,000. 
Tlfe  corner  stone  was  laid  Oct.  i,  1870,  and 
the  new  church  was  dedicated  Jan.  24,  1872. 
On  removal  the  name  Grace  M.  E.  Church 
was  assumed,  as  the  old  name  was  then  ob- 
viously inappropriate. 

Grade  Crossings. — Worcester  is  afflicted 
with  this  curse  probably  in  a  greater  degree 
than  any  other  place  of  its  size  in  the  country, 
if  not  in  the  world.  There  are  over  thirty 
places  where  the  railroads  and  highways  cross 
at  grade,  twelve  of  which  are  in  the  busy 
parts  of  the  city.  The  estimated  cost  of  ob- 
viating all  these  dangerous  nuisances  in 
Worcester  is  over  two  million  dollars  !  Meas- 
ures are  being  taken  to  change  the  grade  of 
several  of  these  crossings. 

Grafton. —  A  town  situated  eight  miles 
south-east  of  Worcester,  reached  by  the  Boston 
&  Albany  railroad,  (station  at  North  Grafton 
and  branch  railroad  to  centre).  This  place 
was  in  ancient  times  one  of  John  Eliot's 
"Indian  Praying  Towns,"  known  as  Hassa- 
namisto.  It  was  settled  in  1728  by  the 
whites,  and  incorporated  in  1735,  under  the 
name  of  Grafton.  The  boot  and  shoe  busi- 
ness, and  the  manufacture  of  cotton  cloth,  are 
carried  on  here  to  some  extent.  Population 
in  1885,  4,498.    In  1890,' 5,002. 

Grafton  Square. — At  the  junction  of 
Grafton,  Orient  and  Hamilton  streets.  The 
name  Elm  Square  is  improperly  applied,  as 
the  place  was  officially  designated  Grafton 
square  several  years  ago. 

Grand  Army  Hall. — At  344  Main  street. 
Formerly  called  Brinley  Hall,  which  was 
opened  in  1837.  It  was  many  years  the  prin- 
cipal hall  in  Worcester.    It  will  seat  300. 


Grand  Army  of  the  Republic. —  George 

H.  Ward  Post,  A^o.  10,  was  organized  April 
13,  1867,  with  the  folowing  charter  members: 
A.  A.  Goodell,  J.  A.  Titus,  Harlan  Fairbanks, 
J.  Stewart  Brown,  R.  H.  Cham])erlain,  H. 
Elliott  Blake,  D.  M.  Woodward,  J.  M.  Wood- 
ward, J.  M.  Drennan,  Augustus  Stone,  Geo. 
M.  Woodward  and  Chas.  E.  Simmons.  Since 
the  formation  over  2000  members  have  joined 
the  Post,  700  of  whom  are  still  active. 
$35,000  have  been  dispensed  in  benefits  and 
reliefs.  The  Women's  Relief  Corps,  organ- 
ized in  1883,  as  an  auxiliary,  has  165  members. 
Daughters  of  Veterans,  Clara  Barton  Tent, 
Xo.  3,  was  organized  in  1890,  and  meets  at 
Sons  of  Veterans  Hall,  418  Main  street. 
Camp  A.  A.  Goodell,  A'o.  2,  Mass.  Division, 
Sons  of  Veterans,  was  formed  in  1883.  Meet- 
ings of  Post  10  are  held  every  Thursday  even- 
ing at  Grand  Army  Hall,  344  Main  street. 

Grangers. — See  Patrons  of  Hnsbandry. 

Grant  Square. — Bounded  by  Harrington 
avenue,  Mt.  Vernon  place,  and  Windsor  and 
Mt.  Vernon  streets.  Laid  out  in  1854  or  '55, 
and  was  known  as  Mt.  Vernon  square  till 
1870,  when  the  name  was  changed  to  "Grant" 
in  honor  of  the  General  and  President. 

Greendale. — A  village  in  the  north  part  of 
Worcester  on  West  Boylston  street. 

Green  Hill. — The  ancestral  home  of  the 
Green  family  in  Worcester,  lying  north  of 
Millstone  hill.  It  is  approached  by  Green 
lane  from  Lincoln  street. 

Grocers'  Association.  —  The  Worcester 
County  Retail  Grocers'  Association  was  formed 
in  1 88 1  for  mutual  benefit,  information  and 
protection.  Samuel  A.  Pratt  of  Worcester  is 
president.  The  Directory  of  1892  gives  the 
names  of  three  wholesale,  and  255  retail 
grocers  in  Worcester. 

Guinea. — The  name  formerly  applied  to 
the  region  around  Washington  square,  partic- 
ularly perhaps,  to  the  lower  end  of  Mechanic 
street,  where  many  colored  people  lived. 

Hack  Fares. — Within  one  mile  50  cents 
for  one  passenger  and  25  cents  for  each  addi- 
tional passenger.  Between  ten  o'clock  p.  m. 
and  six  A.  M.  50  cents  each.  Within  one  and 
one-half  miles  75  cents  for  one;  if  more  than 
one,  50  cents  each.  For  greater  distances 
special  rates.    Children  between  3  and  12 


HAL— HIC 


42 


years,  half-price.  These  rates  were  estab- 
lished by  the  City  Council  and  any  driver 
violating  the  provisions  of  this  order  will  incur 
a  penalty  not  exceeding  $20. 

Halls,  (Public).  —  The  principal  public 
halls  are  named  below : 

Mechanics  Hall.  Seating  capacity  1 926. 
See  under  the  title  in  the  Dictionary. 

Washburn  Hall,  (in  Mechanics  Hall  build- 
ing).   Seating  capacity-  552. 

Horticultural  Hall,  Front  street.  Seating 
capacity  650. 

Grand  Army  Hall,  Main  street,  formerly 
Brinley  Hall.    Seating  capacity  300. 

Continental  Hall,  corner  Main  and  Foster 
streets.  Formerly  the  first  Universalist  church. 
Seating  capacity  750. 

Association  Hall,  in  the  V.  M.  C.  A.  build- 
ing. Elm  street.    Seating  capacity  827. 

Father  Matheiu  Hall,  100  Green  street. 
Seating  capacity  1000. 

34  Front  street.    300  seats. 

Salisbury  Hall,  in  The  Worcester  Society  of 
Antiquity  Building  on  Salisbury  street.  300 
seats. 

Worcester  Theatre,  Exchange  street.  1338 
seats. 

Front  Street  Opera  House,  1 059  seats. 
Lothrop's  Opera  House,  21  Pleasant  street. 
1050  seats. 

Hamilton  Square. —  On  Prescott  street, 
between  Lexington  and  Otis  streets. 

Hancock  Club,  (The). —  A  social  club 
formed  in  1891,  and  at  first  made  up  of  resi- 
dents of  the  North  end,  with  rooms  over  the 
office  of  William  H.  Sawyer  on  Lincoln 
street.  In  June,  1892,  the  club  leased  of 
Stephen  Salisbury  the  old  Salisbury  mansion 
in  Lincoln  square  for  a  term  of  five  years,  and 
will  occupy  it  from  October  i,  1892.  The 
club  has  no  political,  social  or  religious  bias, 
and  its  membership  includes  some  of  the 
staunchest  and  most  popular  business  and 
professional  men  of  the  North  end.  The 
number  is  limited  to  150. 

Hancock  Hill.  —  The  eminence  which 
rises  near  the  junction  of  Salisbury  and  For- 
est streets,  to  which  the  name  has  recently 
been  appropriately  applied,  as  this  land  once 
belonged  to  John  Hancock,  the  revolutionary 
patriot. 

Harrington  Corner. — The  north  corner  of 
Front  and  Main  streets.    The  name  was  ap- 


plied at  the  time  of  the  erection  of  Harrington 
Block,  and  it  appears  cut  in  granite  on  the 
building.  Harrington  corner  is  the  Charing 
Cross  of  Worcester,  or  the  grand  centre  of 
business  and  travel,  though  the  indications  are 
that  the  central  point  will  in  the  future  be 
much  further  south. 

Hatters'  and  Furnishers'  Association. 

— Was  formed  in  1886. 

Health,  (Board  of).  — See  Board  of 
Health. 

Heart  of  the  Commonwealth. — A  name 
applied  to  Worcester  on  account  of  its  central 
location  in  the  state.  The  origin  of  the  term 
is  uncertain,  but  it  was  used  as  early  as  1820, 
then  generally  in  reference  to  the  County 
rather  than  the  Town.  The  City  Seal  has  the 
device  of  a  heart,  which  tells  its  story  without 
any  Latin. 

Hebrews. — See  Jen's. 

Hermit. — Worcester  once  enjoyed  the  dis- 
tinction of  possessing  among  other  unrivalled 
attractions,  a  real  hermit,  who  lived  among 
the  rocks  near  the  summit  of  Rattlesnake  hill, 
where  Solomon  Parsons  many  years  ago  built 
a  temple,  and  deeded  the  spot  to  the  Almighty, 
recording  the  conveyance  by  cutting  the  letters 
in  the  surface  of  a  flat  rock.  The  hermit  lived 
in  a  small  stone  house,  where  he  was  visited 
by  many  persons  from  the  City,  and  sometimes 
by  those  who  were  not  to  his  liking,  and  who 
abused  his  hospitality  Some  ten  years  since 
he  gave  up  his  solitary  habits,  returned  to  the 
multitude,  and  is  now  a  familiar  figure  in  our 
streets. 

Hermitage. — A  romantic  spot  in  the  valley 
west  of  Millstone  hill  and  north  of  the  exten- 
sion of  Forest  avenue.  The  name  was  prob- 
ably given  by  William  Lincoln  to  a  wooded 
dell,  the  quiet  and  seclusion  of  the  place 
suggesting  the  designation. 

Herbert  Hall. — See  Insane  Asylums. 

Herdics  and  Coupes. — Several  years  ago 
a  line  of  herdics  was  started  in  Worcester, 
and  regular  routes  traveled  through  the  prin- 
cipal streets,  with  a  five  cent  fare.  The  effect 
was  to  reduce  the  horse-car  fare  from  six  to 
five  cents.  Most  of  the  herdics  were  with- 
drawn after  a  few  months. 

Hickory  Cycle  Club. — A  young  women's 
cycling  club  connected  with  the  Y.  W.  C.  A. 


43 


— HIG 


High  School. — The  Classical  and  English 
High  School  was  established  by  vote  of  the 
town  in  1844,  and  the  school  was  opened  in 
September,  1845,  in  a  brick  building  which 
had  been  erected  for  the  purpose  at  the  corner 
of  Walnut  and  Maple  streets.  This  building, 
which  was  considered  when  new  the  finest 
high  school  house  in  the  State,  was  moved  to 
the  opposite  side  of  Walnut  street,  in  1870,  to 
make  room  for  the  later  structure,  where  it 
still  stands.  In  1846  Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury 
gave  $750  to  purchase  a  philosophical  appara- 
tus; and  in  1859  Hon.  Alexander  H.  Bullock 
established  the  Bullock  Medal  Fund  by  a  gift 
of  $1000,  the  interest  of  which  is  now  used 
in  making  additions  to  the  school  library.  In 
1870  the  erection  of  the  present  High  School 
building  was  begun,  and  it  was  dedicated 
December  30,  1871.  The  building  alone  cost 
$169,691.82.  The  plans  were  drawn  by  H. 
H.  Richardson,  of  celebrity  as  an  architect; 
and  Norcross  Brothers  were  the  builders. 
There  are  19  rooms,  besides  the  large  hall 
and  the  basement,  and  the  intention  was  to 
accommodate  500  pupils;  of  late  the  school 
has  been  greatly  overcrowded.  Gifts  to  the 
new  building  were:  A  piano  from  Hon. 
Stephen  Salisbury;  the  bell  and  fountain  from 
William  Dickinson,  Esq.;  and  the  clock  in 
the  tower,  and  the  electric  system  of  clocks  in 
the  interior  from  Hon.  Edward  Earle. 

There  are  three  courses  of  study,  the  Classi- 
cal and  English  of  four  years  each,  and  a 
College  Preparatory  of  five  years. 

The  Acadeftie  is  the  literary  organ  of  the 
High  School.  It  was  established  in  1886.  The 
High  School  Thesaurus  was  published  from 
Nov.,  1859,  to  May,  1866,  but  only  32  num- 
bers were  issued  in  that  time.  The  first 
beneficiary  of  the  Bancroft  Scholarship  Fund, 
founded  by  a  gift  of  $10,000  from  George 
Bancroft,  the  historian,  was  a  High  School 
pupil,  George  B.  Churchill,  who  received  the 
income  for  three  years. 

High  School  Societies.  There  are  three 
boys'  societies:  The  Eiicleia,  foimed  in  1859; 
the  Sumner  Club,  1884;  and  the  Assembly, 
1885.  The  girls'  society,  the  Aletheia,  was 
organized  in  188 1. 

The  Worcester  High  School  Association, 
composed  of  past  graduates,  was  organized  in 
1886. 

Following  is  a  list  of  Principals  of  the  High 
School,  from  1844  to  the  present  time,  and 
their  terms  of  service,  with  the  colleges  from 
which  they  were  graduated  : 


Elbridge  Smith,  (B.  U.)  Aug^.,  1S45.  Lo  Sept.,  1S47. 
Xelson  Wheeler,  (Y.  C.)  Sept.,  1S47,  I"  Sept.,  1S52. 
George  Capron,  (B.  U.)  Sept.  1S52,  to  Dec,  1S54. 
Lucius  D.  Chapin,  (A.  C.Wan.,  1S55,  Feb.,  1855. 
Osgood  Johnson  (D.  C.)  Feb.,  1S55,  to  July,  1856. 
Homer  B.  Spraarue,  (Y.C.)  Sept.,  1S56,  to  Dec.  1859. 
Harris  R.  Greene,  (B.  U.)  Jan.,  1S60,  to  July,  1866. 
Tames  F.  Clatiin.  (A.  C.)  Aug.,  1866,  to  Feb.,  1S67. 
^:ilis  Peterson,  (H.  U.)  March,  1867,  to  June,  1869. 
Abner  H.  Davis,  (B.  C.)  Aug.,  1869,  to  Dec,  1872. 
Ellis  Peterson,  (H.  U.)  Dec,  1872,  to  lulv,  1875. 
Jos.  \V.  Fairbanks,  (A.  C.)  Aug.,  1875,  to'Jufv,  1878. 
Samuel  Thurber,  (B.  U.)  Aug.,  1878,  to  Nov.,  1880. 
Alfred  S.  Roe,  (Wes.  U.)  Xov..  1880,  to  June,  1890. 
John  G.  Wight,  (D.  C.)  Sept.,  1S90,  to  the  present. 

Mr.  Roe  served  longer  by  three  years 
than  any  other  principal  of  the  school.  The 
number  of  pupils  increased  from  350  when 
he  came  to  the  school,  to  900  when  he  retired. 
Through  his  efforts  mainly,  the  number  of 
books  in  the  school  library  were  greatly  in- 
creased, and  the  interior  of  the  building 
adorned  with  portraits,  busts  and  works  of 
art,  including  two  memorial  tablets  to  the 
memory  of  pupils  of  the  school  who  lost  their 
lives  in  the  Rebellion. 

High  School  (New  English). — Corner  of 
Irving  and  Chatham  streets.  Opened  Septem- 
ber, 1892,  with  James  Jenkins,  principal. 
Cost  of  the  land,  $49,500.  Cost  of  build- 
ing, over  $100,000.  Barker  &  Nourse  were  the 
architects.  The  building  is  147  by  117  feet 
square,  with  a  tower  130  feet  high.  The  ma- 
terial is  Greenfield  brick  with  brown  sandstone 
dressing,  resting  on  a  base  of  Fitzwilliam 
granite. 

Highland  Military  School. —  A  private 
academy  on  Salisbury  street,  founded  in  1856 
by  Caleb  B.  Metcalf,  who  was  previously  for 
years  a  teacher  in  the  public  schools  of  Wor- 
cester. The  studies  here  are  similar  to  those 
in  the  high  and  scientific  schools,  including 
the  preparatory  studies,  with  surveying,  civil 
engineering,  and  natural  science.  Military 
drill  was  instituted  in  1858,  and  is  still  a 
prominent  feature  in  the  school,  its  purpose 
being  to  promote  health,  improve  the  figure 
and  personal  carriage,  and  aid  discipline. 
There  are  two  courses — English  and  Classical 
— of  four  years  each.  The  Highland  School 
is  a  boarding  school,  and  a  large  proportion 
of  its  pupils  come  from  a  distance,  attracted 
by  the  high  reputation  which  the  institution 
has  maintained  from  the  beginning.  The 
uniform  of  the  cadets  is  of  a  gray  color  and 
attractive  appearance,  and  its  wearers  are 
often  seen  upon  our  streets.  Mr,  Metcalf  re- 
tired from  the  management  of    the  school 


HIL— HOM 


44 


several  years  ago.  The  Academy  is  under 
the  charge  of  Joseph  A.  Shaw  as  principal. 

Hillside. — The  home  of  John  B.  Gough, 
in  the  town  of  Boylston,  near  Worcester.  It 
has  recently  been  purchased  by  Mr.  W.  J. 
Hogg,  the  carpet  manufacturer.  In  Mr. 
Gough 's  lifetime  the  house  contained  the  valu- 
able library,  with  the  matchless  collection  of 
Cruikshank's  drawings  and  illustrations,  and 
many  other  memorials  of  the  owner's  life  and 
work.  These  were  dispersed  by  auction  in 
1892. 

John  Bartholomew  Gough  was  born  in 
Sandgate,  Kent,  England,  22d  August,  181 7, 
and  died  at  Frankford,  Pa.,  18th  February, 
1886.  His  labors  in  the  temperance  cause 
have  made  his  name  a  household  word.  He 
was  a  true  reformer,  for  he  reformed  himself, 
and  his  example  has  been  an  inspiration  to 
thousands. 

Historical  Societies. — '^iO.o.  American  An- 
tiquarian Society;  Worcester  Society  of  An- 
tiquity, (  The^;  Massachusetts  Record  Society. 

History,  (Early). — The  first  grant  of  land 
located  in  the  vicinity  of  Worcester,  was  made 
by  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts  to 
Increase  Nowell  of  Charlestown,  May  6,  1657, 
and  comprised  a  tract  of  3200  acres.  In 
1662,  1000  acres  were  granted  to  the  church 
in  Maiden;  and  in  1664,  250  acres  were 
granted  to  Thomas  Noyes  of  Sudbury.  The 
rights  of  Nowell  and  Noyes  were  transferred 
to  other  parties.  About  1673  Ephraim  Curtis 
built  a  house  here;  he  is  generally  considered 
the  first  settler,  though  some  statements  indi- 
cate that  others  were  here  before  him.  In 
the  spring  of  1675  lo^s  were  apportioned  and 
a  settlement  effected,  but  the  settlers  were 
driven  away  by  the  Indians,  and  in  December 
the  buildings  were  burned  by  the  savages. 
Another  settlement  was  made  in  1684,  and  in 
October  of  that  year  the  plantation,  which 
had  been  known  as  Quinsigamond,  received 
the  name  of  Worcester.  The  second  settle- 
ment met  the  fate  of  the  first,  and  about  the 
year  J  700  the  place  was  again  abandoned  to 
solitude.  In  1713  the  third  and  permanent 
settlement  was  effected  by  Jonas  Rice,  and  in 
1 71 7  some  two  hundred  were  living  here.  A 
church  was  formed  in  1719,  and  the  town  was 
incorporated  in  1722.    See  Military  History. 

Holden. — A  town  originally  set  off  from 
Worcester  in  1740.    It  is  seven  miles  distant 


on  the  Fitchburg  Railroad.  Population  in 
1885,  2,470.    In  1890,  2,623. 

Home  for  Aged  Men.— 77^^?  Old  Men^s 
Home  in  the  City  of  Worcester  was  incorpo- 
rated March  28,  1874,  with  the  purpose  to 
furnish  aid  to  such  respectable,  aged  and  indi- 
gent men,  who  may  be  obliged  by  misfortune 
to  solicit  charity  or  assistance.  In  response  to 
a  pubhc  appeal,  Albert  Curtis,  Esq.,  made  a 
gift  to  the  corporation  of  a  fine  estate  situated 
at  New  Worcester,  to  be  used  as  an  asylum  or 
home  for  unfortunate  old  men.  The  lack  of 
sufficient  funds  prevented  the  directors  from 
utilizing  this  property  in  the  manner  desired 
until  recently.  The  Home  at  49  Leicester 
street  was  opened  in  the  fall  of  1891,  and 
later  the  name  was  changed  to  Home  for  Aged 
Men. 

Home  for  Aged  Women. — In  his  will 

Ichabod  Washburn  gave  his  home  estate  on 
Summer  street,  (subject  to  his  wife's  life 
interest),  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  to  establish 
and  maintain  a  "Home  for  aged  females, 
widows,  and  those  who  have  never  been 
married,  who  from  loss  of  friends  or  other 
misfortunes  are  reduced  from  a  state  of  com- 
fortable and  respectable  competency  to  that  of 
dependence  upon  charity."  The  "Home" 
was  to  be  under  the  direction  of  a  board  of 
twenty-four  trustees,  of  whom  one-half  were 
to  be  women.  The  institution  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1869.  Mr.  Washburn's  widow  pur- 
chased for  $11,000  the  reversionary  interest 
of  the  trustees  in  the  homestead,  and  with 
this  money  they  bought  the  Cleveland  or  Isaac 
Goddard  Mansion  on  Orange  street,  where 
the  Home  was  opened  July  I,  187.3,  ^'i^^ 
seven  inmates.  Up  to  the  present  time  more 
than  fifty  have  received  the  benefits  of  a  com- 
fortable home  and  support.  Only  those  of 
good  moral  character,  and  such  habits  of  life 
and  deportment  in  manners  as  shall  not  ren- 
der them  unpleasant  or  troublesome  in  their 
intercourse  with  the  superintendent,  and  at- 
tendance on  each  other,  are  admitted. 
Applicants  are  at  present  required  to  pay  $100 
before  admission.  The  Home  is  in  charge  of 
an  efficient  matron.  The  fine  mansion  and 
grounds  on  Leicester  street  have  recently  been 
acquired,  and  the  institution  is  to  be  removed 
to  that  place. 

Homoeopathic  Medical  Society,  (The 
Worcester   County).  —  Formed   in  1866. 


45 


HOM— HOT 


Holds  quarterly  meetings  at  the  library  room 
and  dispensary,  1 1  Trumbull  street. 

HomcEpathic  Dispensary. — See  Dispen- 
saries. 

Hope  Cemetery. — See  Cemeteries. 

Hopeville.  —  The  locality  between  Cam- 
bridge street  and  Sutton  lane,  comprising 
Fremont  street  and  Sutton  road.  It  is  within 
a  short  distance  from  Webster  square  at  New 
Worcester. 

Horse  Cars. — See  Street  Raikuay. 

Horseshoers'  Union,  (The),  was  organ- 
ized in  1887. 

Horticultural  Hall. — The  auditorium  in 
the  building  of  the  Worcester  County  Horti- 
cultural Society,  much  used  for  lectures, 
concerts,  etc.  There  are  seats  for  650  in  the 
main  hall,  and  there  is  an  upper  hall,  which 
can  be  connected  by  removing  the  partition. 
See  next  article. 

Horticultural  Society,  (Worcester 
County). — Formed  in  1840  "for  the  purpose 
of  advancing  the  science  and  encouraging  and 
improving  the  practice  of  Horticulture."  The 
first  board  of  officers  was  constituted  as  fol- 
lows: President,  Dr.  John  Green;  Vice- 
Presidents,  Dr.  Samuel  Woodward,  Stephen 
Salisbury;  Secretaries,  Benjamin  F.  Hey  wood, 
L.  L.  Newton,  J.  C.  B.  Davis,  William  Lin- 
coln, Dr.  Joseph  Sargent;  Trustees,  Dr.  John 
Park,  Isaac  Davis,  E.  F.  Dixie,  S.  D.  Spurr, 
Thomas  Chamberlain,  Nathaniel  Stowell,  A. 
D.  Foster,  Lewis  Chapin,  J.  G.  Kendall, 
Emory  Washburn.  The  first  exhibition  was 
held  Oct.  13  to  15,  1840,  in  the  old  brick 
building  which  stood  on  the  site  of  the  block 
erected  by  Sumner  Pratt  on  Front  street.  The 
society  was  incorporated  in  1842.  In  1851 
sufficient  funds  had  been  accumulated  to  war- 
rant the  erection  of  the  fine  "Horticultural 
Hall"  on  Front  street,  near  Main,  the  upper 
stories  of  which  are  now  occupied  for  the 
purposes  of  the  association.  Annual  exhibi- 
tions of  fruit,  flowers  and  vegetables  were 
held  for  many  years,  but  for  the  last  decade 
they  have  been  held  weekly  during  most  of 
the  year,  and  liberal  premiums  are  offered. 
The  society  owns  a  fine  library  of  some  2000 
volumes  on  subjects  pertaining  to  its  specialty. 
Its  hall  is  adorned  with  portraits  of  prominent 
deceased  members.  The  present  officers  are  : 
President,  Henry  L.  Parker;  Vice-Presidents, 


Stephen  Salisbury,  Geo.  E.  Francis,  O.  B. 
Hadwen,  Secretary,  Edward  Winslow  Lin- 
coln. 

Hospital,  (The  City). — This  institution 
was  incorporated  May  25,  1 87 1,  and  was 
opened  at  the  Abijah  Bigelow  house  on  the 
corner  of  Front  and  Church  streets,  Oct.  25, 
1871.  George  Jaques  soon  after  gave  three 
and  a  half  acres  of  land  on  Prince  street  (now 
Jaques  avenue)  as  a  site  for  a  hospital,  and  at 
his  death  left  the  remainder  of  his  estate,  in 
value  nearly  $200,000  as  a  fund  for  its  sup- 
port. The  Jaques  homestead,  at  "the  corner 
of  Wellington  and  Chandler  streets,  was  occu- 
pied as  a  hospital  from  January,  1874,  to 
December  8,  1881,  when  the  present  building 
on  Jaques  avenue  was  ready  for  use.  At  first 
there  were  only  the  main  building  and  two 
wards,  but  in  1882  another  ward  was  added, 
and  later  the  Gill  and  Salisbury  wards  were 
built  from  funds  given  by  Mrs.  Sarah  W.  Gill 
and  Stephen  Salisbury,  Esq.  Mrs.  Helen  C. 
Knowles  gave  at  her  death  $25,000  for  the 
erection  and  maintenance  of  a  lying-in  ward, 
and  this  has  been  completed,  and  is  known  as 
the  "Knowles  Maternity."  There  are  now 
seventy  beds  at  the  Hospital,  and  over  1,000 
patients  are  treated  yearly.  A  training  school 
for  nurses  has  been  established  at  the  hospital. 
The  institution  is  under  the  direction  of  a 
board  of  seven  trustees.  Dr.  Charles  A. 
Peabody  is  the  superintendent.  The  sum  of 
$15,000  was  appropriated  by  the  City  Gov- 
ernment for  the  support  of  the  hospital  for  the 
present  year  (1892). 

Hospital  Cottages  for  Children,  Bald- 
winville,  Mass.  —  Worcester  Local  Ladies^ 
Board  meets  monthly  at  17  Burnside  Building. 

Hospitals. — See  the  previous  articles: 
Memorial  Hospital ;  Ijisaue  Asylums  ;  Small- 
pox Hospital. 

Hotels. — All  the  hotels  of  Worcester  are 
on  the  American  plan.  The  Bay  State  House, 
corner  of  Main  and  Exchange  streets,  stands 
at  the  head.  The  charges  here  are  from 
$2.50  to  $3.50  per  day,  with  first-class  ser- 
vice; single  meals  75  cents.  It  has  130 
rooms.  -Distance  from  the  Union  railroad 
station  about  |  of  a  mile  on  the  street  rail- 
way line.  The  Waldo  House,  on  Waldo 
street,  has  100  rooms,  and  the  charges  here 
are  $2  and  $2.50  per  day.  The  Com)>ioji_ 
7vealih,  at  201  F"ront  street,  is  another  larg 


HOT— 


46 


hotel  opened  January  i,  1892,  with  106 
rooms,  and  a  rate  of  $2.00  per  day.  The 
Lincoln  Hoiise.  on  Elm  street,  just  off  Main, 
has  100  rooms,  and  the  rate  is  $2.50  per  day. 
The  location  is  very  pleasant,  and  it  is  a  fav- 
orite house  with  many.  Those  who  desire  a 
place  near  the  railroad  station,  will  readily 
find  the  United  States  Hotel,  on  Summer 
street.  There  are  40  rooms  here,  with  a  rate 
of  $2  per  day.  On  Front  street,  at  the  corner 
of  Trumbull,  within  easy  distance  of  the 
station,  is  the  Keiv  Waverly.  Rate  $2;  with 
70  rooms.  The  Exchange  Hotel,  opposite 
Court  hill  on  Main  street,  is  much  patronized 
by  jurymen  and  those  who  have  business  in 
the  courts.  It  has  54  rooms,  and  the  rate  is 
$2.  The  Hotel  Parker,  on  Walnut  street, 
with  38  rooms,  charges  $1.50  and  $2  per  day. 
The  City  Hotel  is  located  at  the  corner  of 
Southbridge  and  Myrtle  streets,  near  Franklin 
square.  It  has  47  rooms,  and  the  rates  are 
$2  per  day.  The  German- American  House, 
at  35  Mechanic  street,  is  the  only  German 
hotel  in  the  city.  The  Hotel  Pleasant,  Pleas- 
ant street,  Hotel  Adams,  High  street,  Ken- 
viore.  Main  street,  and  Hotel  Prentice,  Crown 
street,  are  family  hotels.  There  are  numerous 
smaller  hotels  with  various  prices.  Good 
boarding-houses  are  to  be  found  in  different 
parts  of  the  city. 

Hptels,  (Old). — The  oldest  continuous 
tavern  site  in  Worcester  is  where  the  Bay 
State  House  now  stands.  It  was  established 
by  Daniel  Heywood  in  1722.  It  was  kept  by 
Moses  Chapin  in  the  early  part  of  the  present 
century,  and  in  1809  by  William  Chamberlain. 
Samuel  Hathaway  and  Alvan  Robinson  came 
later,  the  latter  being  succeeded  by  Cyrus 
Stockwell,  and  the  establishment  for  some 
years  went  under  the  name  of  Stockwell's 
Tavern.  In  1827  it  was  called  the  "Sun 
Tavern,"  kept  by  Lewis  Lilley,  and  the  next 
year  the  "Rising  Sun  Inn,"  kept  by  S.  Banis- 
ter, who  removed  to  the  Blackstone  Hotel  in 
1830,  and  Stockwell,  who  had  probably  leased 
the  property  to  Lilley  and  Banister,  returned 
for  a  short  time.  Under  the  name  of  Central 
Hotel  it  was  kept  by  Tones  Estabrook  in 
1832,  and  1835  by  Z.  Bonney.  The  Sterne 
or  "King's  Arms"  Tavern,  on  the  site  of  the 
Lincoln  House,  was  kept  by  Thomas  Sterne 
and  his  widow,  from  1732  till  after  the  Revo- 
lution. In  1786  John  Stowers,  who  had 
previously  kept  a  tavern  elsewhere  in  the 
town,  took  this  house,  which  was  then  called 


the  Sun  Tavern.  On  the  site  Hon.  Levi  Lin- 
coln erected  his  fine  dwelling  house  about 
1812,  which  in  1835,  when  he  built  the  pres- 
ent Gov.  Lincoln  mansion  on  Elm  street, 
became  the  Worcester  House,  and  was  kept 
by  David  T.  Brigham,  Lysander  C.  Clark, 
and  others  until  the  large  block  was  built  in 
front,  after  which  it  was  known  as  the  Lincoln 
House  (see  title).  The  old  "Hancock  Arms," 
on  Lincoln  street,  also  called  Brown's  Inn, 
was  kept  after  the  Revolution  by  Abner  Child, 
Benj.  Butman,  Amos  Smith,  Simeon  Duncan 
and  others  until  it  was  closed  sometime  before 
it  was  burned,  Dec.  24,  1824.  The  fire  was 
incendiary,  and  Stephen  Salisbury,  the  owner 
of  the  building  at  that  time,  offered  a  reward. 
Nathan  Patch  established  the  present  Ex- 
change Hotel  in  1785.  It  was  kept  by  Wil- 
liam Barker  from  1 790  to  about  1800  or  after. 
In  1807  Reuben  Sikes  purchased  it,  and  it 
was  known  for  years  as  Sikes'  Coffee  House. 
Samuel  B.  Thomas  succeeded  in  1823,  and 
called  the  house  the  Temperance  Exchange, 
and  later  it  became  the  Exchange.  He  was 
succeeded  by  his  son-in-law,  P.  W.  Wait,  in 
1840,  who  kept  it  until  1854.  It  has  since 
been  in  various  hands.  The  John  Chandler 
Mansion,  present  site  of  the  Walker  building, 
corner  Main  and  Mechanic  streets,  was  kept 
before  and  after  1800  by  Ephraim  Mower  as  a 
public  house.  In  1818  William  Hovey  erect- 
ed a  brick  building  on  the  spot,  called  the 
"Brick  Hotel,"  and  kept  by  Oliver  Eager. 
Howe  &  White  succeeded  the  latter  in  1821, 
and  they  were  succeeded  by  William  Hovey 
in  1823,  who  then  called  it  the  "Worcester 
Hotel,"  and  later  it  was  known  as  the  United 
States.  James  Worthington  kept  it  for  several 
years.  This  building  rented  from  18 18  to 
1822  for  $550  per  annum.  It  was  moved 
back  in  1854,  when  Clark's  block  was  built. 
In  1827  Capt.  Joseph  Lovell  opened  his 
"Blackstone  Canal  Inn"  at  the  corner  of 
Main  and  Thomas  streets.  Samuel  Banister 
took  it  in  1830,  and  Nov.  27,  1833,  Eleazer 
Porter  purchased  it  for  a  temperance  hotel, 
and  it  was  called  the  "Worcester  Temperance 
House"  for  several  years.  Warner  Hinds  suc- 
ceeded Porter  in  1835.  It  was  kept  as  a 
hotel  until  1866.  S.  Hathaway  kept  a  tavern 
at  Washington  square  from  1825  to  1831,  and 
was  succeeded  by  William  R.  Wesson,  Elliott 
Swan  was  landlord  here  for  twenty  years  from 
185 1.  The  old  "Swan's  Hotel"  was  re- 
moved to  make  room  for  the  Union  Passenger 


47 


HOU— IXS 


Station.  In  1835  Hon.  A.  D.  Foster  con- 
verted his  dwelling  house,  corner  of  Main  and 
Foster  streets,  into  a  hotel,  which  until  1857 
was  known  as  the  "American  Temperance 
House"  or  the  American  House.  On  the 
other  corner  of  Foster  street,  was  kept  for  a 
time,  the  Railroad  Hotel,  also  opened  about 
1835.  In  1833  a  Boston  company  formed  a 
project  for  the  erection  of  a  hotel  on  the  plan 
of  the  Tremont  House  in  Boston,  opposite  the 
Town  Hall,  but  for  seme  reason  it  was  given 
up.  Other  old  taverns  at  different  times'  were 
the  Jones  Tavern,  south  of  Park  street  on 
Main,  in  the  Revolutionary  era;  the  Jones 
Tavern  at  New  Worcester,  kept  by  three  gen- 
erations; the  Baird  Tavern  on  the  Grafton 
road,  and  the  Cow  Tavern  in  the  north  part 
of  the  town.  The  length  of  this  notice  for- 
bids the  mention  of  several  others  not  as  well- 
known  as  the  above. 

House  of  Correction. — See  Jail. 

Hussar  Relics. — In  the  Museum  of  The 
Worcester  Society  of  Antiquity  may  be  seen 
an  iron  cannon,  and  some  smaller  relics  from 
the  wreck  of  the  frigate  Hussar,  the  British 
treasure-ship,  which  was  sunk  at  Pot  Rock  in 
the  East  River  at  New  York,  Nov.  25,  1780. 
This  ship  had  on  board  specie  to  the  amount 
of  ;/'"96o,ooo,  the  three  years'  pay  due  the 
army  and  navy  in  this  country  at  that  time. 
Attempts  have  been  made  at  different  times  to 
recover  this  treasure,  and  some  forty  years 
ago,  Hon.  Charles  B.  Pratt  was  engaged  for  a 
time  in  diving  at  the  scene  of  the  wreck,  and 
the  above-mentioned  relics  were  brought  up 
by  him.  Mr.  Pratt  began  his  experience  as  a 
diver,  by  volunteering,  when  a  boy  only  four- 
teen years  of  age,  to  take  the  place  of  a  man 
who  had  failed  to  appear  in  a  diving  exhibi- 
tion at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  in  1838.  He  re- 
mained under  water  an  hour  and  was  paid 
$50  for  the  feat.  He  afterwards  engaged  in 
operations  at  Key  West,  Gibraltar,  and  other 
places,  and  was  well-known  in  connection 
with  the  attempts  to  raise  the  Hussar.  It  is 
not  certainly  known  whether  any  of  the 
money  was  found,  and  the  idea  still  holds  that 
the  treasure  is  intact.  A  company  has  recent- 
ly been  formed  in  Leominster  in  this  county 
with  the  purpose  to  further  prosecute  the 
search  for  the  sunken  wealth. 

Hygiene  Association. —  See  Emergency 
and  Hygiene. 


Indian    Association,    (  Worcester  ).  — 

Was  formed  in  1885,  its  purpose  being  to 
improve  the  condition  of  the  red  men.  The 
association  holds  monthly  meetings. 

Industrial  School. — See  Polytechnic  In- 
stitute. 

Insane  Asylums. — The  Worcester  Luna- 
tic Hospital  was  established  by  the  state,  and 
opened  for  patients  in  1833.  The  building  on 
Summer  street  (since  enlarged)  was  occupied 
until  the  combletion  of  the  new  hospital  at 
the  lake  in  1877.  Some  15,000  patients  have 
been  treated,  and  about  800  are  at  present 
accommodated.  The  new  buildings  situated 
on  an  eminence  west  of  Lake  Quinsigamond, 
and  about  two  miles  from  the  city,  command 
a  fine  view  of  the  surrounding  country.  Dr. 
H.  M.  Quinby  is  superintendent. 

The  Worcester  Insane  Asylum  is  located  on 
Summer  street,  in  the  building  formerly  occu- 
pied by  the  Lunatic  Hospital,  and  was  re- 
opened in  October,  1877.  Only  chronic  cases 
are  treated  here.  Dr.  E.  Y.  Scribner  is  the 
superintendent. 

Both  of  the  above  institutions  are  under  the 
direction  of  a  board  of  seven  trustees  appoint- 
ed by  the  Governor. 

Dr.  Merrick  Bemis,  for  many  years  super- 
intendent of  the  Worcester  Lunatic  Hospital, 
is  the  proprietor  of  a  private  insane  asylum 
known  as  Herbert  Hall  on  Salisbury  street. 

Institute  Park. — A  public  ground  situated 
between  Salisbury  street  and  Salisbury  pond, 
presented  to  the  City,  Oct.  i,  1887,  by 
Stephen  Salisbury,  Esq.  The  tract  comprises 
about  18  acres,  with  a  small  reservation  in 
front  of  the  Polytechnic  Institute,  upon  which 
the  Institute  may  erect  a  building  at  some 
future  time  if  required.  Mr.  Salisbury  has  just 
erected  pavilions,  stone  tower  after  the  model 
of  the  old  mill  at  Newport,  connected  the 
island  by  a  handsome  bridge,  and  is  otherwise 
improving  the  ground  at  his  own  expense. 

Insurance  Companies. — The  Worcester 
Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Co.  was  incorporated 
February  11,  1823.  John  A.  Fayerweather 
of  Westborough  is  president,  and  Roger  F. 
Upham  secretary  and  treasurer.  The  office  is 
at  377  Main  street.  The  Merchants'  and 
Farmers''  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  incorporated 
1846.  John  D.  Washburn  is  president  and 
E.  B.  Stoddard,  secretary.  Office  242  Main 
street.    The  First  Xational  Fire  Insurance 


I\S— IRI 


48 


Co.  was  incorporated  in  1869,  The  president  is 
Charles  B.  Pratt,  the  vice-president  and  treas- 
urer, R.  James  Tatman,  and  the  secretary, 
Geo.  A.  Park.  Office  410  Main  street.  The 
PVorcesier  Maniifacturers^  Mutual  Insicrance 
Co.  was  reorganized  in  1861.  George  M. 
Rice  is  president  and  treasurer,  and  S.  R. 
Barton  secretary.  Office  448  Main  street. 
The  Peoples'  Mutual,  Bay  State  and  Central 
Mutual  companies  failed  in  1872  in  conse- 
quence of  the  Boston  fire.  The  State  Mutual 
Life  Assurance  Co.,  incorporated  in  1844, 
occupies  a  fine  building  at  240  Main  street. 
A.  George  Bullock  is  president  and  Henry  M. 
Witter  secretary. 

Insurance  or  Fire  Patrol.  —  See  Pro- 
tect ive  Depart  nie)it. 

Inventions  and  Inventors. — It  was  once 
said  that  more  patents  had  been  granted  to 
Worcester  County  inventors  than  to  those  of 
any  other  county  in  the  United  States.  With- 
out asserting  or  denying  the  truth  of  this 
statement,  it  can  be  said  that  some  of  the  most 
important  inventions  and  improvements  in  use 
originated  in  Worcester  County.  The  most 
valuable  one  in  all  its  results  is  undoubtedly 
the  eccentric  lathe  of  Thomas  Blanchard. 
This,  with  the  typewriter  of  Charles  Thurber, 
and  the  calliope  of  J.  C.  Stoddard,  shows  the 
verge  of  usefulness  and  novelty,  and  from 
them  the  scale  runs  down  through  an  almost 
inconceivable  number  and  variety  of  useful 
and  curious  innovations  to  a  world  of  small 
notions.  The  limits  of  the  Dictionary  will 
not  admit  of  anything  like  adequate  mention, 
or  even  bare  enumeration  of  the  different  and 
invaluable  inventions  introduced  by  Worcester 
County  men.  The  Stowells,  who  made  car- 
pets in  Worcester  in  the  first  years  of  the 
century,  were  famous  for  their  ingenuity,  and 
received  several  patents.  William  Hovey  was 
noted  as  an  early  Worcester  inventor,  and 
with  the  Stowells,  heads  a  list  numbering  a 
legion.  Brief  mention  of  a  few  inventions 
will  be  found  in  the  article  on  Manufactures. 

Irish. — The  census  1885  gives  10,695  ^^^the 
number  of  natives  of  Ireland  in  Worcester, 
but  this  does  not  represent  half  the  population 
of  Irish  blood.  Indeed  it  was  claimed  recent- 
ly, by  a  prominent  representative  of  the  race, 
that  there  were  over  30,000  Irish  in  the  city. 
In  general  the  Irish  people  have  prospered  to 
a  greater  degree  in  Worcester  than  in  most 
other  places.    Although  there  are  only  a  few 


among  them  who  might  be  considered 
wealthy,  there  are  many  successful  and  enter- 
prising business  men,  traders,  and  contractors 
who  have  gained  a  competency;  and»the  pro- 
portion of  Irish  who  own  their  homes  is  quite 
large. 

Irish  Societies. — The  principal  Irish  soci- 
eties are  included  in  the  following: 

Ajicient  Order  of  Hibernians,  a  mutual 
benefit  and  fraternal  order.  Division  i  was 
organized  in  1867,  Division  j  in  1871,  Divis- 
ion 24  in  1876.  The  A.  O.  H.  Guards  and 
two  companies  of  Hibernian  Rifles  are  at- 
tached to  this  order.  The  rooms  are  at  98 
Front  street.  There  is  a  total  membership  of 
750.  The  Washington  Social  Club,  the  lead- 
ing social  organization,  was  organized  in  1882 
and  incorporated  in  1884.  The  rooms  at  98 
Front  street  are  fitted  up  with  much  elegance. 
The  Club  also  has  a  fine  house  at  Lake  Quin- 
sigamond  on  the  Shrewsbury  side.  Of  tem- 
perance societies  the  Father  Matheiv  Muttial 
Benefit  Total  Abstinence  Society  stands  at  the 
head.  The  first  Catholic  Temperance  Society 
was  organized  in  Worcester  in  1840.  It 
lived  about  a  year.  Rev.  James  Fitton  was 
president.  On  the  4th  of  November,  1849, 
the  Father  Mathew  Society  was  organized 
shortly  after  Father  Mathew's  visit  here.  It 
is  a  mutual  benefit  society,  as  its  name  states, 
bound  by  the  principle  of  total  abstinence. 
Members  when  sick  receive  $5  per  week  for 
13  weeks,  and  $3  per  week  for  the  succeed- 
ing 13.  Each  member  is  assessed  50  cents 
for  a  burial  fund  when  a  member  dies.  The 
society  was  incorporated  in  1863.  In  1873 
the  house  and  lot  on  Temple  street  were  pur- 
for  $4,200,  and  a  hall  of  brick  erected  at  a  cost 
of  $2,300  additional.  This  property  was  sold 
a  year  or  tw^o  ago  to  Rev.  Fr.  Griffin  for 
$9,500,  and  the  new  Father  Mathew  Hall  on 
Green  street,  corner  of  Harrison,  erected  at  a 
cost  of  $30,000.  The  lot  of  6,310  feet  of 
land  was  purchased  of  Mary  Carroll  for 
$6,000.  The  Society  is  now  in  debt  about 
$18,000.  The  amount  of  benefits  paid  since 
1849  is  $35,000,  and  52  members  have  died. 
The  present  membership  is  260.  This  society 
has  paraded  on  several  notable  occasions  and 
celebrations.  The  St.  John's  Catholic  Tem- 
perance and  Literary  Guild  of  St.  John's 
Parish,  the  Sacred  Heart  Lyceum,  St.  Aloy- 
sius  Society  and  Young  Women's  Literary 
Society  of  Sacred  Heart  parish,  and  St.  Anne's 
Society  and  Guards  of  St.  Anne's  parish  are 


49 


IR()_Jt\ 


prominent  temperance  societies.  The  Catho- 
lic Order  of  Foresters,  Court  59,  was  organ- 
ized a  few  years  since.  The  Irish  Catholic 
Benevolent  Society,  formed  in  1863,  meets  at 
98  Front  street.  The  St.  John's  Cadets  is  a 
military  and  temperance  organization  of  boys. 
The  Grattaji  Literary  Society  and  the  Moore 
Club  have  been  prominent  in  the  past. 

Iron  Hall. — Branch  A^'o.  jg6  was  organ- 
ized in  1886.  Iron  Hall  Sisterhood,  Branch 
A^o.  601,  was  organized  in  1887.  Both  these 
meet  at  Veteran  Legion  Hall,  566  Main 
street. 

Island,  (The.)— The  region  west  of  Mill- 
bury  street,  which  by  the  divergence  of  the 
old  canal  stream  from  Mill  Brook  is,  or  was 
at  one  time  surrounded  by  water.  Police 
Station  No.  2  is  located  in  this  district,  on 
Lamartine  street. 

Italians. — In  1885  there  were  150  Italians 
in  Worcester.    The  number  has  increased. 

Jail  and  House  of  Correction. — In  1732 

a  portion  of  the  house  of  William  Jennison  on 
Court  hill  was  used  as  a  Jail,  a  "cage"  for 
temporary  use  being  built  there.  In  1733 
this  cage  was  removed  to  the  house  of  Daniel 
Heywood,  where  the  Bay  State  House  now 
stands.  The  first  jail  proper,  erected  in  1733, 
stood  on  Lincoln  street,  a  short  distance  from 
Lincoln  square.  In  1753  a  new  jail  was  built 
a  few  rods  south  of  the  former  prison,  which 
w^as  used  till  1788,  when  the  stone  jail  in 
Lincoln  square  was  completed.  This  latter 
was  "judged  to  be  at  least  the  second  stone 
building  of  consequence  in  the  Common- 
wealth; none  being  thought  superior  except 
the  stone  (King's)  chapel  in  Boston."  It  was 
claimed  that  it  would  not  need  any  repairs 
except  the  roof  for  two  or  three  centuries; 
but  in  1835  the  building  was  demolished,  and 
the  jail  removed  to  its  present  quarters  on 
Summer  street,  where  the  House  of  Correc- 
tion had  been  established  in  1819.  The  pres- 
ent jail  building  was  remodeled  in  1873  at  an 
expense  of  $192,000,  and  was  occupied  in 
March,  1874.  It  contains  cells  for  194  pris- 
oners, though  many  more  have  been  confined 
here  at  one  time.  There  are  three  large  and 
comfortable  apartments  in  the  hospital  ward, 
and  the  sick  are  attended  by  the  city  physi- 
cian. There  is  a  library  of  500  volumes, 
accessible  every  Sunday  to  the  prisoners. 
Protestant  and  Catholic  preachers  alternate  in 


Sunday  worship.  The  number  of  committents 
during  the  year  1891  was  2,083.  these 
131  were  women,  and  169  minors.  The  total 
cost  of  maintaining  the  institution  for  1891, 
was  $28,991.46,  of  which  $11,828.89  was  for 
salaries.  Amount  received  from  lal)or  of  pris- 
oners $4,448.96;  from  other  sources  $359.40. 
Total  $4,808.36.  Sheriff  Samuel  D.  Nye  is 
jailer,  ex-ojjficio,  Robert  H.  Chamberlain  is 
keeper  of  the  Jail  and  master  of  the  House  of 
Correction.  The  Jail  building  is  about  one- 
quarter  of  a  mile  north  of  the  Union  railroad 
station,  or  midway  between  Washington  and 
Lincoln  squares. 

Jamesville. — The  settlement  and  factory 
village  in  the  southwest  part  of  Worcester, 
near  the  Auburn  line.  It  is  reached  by  Staf- 
ford street  from  New  Worcester,  and  is  also 
on  the  line  of  the  Boston  &  Albany  railroad. 

Jamesville  Square. — At  Jamesville,  junc- 
tion of  Jame.^  Ludlow,  Bennett  and  Clover 
streets. 

Jews. — Various  estimates  give  the  number 
of  Jews  in  Worcester  from  1,500  to  2,000.  They 
are  increasing  here,  and  are  generally  pros- 
perous. They  have  two  synagogues — that  of 
the  Children  of  Israel,  on  Green  street,  was 
erected  in  1888.  The  society  was  formed  in 
1877.  The  Sons  of  AbraJiani  Synagogue  on 
Plymouth  street,  was  erected  in  1888,  by  a 
society  formed  two  years  before.  Worcester 
lodge,  A\k  41,  Independent  Order  of  Sons  of 
Benjamin,  a  secret  mutual  benefit  society, 
was  organized  in  1882.  The  Hehrezo  Inde- 
pendoit  Political  Club  was  formed  in  1 891  for 
purposes  of  naturalization.  The  Hebreii.^  Ladies' 
Aid  and  Literary  Society  was  formed  in 
March,  1890.  In  1876  the  number  of  Jews 
in  the  city  did  not  exceed  25.  A  society, 
called  the  "Worcester  County  Society  for 
meliorating  the  condition  of  the  Jews  in  Eu- 
rope," was  formed  here  in  1824.  S.  V.  S. 
Wilder  of  Bolton  was  president,  and  Rev. 
Aaron  Bancroft  an  active  participant  in  its 
organization. 

Jo  Bill  Road,  now  called  Institute 
Road. — The  street  leading  from  Salisbury 
street  to  Sunnyside.  It  was  a  travelled  path 
two  hundred  years  ago,  on  the  way  from 
Boston  to  Brookfield.  Joseph  Bill  lived  on 
this  road  about  1750,  and  the  name  comes 
from  him. 

Junction  Station. — See  SontJi  Worcester. 


50 


JUC— KNI 


Junction  Shop. — The  large  stone  building 
on  the  Norwich  railroad,  at  Jackson  street, 
just  north  of  the  Junction  or  South  Worcester 
station.  This  shop  was  erected  in  1853 
by  Col.  James  Estabrook,  and  the  Wood  & 
Light  Co.  took  an  interest  in  it.  The  propo- 
sition to  build  such  a  shop  was  made  by  Eli 
Thayer,  but  Col.  Estabrook  was  disinclined  to 
act,  as  he  had  much  unproductive  property  on 
his  hands,  and  did  not  wish  to  increase  his 
responsibility.  To  encourage  him  in  the 
undertaking,  Mr.  Thayer  procured  from  Capt. 
Ephraim  Mower  a  gift  of  twenty  house-lots  in 
consideration  of  the  proposed  improvement, 
delivered  the  stone  to  build  the  shop  on  credit, 
carting  it  from  Oread  hill  with  his  own  teams, 
and  engaged  Eugene  T.  Martin  of  Woonsock- 
et  to  do  the  masonry,  paying  him  in  part  with 
some  of  the  house-lots.  After  the  building 
was  well  advanced,  Col.  Estabrook  was  able 
to  obtain  money  on  a  mortgage  to  pay  Thayer 
and  Martin,  and  the  shop  was  soon  occupied 
by  tenants  who  paid  good  rents.  It  proved  a 
fortunate  investment  for  the  owner,  and  much 
increased  the  value  of  the  rest  of  his  real 
estate  in  that  vicinity. 

Kansas  Emigrant  Movement, — The  plan 
which  saved  Kansas,  and  ultiniately  the  whole 
country  to  freedom,  had  its  origin  in  Worces- 
ter, in  the  brain  of  one  of  her  citizens — Eli 
Thayer.  Mr.  Thayer  first  made  his  plan 
known  at  a  meeting  called  to  protest  against 
the  passage  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill,  held 
in  the  City  Hall,  March  11,  1854.  The  Emi- 
grant Aid  Company  was  soon  in  full  operation, 
and  under  its  direction  "  four  or  five  thousand 
of  the  most  resolute  men  and  women  the  world 
ever  saw  went  into  Kansas,"  and  largely  out- 
numbering the  slave-holding  element,  gained 
permanent  possession  of  the  territory.  The 
South,  convinced  by  this  that  slavery  could 
not  be  extended  into  the  new  territories,  re- 
sorted to  rebellion,  and  suffered  an  ignomin- 
ious defeat  after  four  years  of  war.  Of  Mr. 
Thayer's  work,  Rev.  Edward  Everett  Hale  has 
recently  written  :  ' '  When  the  resevoir  of  North- 
ern indignation  was  still  a  resevoir,  with  its  rage 
wasted  on  its  banks,  one  man  saw  where  the 
spade-blows  were  to  be  struck  through  which 
the  waters  should  rush  out.  He  knew  how 
to  strike  these  blows,  struck  them  with  his 
own  hands,  and  made  the  channel  through 
which  the  water  flowed."  Mr.  Thayer's  ac- 
count of  his  work  has  recently  been  published 
by  the  Harpers  of  New  York,  under  the  title 


of  The  Kansas  Crusade,  its  Friends  and  its 
Foes;  and  this  has  since  been  supplemented 
by  Ex-Goy.  Charles  Robinson's  Kansas  Con- 
Jiict,  giving  a  full  account  of  matters  in  the 
Territory  during  that  eventful  struggle. 

Kennel  Club. — The  Worcester  Kennel 
Club  was  organized  at  the  Bay  State  House, 
Monday  evening,  December  3,  1888,  with  the 
following  officers :  President,  Harry  W.  Smith ; 
1st  Vice-President,  Col.  Rockwood  Hoar;  2d 
Vice-President,  Frederick  Kimball;  Secretary, 
Edward  W.  Dodge;  Treasurer,  Fred  W. 
White;  Executive  Committee,  A.  B.  F.  Kin- 
ney, Waldo  Sessions,  Capt.  E.  A.  Harris, 
Capt.  Levi  Lincoln,  Chas.  A.  Parker,  Francis 
M.  Harris,  H.  F.  Littlefield,  Geo.  W.  Patter- 
son. The  first  annual  bench  show  was  held 
at  the  Worcester  Skating  Rink,  April  9  to  12, 
1889.  There  were  324  dogs  shown,  among 
which  were  an  unusually  large  number  of  the 
most  noted  prize  winners  in  the  U.  S.  The 
principal  objects  of  this  Club  are,  to  encourage 
the  breeding  and  importation  of  thoroughbred 
dogs;  to  hold  meetings  at  fixed  times  for  the 
reading  of  essays  and  holding  theoretic  and 
scientific  discussions  on  the  breeding  of  dogs; 
and  to  hold  annual  bench  shows. 

Kettle  Brook, — This  stream  rises  in  Pax- 
ton,  and  flows  south  through  Leicester  to  Cherry 
Valley,  thence  southeast  through  Valley  Falls, 
supplying  the  various  ponds  there,  then  into 
Auburn,  where  it  joins  Ramshorn  Brook. 
Kettle  Brook  contributes  a  large  volume  to 
the  water  supply  of  Worcester, 

Kindergartens. — On  January  4th,  1886, 
Miss  L.  Gertrude  Bardwell,  through  the  efforts 
of  Mrs.  David  W.  Pond  and  Mrs.  Rev.  Henry 
M.  Stimson,  began  the  first  permanent  Kinder- 
garten in  Worcester,  at  25  Harvard  street, 
corner  of  Dix.  The  house  occupied  has  since 
been  moved  back,  and  is  now  No.  I  Dix  street. 
Miss  Bardwell  was  from  Shelburne  Falls,  and 
was  educated  in  Germany,  having  been  taught 
in  both  Berlin  and  Dresden.  In  Sept.,  1886, 
she  passed  the  school  over  to  Miss  Elizabeth 
Kilham  from  Beverly.  The  latter  received 
her  training  in  Mrs.  Shaw's  school  in  Boston. 
In  the  spring  of  1887  the  Kindergarten  was 
removed  to  35  Chestnut  street,  and  the  fol- 
lowing September  was  again  removed  to  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  building,  and  united  with  Mrs. 
Morgan's  school. 

There  is  a  Kindergarten  at  the  Temporary 
Home  and  Day  Nursery  on  Southbridge  street. 


51 


KM— LAK 


Mrs.  Frank  J.  Darrah's  Kindergarten  is  at 
4  Sever  street.  Kindergartens  are  to  be 
maintained  by  the  city  as  part  of  the  public 
instruction  from  September,  1892;  and  \  Kin- 
dergarten is  to  be  opened  as  an  object  study 
for  the  students  at  the  State  Normal  School. 

Knights  and  Ladies  of  Columbia,  Hope 
Lodge,  No.  23,  has  been  established  in 
Worcester. 

Knights  of  Father  Mathew. — Organized 
in  1879,  and  meets  at  Father  Mathew  Hall. 

Knights  of  Honor. — Bay  State  Lodge, 
Xo.  184,  was  instituted  in  Worcester  in  1875, 
and  IVorcesier  Lodge,  iVo.  3220,  in  1 885. 
Meets  in  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  building  on  Pearl 
street.  There  are  two  lodges  of  the  Knights 
and  Ladies  of  Honor,  viz.,  Pearl  Lodge,  Xo. 
I2J,  which  meets  at  405  Main  street  ;  and 
Puritan  Lodge,  1208,  meets  at  566  Main  street. 

Knights  of  Labor. — This  order  has  de- 
clined greatly  in  influence  and  numbers  within 
the  past  few  years.  The  only  Local  Assembly 
at  all  active  in  Worcester  at  present  is  No. 
2353,  though  one  or  two  others  perhaps  claim 
an  existence.  Local  Assembly  785  was  the 
first  one  formed  here,  as  part  of  the  old  Dis- 
trict Assembly,  No.  30,  which  had  its  head- 
quarters in  Boston.  There  have  been  seven 
Local  Assemblies  in  W' orcester  since  the  order 
was  founded,  this  number  including  one  Ladies' 
Assembly.  The  more  recent  Trades'  Unions 
have  drawn  off  many  from  the  Knights'  organi- 
zation. The  order  served  its  purpose,  un- 
doubtedly, in  modifying  the  views  and  tenden- 
cies of  both  employer  and  employe;  and  a 
better  understanding  probably  now  exists  be- 
tween them.  Strikes  are  not  now  as  frequent 
as  formerly,  as  their  bad  economy  has  been 
effectually  demonstrated  ;  and  arbitration  is 
oftener  resorted  to.  The  order  of  the  Knights 
of  Labor  never  flourished  as  well  in  Worces- 
ter as  in  some  other  places,  on  account  of  the 
general  good  feeling  between  those  employed 
and  their  employers. 

Knights  of  Pythias. — A  secret  fraternal 
and  mutual  benefit  order,  similar  to  the  Odd 
Fellows.  Blake  Lodge,  Xo.  4g,  and  Damas- 
cus Lodge,  X'o.  JO,  were  instituted  in  W^orces- 
ter  in  1871.  Later,  Regidus  Lodge,  X^o.  yi, 
was  formed.  Section  i8g.  Endowment  Rank 
was  organized  in  1878.  Pythian  Temple  is  at 
405  Main  street.  The  Loyal  Ladies  of  Damon, 
Xo.  I,  Pythian  Sisterhood,  is  an  association  of 
ladies  similar  to  the  above  order. 


Knights  of  St.  Patrick. — Organized  in 
1890,  and  meets  at  98  Front  street. 

Knights  Templars  (Worcester  County 
Commandery  of). — See  Masonic  Societies. 

Lake  Park. — In  1862,  Hon.  Isaac  Davis 
offered  as  a  free  gift  to  the  city,  fourteen  acres 
of  land  at  Lake  Quinsigamond  for  a  public 
park,  but  this  gift  was  declined.  In  1884, 
Hon.  Edward  L.  Davis  and  Mr.  Horace  H. 
Bigelow  deeded  to  the  city  about  no  acres  of 
land  bordering  on  the  lake,  a  tract  admirably 
adapted  from  its  location  and  diversified  sur- 
face for  a  public  ground.  Mr.  Davis  also  gave 
$5,000  to  improve  the  park,  and  has  recently 
erected  at  his  own  expense  a  stone  tower, 
modeled  after  the  ancient  Irish  structures,  and 
built  of  rough  stones  gathered  from  the  sur- 
rounding land.  This  is  a  striking  and  promi- 
nent object,  and  gives  from  its  top  a  fine  view 
of  the  lake  and  country  about.  A  road  called 
the  Circuit  has  been  laid  out  on  three  sides  of 
the  park  and  Lake  avenue  passes  through  it 
near  the  water  front.  The  station  on  the 
Shrewsbury  Railroad  nearest  the  park  is  Lake 
View. 

Lake  Quinsigamond. — A  beautiful  sheet 
of  water  lying  along  the  eastern  boundary  of 
Worcester,  and  mostly  within  its  territory. 
"It  extends  from  north  to  south,  in  crescent 
form,  about  four  miles  in  length,  presenting 
by  reason  of  disproportionate  breadth  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  noble  river,  with  bold  banks 
covered  with  wood  or  swelling  into  green 
hills."  There  are  several  islands  varying  in 
extent.  Known  years  ago  by  the  name  of 
Long  Pond,  its  natural  advantages  for  boating 
and  as  a  pleasure  resort,  if  noticed,  were  not 
made  available  until  within  the  past  few  years. 
College  regattas  were  first  held  here  in  1859, 
and  the  place  has  been  growing  gradually 
in  popular  favor  to  the  present  time.  The 
many  attractions  during  the  summer  season, 
and  the  easy  means  of  access  by  the  Shrews- 
bury Railroad,  draws  large  crowds,  especially 
on  Sundays.  At  Lincoln  Park,  the  terminus 
of  the  railroad,  there  are  several  steamboat 
wharves,  and  close  by  extensive  boat  houses, 
where  craft  in  all  varieties  can  be  obtained. 
From  June  to  October,  band  concerts  are 
given  here  every  afternoon  and  evening,  and 
the  visitor  will  find  much  to  engage  his  atten- 
tion and  furnish  amusement  and  entertain- 
ment. The  lover  of  nature  and  beautiful 
scenery  shDuld  not  fail  to  explore  the  mysteries 


LAK— LEA 


52 


of  the  lake  by  a  steamboat  trip  from  the 
Causeway  to  the  south,  or  above  Natural 
History  Park.  The  best  view  of  the  lake  in 
its  entirety  is  from  Wigwam  Hill,  near  the 
north  end.  The  station  of  the  Worcester  & 
Shrewsbury  Railroad  is  on  Shrewsbury  street, 
close  to  the  Union  railroad  station.  Trains 
run  every  half-hour,  and  the  fare  is  five  cents 
each  way. 

Lake  Names.  In  the  summer  of  1888  a 
committee  was  selected  for  the  purpose  of 
naming  the  various  prominent  points  and 
places  at  Lake  Quinsigamond,  the  names  to 
be  permanently  fixed  and  incorporated  in  a 
large  and  accurate  map  of  the  lake  drawn  for 
Mr.  H.  H.  Bigelow.  The  committee  con- 
sisted of  Nathaniel  Paine  and  Edmund 
M.  Barton,  of  the  American  Antiquarian 
Society;  Ellery  B.  Crane,  Thomas  A.  Dickin- 
son and  Franklin  P.  Rice  of  the  Worcester 
Society  of  Antiquity;  and  H.  H.  Bigelow, 
T.  C.  Rice  and  A.  A.  Coburn,  representing 
the  owners  of  property  at  the  lake.  After 
several  meetings  and  a  tour  of  inspection  the 
following  names  were  agreed  upon  : 
A'orth  of  tJie  Caitsczuay,  S/ircK'shiiy  side  : 

Jeseph  Point  and  Bay,  near  the  head  of 
lake.    South  of  this  : 

Temple  Point. 

The  Sanctuary.    (See  ZV/Zi'.) 

Cold  Spring.    (See  Title.) 

The  Kitchen. 
South  oft/ie  Cause'way,  Shrewsbury  side  : 

Green  Brook. 

Quinsigamond  Forest. 

Atalanta.    See  Boat  Clubs. 

East  Lake. 

Eyrie.    (See  Title.) 

Jordan  Brook. 

Jordan  Pond. 

Club  Harbor. 

Park  View. 

Sagamore  Point. 

The  Narrows. 

Shrewsbury  Bay. 

Matoonas  Point. 

Powder  Horn. 

Old  Faith  Bay. 

Round  Pond. 

Half  Moon  Bay. 
South  of  the  Causeway,  Worcester  side, 
north  : 

South  Bay. 

Point  Lookout. 

Leonard  Point.    (See  Title.) 


Park  Landing. 
Islands  south  of  the  Causeway. 
Ram  Island. 
Lone  Pine  Island. 
Long  Island. 
Blake  Island. 
The  Twins. 
K'orth  of  the  Causeway,  Worcester  side  : 
Regatta  Point. 
Half-way  Pine. 
Pannasunet  Point. 
Nannaswane  Point. 
Coal  Mine  Brook. 
Flatlands. 
Paine  Cove. 

Lakeside  Boat  Club.— See  Boat  Clubs. 

Lake  View. — The  settlement  west  of  Lake 
Quinsigamond  and  south  of  Belmont  street, 
and  one  of  the  stations  on  the  Worcester  & 
Shrewsbury  Railroad,  2^  miles  from  the  City 
Hall.  There  is  a  post-office,  school-house, 
church,  store,  etc.,  here. 

Lancaster. — The  oldest  and  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  towns  in  Worcester  County. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1653.  It  is  distant 
from  Worcester  16  miles,  on  the  Worcester, 
Nashua  &  Rochester  division  of  the  Boston  & 
Maine  Railroad.  Its  fine  scenery  and  other 
attractions  will  well  repay  a  visit.  Population 
in  1885,  2,050;  in  1890,  2, 201. 

Laurel  Hill. — The  elevated  region  east  of 
Summer  street,  to  which  Laurel  street  is  the 
leading  avenue. 

Law  Club. — Meetings  are  held  every  two 
weeks,  when  law  questions  selected  for  the 
occasion  are  discussed  by  members  of  the  club 
before  older  members  of  the  bar  sitting  as 
judges. 

Law  Library, — The  Worcester  County  Law 
Library  Association  was  formed  in  1842,  and 
the  library,  which  comprises  some  twelve 
thousand  volumes,  is  located  in  the  Granite 
Court  House  on  Court  Hill.  This  library  is 
for  the  use  of  members  of  the  bar,  but  the 
books  may  be  consulted  by  the  public. 

"Learned  Blacksmith." — At  the  age  of 

going  twenty-one,  Elihu  Burritt  began  the  study  of 
Latin  and  French,  and  later  learned  Greek 
while  toiling  at  the  anvil.  In  1837  he  was 
keeping  a  small  grocery  store  in  Connecticut, 
and  failed  during  the  financial  crisis,  losing  the 


53 


LEA— LIB 


little  he  possessed.  In  quest  of  opportunity  to 
pursue  his  favorite  studies  and  gain  a  liveli- 
hood at  the  same  time,  he  walked  to  Boston, 
and  from  there  to  Worcester,  where  he  found 
the  desired  combination  in  the  library  of  the 
American  Antiquarian  Society,  and  employ- 
ment in  a  blacksmith's  shop.  A  letter  to 
William  Lincoln  soliciting  employment  at 
translating  was  shown  to  Edward  Everett,  who 
soon  heralded  Mr.  Burritt  to  the  world  as  the 
"Learned  Blacksmith."  For  several  years 
Burritt  lectured  before  lyceums,  and  becoming 
interested  in  philanthropic  and  kindred  sub- 
jects, established  in  Worcester  the  Christian 
Citizen,''''  the  first  number  of  which  appeared 
January  6,  1844,  and  was  published  seven 
years.  Mr.  Burritt  for  many  years  devoted 
himself  to  the  interests  of  universal  peace,  and 
resided  abroad  for  a  long  period,  part  of  the 
time  as  Consul  of  the  United  States  at  Bir- 
mingham. He  made  extensive  tours  on  foot 
through  different  parts  of  Great  Britain,  and 
published  several  interesting  volumes  of  travel 
and  description  of  the  home-life  of  the  English 
and  Scotch.  His  last  public  appearance  in 
W^orcester  was  at  a  peace  meeting  held  in 
Mechanics  Hall,  November  24,  1871.  He 
died  in  New  Britain,  Conn,,  March  6,  1879, 
at  the  age  of  69.  As  to  Mr.  Burritt's  familiar- 
ity with  languages,  and  the  number  he  learned, 
many  exaggerated  statements  have  been  made. 
His  acquisitions  in  this  respect  were,  however, 
truly  wonderful,  and  his  achievements  worthy 
of  great  praise.  That  he  should  have  a  criti- 
cal knowledge  of  all  the  languages  he  gained, 
or  even  of  a  large  part  of  them,  was  not  to  be 
expected;  but  that  he  had  not  such  knowledge 
was  the  substance  of  a  comment  made  by 
Charles  Sumner,  who  appears  not  to  have  held 
the  attainments  of  the  blacksmith  in  high  es- 
teem. 

Leicester. — A  town  adjoining  Worcester 
on  the  southwest,  and  6  miles  distant.  It 
was  incorporated  in  1 713.  The  center  of  the 
town  is  not  accessible  by  railroad,  and  the 
nearest  station  is  Rochdale,  on  the  Boston  & 
Albany  Railroad.  It  is  connected  with  Wor- 
cester by  electric  street  railway.  Population  in 
1885,  2,923;  in  1890,  3,120. 

Leonard  Point. — The  most  prominent 
point  of  land  in  Lake  Park,  extending  into  the 
water.  It  is  in  front  of  the  old  estate  of 
Samuel  Leonard,  whose  son  was  captured  by 
the  Indians  in  1697,  ^"d  while  being  taken  to 


Canada  in  company  with  Hannah  Dustin,  es- 
caped with  that  heroic  woman,  assisting  her 
in  her  remarkable  exploit  of  killing  and  scalp- 
ing the  party  of  Indians.  The  Ijoy  figures  in 
the  histories  as  Leonardson. 

Letter    Carriers'    Relief  Association 

has  been  instituted  in  Worcester. 

Levels  in  Worcester. — The  elevation 
above  tide  level  of  some  places  in  Worcester 
is  given  below : 

At  City  Hall,  482  feet. 

At  Piedmont  Church,  508  feet. 

At  Salisbury's  Pond,  490  feet;  (surface  of 
the  water,  which  varies). 

At  Elm  Park,  498  feet. 

Top  of  Millstone  Hill,  780  feet. 

Top  of  Chandler  Hill,  721  feet. 

Top  of  Pakachoag  Hill,  693  feet. 

Top  of  Newton  Hill,  672  feet. 

Libraries. — In  the  Massachusetts  Spy  of 
May  23,  1793-,  appears  an  anouncement  of  the 
annual  meeting  of  The  IVorcestej-  Associate 
Circulating  Library  Company,''  Thomas 
Payson,  librarian.  Subcribers  were  notified 
that  the  books  would  be  ready  on  the  4th  of 
June.  This  association  was  later  known  as  the 
Worcester  Social  Library,  and  appears  to 
have  existed  some  forty  years,  for  the  books 
belonging  to  it  were  sold  by  auction  March  6, 
1833.  We  are  informed  by  Librarian  S.  S. 
Green,  in  his  article  on  the  Libraries  of  Wor- 
cester, published  in  the  recent  History  of 
Worcester  County,  that  an  association  was 
formed  here  in  181 1  called  the  ''Military 
Library  Society  in  the  Seventh  Division,'''' 
and  that  it  possessed  a  small  collection  of  books. 
The  library  of  the  Fraternity  of  Odd  Fellows 
was  maintained  a  few  years  from  about  1825. 
March  12,  1830,  the  "  Worcester  County 
Athemeum"  was  incorporated,  with  the  inten- 
tion of  forming  a  library  for  general  use. 
Thirty-four  proprietors  purchased  shares  at 
$25  each,  and  organized  with  Rev.  George 
Allen  as  President,  F.  W.  Paine,  Treasurer, 
and  Will  iam  Lincoln,  Secretary.  A  good  col- 
lection of  books  was  made,  but  the  association 
was  discontinued  after  a  few  years,  and  the 
books  went  to  the  American  Antiquarian 
Society.  The  Worcester  Lyceum,  formed 
November  5,  1829,  and  the  Young  Men's 
Library  Association  in  August,  1852,  united 
in  1856  under  the  name  of  the  L.yceum  and 
Library  Association,  and  consoUdated  their 
libraries,  which  formed  the  nucleus  of  the  cir- 


5 


LIB— LIG 


54 


culating  department  of  the  Free  Public  Library 
in  1859.  This  library  was  kept  in  the  upper 
story  of  the  Bank  building  on  Foster  street, 
where  also  were  deposited  the  private  library 
of  Dr.  John  Green  and  the  Worcester  District 
Medical  Library.  All  these  were  in  charge  of 
John  Gray  as  librarian.  Dr.  Green  gave  his 
library  to  the  city  and  endowed  it.  See  Free 
Public  Library. 

The  principal  libraries  in  Worcester  at  the 
present  time  are  here  named : 

American  Antiquarian  Society,  {See  title. ^ 

Free  Public  Library.    (  See  title. ) 

Worcester  Society  of  Antiquity .  {See  title.) 

Library  of  Ctark  University. 

Worcester  County  La7u  Library. — See 
Laiv  Library. 

Worcester  District  Medical  LJbrary. — See 
Medical  Library. 

Worcester  County  Mechanics  Association. 
— See  Mechanics  Association. 

Worcester  County  Linrticultural  Society. 
— See  LLorticultural  Society. 

The  High  School  has  a  library  of  some  size, 
and  the  Musical  Association  and  Choral  Union 
possess  libraries  of  books  pertaining  to  music. 
Several  educational  and  other  institutions  also 
own  collections  of  books. 

Libraries  Private). — The  largest  private 
libraries  in  the  ci^y  are  said  to  be  those  of 
Senator  Hoar  and  Jonas  G.  Clark,  Esq. 
There  are  large  libraries  at  the  Green  Hill 
mansion,  and  at  "The  Oaks"  on  Lincoln 
street.  The  valuable  library  of  the  late  John 
B.  Gough  at  Hillside  formerly,  with  its  princi- 
pal treasure,  the  collection  of  Cruikshank's 
illustrations,  some  of  them  being  original 
drawings  and  sketches,  has  been  dispersed  by 
auction.  Of  other  libraries  in  private  hands, 
several  are  not  mentioned,  in  deference  to  the 
wishes  of  their  owners.  Of  especially  curious 
and  unique  collections,  that  of  Mr.  Nathaniel 
Paine  is,  perhaps,  the  most  noteworthy,  for  a 
large  proportion  of  the  books  bear  evidence  of 
the  individuality  or  handiwork  of  the  owner, 
who  has  spent  much  time,  labor  and  money  in 
elaborating  and  extending  by  extra  illustrations 
many  standard  and  scarce  editions.  Among 
other  rarities  may  be  mentioned  the  Biog- 
raphies and  Portraits  of  the  Signers  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  with  autographs 
inserted.  Mr.  James  E.  Estabrook  has  a  fine 
private  library,  comprising  many  standard 
works  of  history  and  biography  in  the  best 


editions,  with  a  large  number  relating  to  the 
drama,  personal  memoirs,  etc.  In  old  books, 
Hon.  Clark  Jillson  easily  leads  in  these  parts, 
and  probably  in  New  England.  The  printed 
catalogue  of  his  library,  issued  from  his  own 
private  press,  informs  us  that  he  is  the  possess- 
or of  eleven  books  printed  before  the  year 
1500,  and  many  others  of  great  rarity  issued  in 
the  1 6th  and  17th  centuries.  His  earliest  im- 
print is  1467 — said  to  be  the  oldest  perfect 
iDOok  with  a  date  in  the  United  States.  Be- 
tween Judge  Jillson  and  Mr.  Samuel  H.  Put- 
nam, of  the  bookselling  firm  of  Putnam,  Davis 
!&  Co.,  a  pleasant  rivalry  has  existed  in  the 
matter  of  old  books,  and  the  latter  has  suc- 
ceeded in  obtaining  a  volume  bearing  the  date 
1470.  Mr.  Putnam's  facilities  in  trade  during 
the  past  twenty-five  years  have  enabled  him  to 
gather  a  fine  collection  of  books  in  standard 
and  scarce  editions,  covering  the  field  of  gener- 
al literature,  and  the  volumes  have  been  care- 
fully selected.  Mr.  Alfred  S.  Roe  has  made 
a  specialty  of  Rebellion  literature,  and  his 
collection  is  large  and  exhaustive.  He  has 
not,  however,  neglected  other  departments. 
Mr.  Ellery  B.  Crane  has  a  good  private  col- 
lection of  books  on  genealogy  and  heraldry. 
It  contains  such  works  as  the  Domesday  Book, 
Playfair's  British  Family  Antiquity,  many 
English  County  Visitations  and  Church  Regis- 
ters, Burke's  General  Armory  and  many  others. 
Mr.  Richard  O'Flynn  has  gathered  during 
many  years  a  private  library  illustrating  the 
history  of  Ireland  and  of  the  Irish  people,  and 
his  books  have  been  well  conned,  for  he  is  an 
authority  upon  the  subjects  of  which  they  treat. 
The  library  of  the  compiler  of  this  Dictionary 
principally  consists  of  books  upon  subjects  re- 
lating to  the  political  history  of  the  United 
States,  in  which  he  has  a  particular  interest. 
There  are  other  private  collections  worthy  of 
notice,  and  which  do  their  owners  much 
credit. 

Light. — A  weekly  literary  and  society  paper 
in  quarto  form,  the  first  number  of  which  ap- 
peared March  i,  1890.  It  was  established  by 
Nathaniel  C.  Fowler  and  Fred  E.  Colburn. 
Mr.  Colburn  sold  his  interest  to  Mr.  F.  E. 
Kennedy  on  the  fifth  of  April,  and  June  28 
Mr.  Fowler  retired.  The  paper  was  pur- 
chased of  Mr.  Kennedy  by  Mr.  A.  S.  Roe  on 
the  20th  of  December  and  the  latter  continued 
as  editor  and  publisher  till  March  of  1892. 
The  paper  is  now  issued  by  the  Light  Publish- 
ing Co.    The  office  is  at  339  Main  street. 


55 


LIG— LIT 


Light  Infantry. — This  company  was  organ- 
ized in  1804,  in  response  to  a  demand  for 
better  conditioned  militia.  The  first  pubHc 
parade  was  made  June  6,  1804,  under  com- 
mand of  Capt.  Levi  Thaxter.  September  1 1, 
1814,  this  company  marched  to  Boston  with 
the  Worcester  Artillery  to  repel  expected 
British  invasion.  They  remained  in  camp  at 
South  Boston  till  October  31,  when  they  re- 
turned. In  1861  the  Light  Infantry  belonged 
to  the  6th  Regt.,  and  quickly  responded  to 
the  call  for  troops  to  suppress  the  Rebellion, 
leaving  Worcester  on  the  17th  of  April,  and 
passed  safely  through  Baltimore  on  the  memor- 
able 19th,  when  a  portion  of  the  command 
was  massacred  in  that  city.  After  three  months' 
service,  most  of  which  was  in  Maryland,  the 
company  arrived  home  the  1st  of  August.  It 
is  now  attached  to  the  2d  Regt.  and  designated 
as  Company  C. 

Lincoln  House. — A  popular  hotel,  located 
on  Elm  street.  The  Main  street  block  in 
front,  now  used  for  other  purposes,  was  opened 
in  connection  with  the  present  hotel  as  the 
Lincoln  House,  June  2,  1856.  This  estab- 
lishment not  being  successful,  the  property 
was  divided,  the  rear  portion  only,  which  had 
been  a  hotel — the  old  "Worcester  House" — • 
since  1835,  being  now  confined  to  that  use. 
The  old  part  of  the  building  was  erected  in 
1812  by  Hon.  Levi  Lincoln,  and  occupied  as 
a  residence  by  him  till  1835.  There  was  a 
fine  garden  in  front,  the  site  of  which  was 
covered  by  a  row  of  low  buildings  called  the 
Tombs,  and  later  by  the  present  Lincoln 
House  Block. 

Lincoln  Park. — The  pleasure  ground  at 
the  terminus  of  the  Worcester  and  Shrews- 
bury Railroad,  Lake  Quinsigamond.  During 
the  summer  season  band  playing  and  other 
attractions  are  maintained  here  daily,  and 
Sundays  especially.  Steamboats  make  fre- 
quent trips  from  the  wharves  at  the  park, 
down  the  lake  and  above  the  causeway  to 
Natural  History  Camp.  Abundant  facilities 
for  boating  are  also  afforded  close  by.  The 
Belmont  House  is  connected  by  a  bridge  with 
the  park.    The  park  is  private  property. 

Lincoln  Square. — At  the  north  end  of 
Main  street.  Highland,  Salisbury,  Prescott, 
Lincoln,  Belmont,  Summer  and  Union  streets 
all  radiate  from  this  point.  On  the  north  is 
the  old  Salisbury  mansion,  one  of  the  most  in- 
teresting buildings  in  Worcester.    The  wooden 


structure  on  the  corner  of  Belmont  street  was, 
in  its  original  form,  occupied  early  in  the  cen- 
tury by  Hon.  Levi  Lincoln  as  a  residence. 
On  the  east  side  of  Summer  street  can  be  seen 
the  old  Antiquarian  Hall,  erected  by  Isaiah 
Thomas  in  1820;  between  Summer  and  Union 
streets  are  the  substantial  Uean  and  Salisbury 
buildings,  erected  by  Stephen  Salisbury,  Esq. 
At  the  entrance  to  Court  Hill  is  the  hall  and 
treasure-house  of  the  American  Antiquarian 
Society,  while  in  full  view  in  different  direc- 
tions are  the  County  Court  Houses  on  the  hill; 
the  residence  of  Mr.  Salisbury,  on  Highland 
street;  the  new  Central  Church  and  parsonage^ 
on  Salisbury  street;  and  beyond,  the  new- 
Armory  building  and  the  Society  of  Antiquity 
building.  The  steam  railroad  and  street  car 
lines  pass  through  the  square.  The  station 
of  the  Boston  &  Maine  and  Fitchburg  Rail- 
roads stands  between  Lincoln  and  Prescott 
streets. 

Literary  Men. — The  atmosphere  of  Wor- 
cester seems  not  to  be  favorable  for  the  culti- 
vation either  of  literature  or  the  fine  arts,  and 
literary  men  are  not  inclined  to  take  up  a  resi- 
dence here,  although  there  are  some  apparent 
attractions  and  advantages.  Nor  in  the  past 
do  we  find  many  names  among  residents  of 
the  place  which  can  be  enrolled  with  those 
entitled  to  literary  fame.  Rev.  Aaron  Ban- 
croft was  a  writer  of  some  merit,  but  not 
equal  to  his  distinguished  son,  George  Ban- 
croft, the  historian,  who  was  born  here  in  1800. 
The  elder  Bancroft  wrote  perhaps  the  first 
life  of  W'ashington  published  in  this  country. 
William  Sheldon,  an  Englishman  2iX\^2.  littera- 
teur of  versatility,  resided  in  Worcester  a 
few  years  previous  to  181 2.  He  was  employed 
by  Isaiah  Thomas  to  supervise  the  publica- 
tion of  the  History  of  Printing,  was  editor  of 
the  Spy,  and  wrote  one  or  two  books  while  he 
lived  in  the  place.  W^illiam  Charles  White, 
"player,  poet,  advocate  and  author,"  was  in 
Worcester  more  or  less  during  the  period  1797- 
1818,  and  died  here  the  last  named  year. 
Rev.  Charles  A.  Goodrich,  a  brother  of  the 
celebrated  "Peter  Parley,"  was  minister  of 
the  Old  South  Church  from  181 6  to  1820. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  historical  works. 
William  Lincoln,  the  historian  of  Worcester, 
was  a  writer  of  elegance.  Rev.  John  S.  C. 
Abbott,  best  known  as  the  author  of  the  life 
of  Napoleon,  was  pastor  of  the  Calvinist 
Church  in  Worcester  from  1830  to  1835.  He 


LOG— MAG 


56 


was  a  writer  of  marked  ability,  and  his  produc- 
tions were  widely  circulated.  "The  Mother 
at  Home,"  written  in  Worcester,  passed 
through  many  editions,  and  was  translated 
into  nearly  all  the  European  languages.  It 
was  printed  in  Greek  at  Athens,  and  in  Dutch 
at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Elihu  Burritt 
(^see  Learned  Blacksmith^  was  a  resident  here 
several  years.  Rev.  Edward  Everett  Hale 
was  pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Unity  from 
1846  to  1856.  Thomas  Wentworth  Higgin- 
son  lived  in  Worcester  before  the  War,  and 
was  succeeded  as  minister  of  the  Free  Church 
by  David  A.  Wasson,  who  will  be  remembered 
as  one  of  the  contributors  to  the  Atlantic 
MontJily  of  twenty-five  years  ago.  Alfred 
Waites  is  known  as  a  Shakesperean  scholar 
and  investigator,  and  his  published  replies  to 
Ignatius  Donnelly  have  been  considered  con- 
clusive in  the  Baconian  controversy. 

Locomotive  Engineers  (Brotherhood 
of). —  Worcester  Division,  ^'0.64,  was  organ- 
ized in  1868.  Bay  State  Lodge,  No.  7?, 
Brother Jiood  of  Locomotive  Firemen,  was  or- 
ganized in  1877. 

Long  Pond. — See  Lake  Qui nsigamond. 

Lumber  Dealers'  Association. — After 
one  or  two  preliminary  meetings  of  the  lumber 
dealers  of  the  city,  an  organization  was  per- 
fected on  the  20th  of  January,  1886,  under 
the  name  of  the  Lumber  Dealers'  Association 
of  IVorcester,  its  object  being  to  promote  a 
friendly  and  social  feeling  among  the  dealers 
in  that  branch  of  trade,  and  to  inaugurate  such 
measures  as  might  tend,  so  far  as  possible,  to 
elevate  the  condition  of  all  persons  in  any 
way  connected  with  the  business. 

Lunatic  Hospitals. — See  Lnsane  Asylums. 

Lutheran  Churches. — There  are  three 
Lutheran  Churches  in  Worcester,  The  S^oedish 
Evangelical  L.i/theran,  Gethsemane  Church, 
on  Alulberry  street,  was  founded  in  1 88 1. 
The  .Vor^cegiafi  Lutheran  Church,  founded 
in  1887,  meets  in  the  Summer  Street  Church. 
The  German  Ec'angelical  L.utheran  Church, 
founded  in  1888,  meets  at  205  Summer  street. 

Lynde  Brook. — This  brook  rises  in  Leices- 
ter, and  Hows  south  to  supply  the  Worcester 
city  reservoir  in  that  town,  thence  to  Cherry 
Valley,  where  it  meets  Kettle  Brook. 

Magazines  Published  in  Worcester. — 

The  Massachusetts  Spy  suspended  publication 


from  1786  to  1788,  in  consequence  of  the  tax 
upon  newspapers,  and  the  IVorcester  Magazine 
in  octavo  form  appeared  in  its  place.  The 

Worcester  Magazine  and  Historical  Journal, 
edited  by  William  Lincoln  and  Christopher 
Baldwin,  was  published  in  1825-6.    This  publi- 
cation   is  now  scarce.     There  w^as  another 

Worcester  ALagazine,  which  was  printed  in 
1843,  and  edited  by  John  Milton  Thayer,  since 
governor  of  Nebraska.  Elihu  Burritt  printed 
for  a  short  time  the  Literary  Genii  nee,  a  maga- 
zine in  French  and  English.  (See  Catholic 
School  and  LLome  Magazine :  and  the  article 
on  Clark  University. 

Maine  (Natives  of). — This  association 
was  formed  in  1882,  and  now  numbers  800. 

Manufactures. — There  are  so  many  differ- 
ent articles  manufactured  in  Worcester  that 
a  complete  list  cannot  be  given,  but  some  idea 
of  the  variety  of  products  can  be  had  from 
those  mentioned  below  :  Agricultural  machin- 
ery, artists'  plates,  awls  and  machine  needles, 
belting,  bicycles,  blacking,  l)olts,  brass  work, 
band  instruments,  boots  and  shoes,  beer, 
brooms,  brushes,  card  clothing,  carpets,  car- 
riages, chemicals,  confectionery,  copying 
presses,  corsets,  cutlery,  dies,  doors,  blinds 
and  sash,  drain  pipes,  drills,  drop  forgings, 
emery  wheels,  elevators,  envelopes,  files,  fire 
arms,  fire-extinguishers,  flexible  doors,  furni- 
ture, ginghams,  horse  blankets,  iron  castings, 
lasts,  leather  goods,  looms,  malleable  iron, 
marble  and  stone  work,  moulding,  organs 
and  reeds,  paper  machinery,  patent  medi- 
cines, plating,  pottery,  presses,  railroad  cars, 
railroad  iron,  refrigerators,  reed  and  harness, 
satinets,  saws,  skates,  soap,  stained  glass 
windows,  steam  boilers,  steam  engines,  steel, 
tacks  and  nails,  tape,  trunks,  tools,  turbine 
wheels,  wood-working  machinery,  water 
meters,  wire,  wrenches,  yarns.  Some  of 
the  more  important  branches  of  manufacture 
are  noticed  below.  Full  particulars  cannot 
here  be  entered  into,  and  mere  facts  are 
stated  without  any  attempt  to  digest  them. 
What  is  here  given  refers  more  to  the  past 
than  the  present,  and  the  reader  must  consult 
other  abundant  sources  of  information  if  he 
desires  full  particulars  to  date. 

Agricultural  Implements.  OHver  Weth- 
erbee  made  plows  in  Worcester  in  1820. 
William  A.  Wheeler  also  made  plows  and  im- 
plements about  the  same  time,  or  soon  after. 


^7 


MAN— 


In  1833  Joel  Nourse,  who  had  previously 
manufactured  cast-iron  plows  in  Shrewsbury, 
established  in  Worcester  the  business  carried 
on  for  many  years  by  Ruggles,  Nourse  & 
Mason.  This  firm  was  formed  in  1838,  and 
occupied  the  Court  Mills,  making  plows  and 
a  variety  of  implements.  In  i860  they  were 
succeeded  by  Oliver  Ames  &  Sons,  and  in  1874 
the  works  were  removed  to  the  new  shop  on 
Prescott  street.  The  Ames  Plow  Co.  now  em- 
ploy about  1 75  men,  and  make  all  kinds  of  agri- 
cultural implements,  wheelbarrows,  meat  cut- 
ters, etc.  J.  M.  C.  Armsby  manufactured 
agricultural  implements  here  some  years  ago, 
and  mowing  machines  have  been  made  by 
different  parties. 

Boots  and  Shoes  and  Leather.  The 
boot  and  shoe  business  has  been  and  is  an  im- 
portant contributor  to  the  prosperity  of  Wor- 
cester. The  largest  establishments  at  present 
are  named  in  the  following  list  :  F.  W. 
Blacker,  successor  to  J.  H.  &  G.  M.  Walker, 
Eaton  place  ;  Hey  wood  Boot  and  Shoe  Co., 
Winter  street  ;  Bay  State  Shoe  and  Leather 
Co.,  Austin  street  ;  Goddard,  Stone  &  Co., 
Austin  street  ;  C.  C.  Houghton  &  Co.,  Front 
street;  E.  H.  Stark  &  Co.,  Main  street; 
Samuel  Brown,  Barton  place  ;  Bemis  & 
Fletcher,  Front  street  ;  J.  E.  Wesson,  Mul- 
berry street  ;  Whitcomb  &  Miles,  Shrewsbury 
street  ;  David  Cummings  &  Co.,  King  street. 
The  whole  number  of  hands  employed  in  1885 
was  2,633. 

It  is  now  difficult  to  determine  at  just  what 
time  the  distinction  should  be  made  between 
the  'i\\o&i?iaker  and  the  niaiiiifactiircr  :  for  if 
a  man  made  a  few  extra  pairs  of  shoes  and 
offered  them  for  sale,  he  became  a  manu- 
facturer. In  1801,  Lefavor  &  Blanchard  ad- 
vertised "  Ladies'  Shoemaking  Business,"  one 
door  north  of  Barker's  Tavern  in  Worcester. 
The  next  year  they  were  succeeded  by  Doliver 
&  Swasey.  In  1807,  Jonathan  Martin  set  up 
here  as  "Boot  and  Shoemaker  in  General," 
and  the  name  of  John  Sweetser,  Shoemaker, 
also  appears  in  the  public  prints.  In  181 1, 
Aaron  C.  Coleman,  "Boot  and  Shoemaker 
from  New  York,"  had  a  shop  near  the  Court 
House.  The  "Boot  and  Shoe  Manufactory" 
of  Lemuel  Snow  was  located  opposite  W^aldo's 
store,  in  1815,  and  the  name  of  Wm.  Tracy 
also  appears  in  connection  with  the  business 
about  this  time.  Others  wer£  Howe  &  Smith 
(1816),  Thomas  Howe  (1818),  Miles  Putnam 


and  Benjamin  V>.  Otis  ( 1825),  and  Aug.  Cow- 
din  (1826).  Later  well  known  manufacturers 
were  Ansel  Larkin,  Timothy  S.  Stone  (1835- 
1871);  Joseph  Walker  and  his  sons  ^1843- 
1888);  Bliss  Bros,  (about  1850);  Smyth  Bros. 
(1852-1872);  Hiram  French  (1852-1872), 
Rufus  Wesson  (1850- 1 873);  Aaron  G. 
Walker  (1853-1873):  C.  H.  Fitch,  Alba 
Houghton,  E.  N.  Childs,  Luther  Stowe, 
David  Cummings,  H.  B.  Jenks,  and  H.  B. 
Fay. 

Of  boot  and  shoe  dealers  in  the  past,  Oliver 
A.  Hervey  appears  in  181 3;  Lemuel  Snow,  in 
I814;  John  A.  Lazell,  1816;  Seth  Reed, 
1821.  Miss  Elizabeth  Denny,  ladies'  shoes, 
I821;  Johathan  Wood,  1823;  Earle  &  Chase, 
Worcester  Shoe  Store,  1824;  Putnam  &  Otis, 
1831;  James  Whittemore,  1831;  Rufus  W. 
Whiting,  in  1833.  The  latter  was  succeeded 
in  1835  by  Geo.  W.  Wheeler,  afterwards  for 
many  years  City  Treasurer.  Whiting  started 
the  first  railroad  express  business  in  this  coun- 
try ^sec  Express  Bi/siiicss).  Other  dealers 
from  1837  to  1845  were  Amos  Cutter,  E.  N. 
Harrington,  John  P.  Southgate  and  James  H. 
Wall,  W.  R.  Whittaker,  J.  F.  Edwards,  Cyrus 
W.'and  Asa  S.  Stratton,  Benjamin  B.  Hill 
and  Aaron  Stone,  Jr.,  Samuel  B.  Scott,  Cyrus 
C.  Chickering,  Otis  &  Baker,  Baker  &  Thomp- 
son, Chas.  B.  Robbins,  Jeremiah  Bond,  Am- 
ma  Beaman  and  Chas.  M.  Foster,  Thomas 
Earle,  J.  B.  &  Jas.  D.  Fuller,  David  B.  Hub- 
bard, Olney  F.  Thompson  and  Chas.  Ballard, 
Edward  Southwick,  Hale  &  Wright.  The 
oldest  boot  and  shoe  store  is  that  of  Bemis  & 
Co.,  at  421  and  423  Main  street,  established 
by  Edward  Bemis  in  1846. 

In  I  789,  Palmer  and  Daniel  Goulding  own- 
ed the  Tanyard  in  Worcester.  In  1800  it 
was  in  the  hands  of  Andrew  Tufts,  and  later 
owners  were  Samuel  Johnson,  Thomas  Stearns, 
Asa  Wilder  &  Co.,  Nymphas  Pratt  and  Ebene- 
zer  H.  Bowen.  The  old  tannery  was  in  the 
rear  of  the  Exchange  Hotel,  down  old  Market 
street.  Well-known  leather  dealers  in  times 
past  were  Reuben  Wheeler,  (1819);  Samuel 
Allen  and  Levi  A.  Dowley  (1826);  Benj.  B. 
Hill  &  Co.  (1835);  E.  N.  Harrington  and  J. 
H.  Wall  (1837);  and  John  P.  Southgate 
(1838). 

A  patent  right  for  putting  boots  and  shoes 
together  with  copper  nails  was  advertised  in 
the  Worcester  papers  in  181 3.  This  was 
years  before  shoe  pegs  were  used.  India  rub- 
ber overshoes  were   first  offered  for  sale  in 


MAN— 


58 


1827.  Thomas  Howe,  about  1830,  invented 
improvements  for  cutting  and  crimping  boots. 

Card  Clothing.  At  the  beginning  of 
this  century  the  town  of  Leicester  was  the  cen- 
ter of  card-making  industry  in  the  United 
States.  The  teeth  at  that  time  were  inserted 
in  the  leather  by  hand,  though  Eleazer  Smith 
of  Walpole  had  invented  a  card-setting 
machine  soon  after  the  close  of  the  revolution- 
ary war,  and  Amos  Whittemore  had  obtained 
a  patent  for  one  in  1797.  That  these  machines 
were  not  successfully  used  is  shown  by  the  fact 
that  as  late  as  181 9,  Joshua  Lamb  obtained  a 
patent  for  a  machine  to  make  the  wire  teeth 
-which  were  afterwards  to  be  put  in  by  hand, 
which  continued  to  be  done  until  about  1830. 
William  B.  Earle  made  one  of  the  first  success- 
ful card-sticking  machines  about  1829.  Pre- 
vious to  this  date  several  different  machines 
for  making  teeth  had  been  invented.  A  col- 
lection of  these  can  be  seen  in  the  museum  of 
the  Worcerter  Society  of  Antiquity,  and  com- 
prises the  following  :  One  made  by  Pliny 
Earle  of  Leicester  in  1793;  one  made  by 
Eleazer  Smith,  in  181 2  ;  two  by  Charles 
Elliot,  181 5-1 7;  one  rotary,  inventor  .and 
date  unknown;  and  an  English  machine  called 
a  Bednigo.  The  sticking  machine  made  by 
William  B.  Earle  in  1827,  and  the  one  con- 
structed under  his  direction  since  his  blindness 
are  also  in  the  possession  of  the  society.  Mr. 
E>arle,  now  living  in  his  87th  year,  built  many 
machines  in  Worcester,  and  other  extensive 
builders  were  N.  Ainsworth,  Samuel  W.  Kent, 
David  McFarland  and  David  O.  Woodman. 

Daniel  Denny  appears  to  have  been  the  first 
manufacturer  of  cards  in  Worcester.  He  had 
a  factory  in  1798  at  the  north  corner  of  Main 
and  Mechanic  streets.  In  1834  William  B. 
Earle  made  cards  here;  and  in  1843  Timothy 
K.  and  Edward  Earle  moved  from  Leicester, 
and  established  the  business  now  carried  on 
by  the  T.  K.  Earle  Manufacturing  Company 
on  Grafton  street.  The  Earle  factory  is  one 
of  the  largest  and  best  equipped  in  the  country. 

The  Sargent  Card  Clothing  Company  was 
formed  in  1866,  and  the  large  factory  built  on 
Southbridge  street,  which,  with  the  business, 
passed  into  the  hands  of  James  Smith  &  Co., 
of  Philadelphia,  in  1879.  Howard  Brothers 
began  in  1868,  and  Charles  F.  Kent  in  1880. 
Some  forty  years  ago  a  Timothy  Earle  (not  T. 
K. )  was  in  company  with  a  man  named 
Eames,  and  they  made  cards  in  a  small  way 


on  Front  street.  Ichabod  Washburn  also 
manufactured  cards  in  connection  with  his 
other  branches  of  business  about  1848,  and 
Earle  Warner  was  another  manufacturer  at 
the  same  time. 

The  making  of  card-clothing  is  now  a 
monopoly,  and  the  industry  is  largely  con- 
trolled by  the  American  Card  Clothing  Com- 
pany, the  Sargent  and  Earle  factories  in  Wor- 
cester being  operated  by  that  concern.  The 
Howard  and  Kent  factories  are  still  independ- 
ent. The  policy  has  been  to  absorb  the 
smaller  concerns  in  the  larger  ones.  At  least 
one-third  of  the  machines  in  the  United 
States — some  500 — are  operated  in  Worcester, 
about  125  hands  being  employed  here. 

Envelopes.  There  are  four  envelope 
manufactories  in  the  city:  The  Whitcomb 
Envelope  Co.,  on  Salisbury  street;  the  Lo- 
gan, Swift  &  Brigham  Co.,  on  Grove  street; 
W.  H.  Hill's,  on  Water  street,  and  Emerson, 
Low  &  Barber  Co.,  on  Foster  street.  Hill's 
is  the  oldest  establishment.  About  one-third 
of  the  envelopes  made  in  this  country  are  pro- 
duced by  the  Worcester  factories;  between 
four  and  five  hundred  persons  being  em- 
ployed. Dr.  Russell  L.  Hawes,  of  Worcester, 
invented  the  first  successful  machine  for  mak- 
ing envelopes,  and  it  was  first  operated  in 
Worcester  in  1852  or  '53.  Dr.  Hawes  began 
the  business  in  the  Earle  building  in  the 
quarters  formerly  occupied  by  Mr.  Hill.  The 
Whitcomb  Company  was  founded  in  1864, 
and  the  Logan,  Swift  &  Brigham  Co.  in  1884. 
James  G.  Arnold  and  D.  W.  and  H.  D.  Swift 
.vere  the  inventors  of  the  most  important  prin- 
ciples and  features  of  the  envelope  machinery 
in  use  here  at  the  present  time. 

Fire-Arms.  The  famous  Waters  armory 
or  fire-arms  manufactory  was  established  in 
1808  by  Asa  Waters,  2d,  in  that  part  of 
Sutton,  now  Millbury,  and  was  continued  in 
operation  till  1845,  and  revived  during  the 
Civil  war.  Harding  Slocomb,  Clarendon 
Wheelock,  Orlando  Ware,  Joseph  S.  Ware 
and  John  R.  Morse  were  engaged  in  Worces- 
ter in  the  manufacture  of  fire-arms  in  a  limited 
way  during  the  period  1820  to  1835.  Ethan 
Allen,  widely  known  as  an  enterprising  man 
in  this  business,  came  to  Worcester  in  1847, 
and  occupied  a  part  of  the  Merrifield  building 
until  the  fire  of  1854,  and  subsequent  to  that 
erected  and  occupied  a  brick  building  near 


59 


MAN— 


the  Junction  station.  His  brothers-in-law, 
Charles  Thurber  and  J.  P.  Wheelock,  were  at 
different  times  associated  with  him,  and  his 
sons-in-law,  Sullivan  Forehand  and  Henry  C. 
Wadsworth,  succeeded  to  the  business,  which 
is  at  present  continued  by  Mr.  Forehand,  who 
occupies  the  stone  building  on  Gardner  street 
erected  by  the  late  Daniel  Tainter.  Mr. 
Allen  made  many  valuable  improvements  in 
fire-arms,  and  invented  machinery  for  their 
manufacture,  and  the  making  of  cartridges 
of  metal.  Frank  Wesson,  Frank  Copeland 
B.  F.  Joslyn,  G.  H.  Harrington  and  William 
A.  Richardson  are  other  names  now  or  for- 
merly well  known  in  the  business.  The  two 
latter  continue  under  the  name  of  the  Har- 
rington &  Richardson  Arms  Company  and 
manufacture  revolvers.  Iver  Johnson  &  Co., 
another  firm  manufacturing  guns  and  pistols, 
bicycles,  and  other  wares,  recently  removed 
to  Fitchburg. 

Looms.  Early  loom  builders  in  Worcester 
were  William  Hovey  and  William  H.  How- 
ard. Silas  Dinsmore,  Prescott  Wheelock, 
Fitzroy  Willard,  and  Phelps  &  Bickford  are 
other  well-known  names  in  connection  with 
loom  building.  Forbush  &  Crompton  followed 
the  latter  firm,  and  in  1859  Mr.  Forbush  re- 
moved to  Philadelphia,  disposing  of  his 
interest  in  Worcester  to  Mr.  Crompton,  who 
conducted  the  business  alone  till  his  death  in 
1886.  The  Crompton  Loom  Works  are  now 
owned  by  a  stock  company.  The  firm  of  L. 
J.  Knowles  &  Bro.  began  to  manufacture 
looms  at  Warren  in  war  time,  and  removed  to 
Worcester  in  1866.  The  Knowles  Loom 
Works  are  located  on  Tainter  street.  The 
Gilbert  Loom  Co.,  on  Union  street,  was 
established  in  1866.  Several  hundred  hands 
are  employed  in  this  industry. 

Machinists'  Tools.  Machinists'  tools 
have  been  extensively  manufactured  here  in 
the  past.  The  pioneer  in  this  line  was  proba- 
bly Samuel  Flagg,  who  began  to  make  lathes, 
tools,  etc.,  at  the  old  Court  Mills  about  fifty 
years  ago.  Pierson  Cowie,  at  the  Red  Mills 
on  Green  street,  was  another  early  manufac- 
turer of  machinists'  tools.  He  was  succeeded 
by  Wood,  Light  &  Co.,  and  they  built  the 
large  shop  south  of  the  Junction,  later  occupied 
by  the  Mclver  Bros.  Machine  Co.  Lucius 
W.  Pond  was  a  successor  of  Samuel  Flagg, 
nd  occupied  the  building  on  Union  street  for 


about  fifteen  years  previous  to  1875;  was 
succeeded  by  the  Pond  Machine  Tool  Co., 
recently  removed  to  Plainfield,  N.  J.  There 
are  several  large  concerns  in  Worcester  at 
present. 

Musical  Instruments.  In  1834  Stephen 
W.  Marsh  and  Levi  Liscom  manufactured 
piano-fortes  in  a  room  in  Central  Exchange. 
Isaac  Fiske  manufactured  band  instruments 
here  for  nearly  forty  years,  and  the  business  is 
continued  by  Conn  &  Co.,  Crompton's  block, 
on  Mechanic  street.  Seraphines  and  melo- 
deons  were  made  in  Worcester  before  1850, 
early  makers  being  Milton  M.  Morse,  a  Mr. 
Jewett,  and  Farley,  Pierson  &  Co.  From 
these  instruments  the  cabinet  organ  has  been 
developed,  and  several  large  companies  have 
at  different  times  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
in  Worcester,  of  whom  Taylor  &  Farley  were 
longest  in  business.  The  Loring  &  Blake  Co., 
on  Union  street,  was  incorporated  in  1868. 
The  Taber  Organ  Co.,  Brown  &  Simpson  Co. 
(pianos;,  and  Mason  &  Risch  (vocalion)  are 
now  making  musical  instruments.  There  are 
also  three  large  manufactories  of  organ  reeds. 

Railroad  Iron.  In  1857  Nathan  Wash- 
burn erected  the  works  on  the  Bloomingdale 
road  of  late  known  as  the  Worcester  Steel 
Works.  Mr.  Washburn  was  the  inventor  of 
a  car-wheel,  which  he  had  manufactured  for 
several  years  in  another  part  of  the  city,  and 
built  the  new  works  to  use  in  part  to  make 
these  wheels  and  locomotive  tires,  but  was 
soon  induced  by  George  W.  Gill,  whom  he 
had  taken  into  partnership,  to  engage  in  roll- 
ing iron  rails,  which  continued  to  be  the 
principal  product  of  the  plant  for  many 
years.  In  1864  a  company  known  as  the 
Washburn  Iron  Co.  was  formed,  and  by 
change  of  ownership  in  1883,  it  became  the 
Worcester  Steel  Works.  Hon.  Geo.  M.  Rice 
was  the  principal  owner.  Some  years  ago,  in 
consequence  of  the  general  adoption  of  steel 
rails,  the  machinery  and  methods  were 
changed  to  meet  the  demand,  and  steel  rails 
were  produced  by  the  Bessemer  process.  Coal 
and  iron  mines  were  acquired  in  Rhode  Island, 
which  gave  this  company  a  great  advantage. 
The  enterprise  finally  failed,  and  recently  the 
Bessemer  works  were  removed  to  the  West. 
A  new  company  has  possession  of  the  plant  as 
it  remains. 


MAN— 


60 


Wire.  The  Stowells  made  wire  in  Wor- 
cester during  the  war  of  181 2,  but  it  was 
afterwards  imported  at  a  lower  price  than  it 
could  be  produced  with  the  rude  American 
appliances.  The  present  extensive  works  of 
the  Washburn  &  Moen  Manufacturing  Co. 
are  the  outcome  of  the  business  established  in 
a  small  way  by  Ichabod  Washburn,  who  first 
began  to  make  wire  in  a  factory  at  Northville 
in  1 83 1  or  '32,  in  company  with  Benjamin 
Goddard.  In  1835  Mr.  Washburn  occupied 
a  building  erected  by  the  late  Hon.  Stephen 
Salisbury  on  Grove  street,  and  this  was  the 
nucleus  of  the  large  mills  at  that  locality.  A 
mill  was  in  operation  at  South  Worcester, 
owned  by  Mr,  Washburn  and  his  brother 
Charles,  the  latter  also  being  interested  in 
establishing  the  branch  mill  at  Quinsigamond. 
In  1868  the  present  company  was  formed 
with  a  capital  of  one  million  dollars,  which 
has  been  increased  to  a  milHon  and  a  half. 
The  first  piano  wire  made  in  this  country  was 
produced  by  Mr.  Washburn,  and  the  manu- 
facture is  continued  at  the  present  time.  All 
varieties  and  sizes  of  iron  and  steel  wire,  in- 
cluding card  and  telegraph  wire,  are  drawn  in 
these  mills;  and  barbed  fence  wire  has  for  the 
last  fifteen  years  formed  a  large  portion  of  the 
product.  Copper  wire  is  also  extensively 
manufactured.  The  works  of  the  Washburn 
&  Moen  Co.  form  the  largest  wire  manufac- 
tory in  the  world,  and  the  largest  single 
enterprise  in  Worcester.  Over  3,000  hands 
are  employed,  and  the  annual  product  is  about 
75,000  tons  of  wire. 

The  Worcester  Wire  Company  manufacture 
various-  kinds  of  wire  at  South  Worcester. 
This  is  an  oft-shoot  of  the  Washburn  &  Moen 
Co.,  and  was  established  by  William  E.  Rice, 
who  is  also  president  of  the  older  concern. 

Wood  Working  Machinery.  In  1S03 
Abel  Stowell,  of  Worcester,  received  from  the 
president  of  the  United  States  a  patent  for  the 
invention  of  a  "  gauge  augre,"  so  constructed 
as  to  bore  a  hole  of  any  given  size  from  one 
inch  to  two  and  a  half  inches,  with  the  same 
shank  or  handle,  and  by  means  of  another 
shank  a  hole  from  two  and  a  half  to  six  inches 
diameter.  In  a  paper  on  the  manufacture  of 
lumber,  by  Ellery  B.  Crane,  printed  in  the 
Proceediuf^s  of  the  Worcester  Society  of  An- 
tiquity for  1884  (in  Vol.  VI.  of  the  collec- 
tions), we  find  the  following:  "It  is  claimed 
that  Worcester  County  is  the  locality  in  this 


country  in  which  lumber  was  first  manufac- 
tured from  the  log  with  the  circular  saw;  and 
there  are  various  stories  as  to  who  set  the  first 
one  in  motion  in  this  vicinity.  Mr.  Lewis 
Brown  is  reported  as  having  operated  the  first 
one  at  the  old  Red  Mill,  which  stood  near  the 
spot  now  occupied  by  the  Crompton  Loom 
Works.  It  is  also  claimed  that  a  Mr.  Flagg 
was  the  pioneer;  but  from  the  best  informa- 
tion at  hand,  I  think  the  credit  should  be 
given  to  Willard  Earle,  a  native  of  Hubbards- 
ton.  Mr.  Earle  was  an  enterprising  and 
ingenious  man,  and  early  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  lumber.  While  thus  employed, 
about  the  year  181 7,  he  visited  Boston  on 
business,  and  going  into  Mr.  Thomas  Holt's 
hardware  store  in  Dock  square,  his  eye  fell 
upon  a  package  of  circular  saws,  which  for 
some  time  past  had  been  an  object  of  curiosity 
— an  unexplained  marvel.  Mr.  Earle's  keen, 
perceptive  eye  enabled  him  to  unravel  the 
mystery.  He  listened  to  Mr.  Holt's  story, 
how  some  time  before  he  had  sent  to  England 
an  order  for  hardware,  among  the  rest  a  few 
dozen  circular  saws,  meaning  keyhole  or  fret 
saws,  to  cost  about  five  pounds  sterling;  and 
on  receiving  the  goods  how  astonished  he  was 
at  finding  these  round  saws,  which  no  mortal 
man  knew  the  use  of,  and  which  had  cost  him 
so  much  money.  Mr.  Earle  purchased  the 
saws  for  a  small  sum  and  took  them  to  Hub- 
bardston,  where  he  used  them  in  sawing  lum- 
ber. Previous  to  1830,  he  constructed  a 
machine,  for  which  he  took  out  a  patent, 
using  one  of  these  saws  for  cutting  shingles." 

William  T.  Merrifield  used  a  circular  saw 
driven  by  horse-power  in  Worcester  as  early 
as  1828,  and  in  1842  he  constructed  in  Prince- 
ton the  first  steam  saw-mill,  with  circular 
saws,  in  Worcester  county.  In  1834  Thomas 
E.  Daniels,  of  Worcester,  obtained  a  patent 
for  a  traverse  planer,  and  soon  after  began  to 
manufacture  his  machines  at  the  old  Court 
Mills,  where  he  continued  until  1848,  and 
sold  the  business  to  Richard  Ball.  Mr.  Ball 
took  in  partnership  Thomas  H.  Rice,  and 
after  the  withdrawal  of  the  latter,  Warren 
Williams,  the  firm  being  Ball  &  Williams. 
Later  it  was  known  as  R.  Ball  &  Co.,  and  is 
continued  in  the  present  firm  of  Witherby, 
Rugg  &  Richardson  on  Salisbury  street,  who 
manufacture  planing  and  moulding  machines. 
Other  firms  and  individuals  in  this  line  were 
Howe,  Cheney  &  Co.,  1850;  Charles  Price, 
E.  C.  Tainter  and  J.  A.  Fay  &  Co.  The 


6i 


MAP— MAR 


latter,  formerly  of  Keene,  N.  H.,  and  Nor- 
wich, Ct.,  occupied  a  part  of  the  Junction 
(Col.  Estabrook's)  shop,  for  a  year  or  two, 
and  were  succeeded  in  1862  by  Richardson, 
Meriam  &  Co.,  who  continued  until  1877.  In 
1864  the  latter  firm  opened  a  warehouse  on 
Liberty  street  in  New  York,  and  built  up  a 
large  foreign  trade.  Mclver  Bros.  Machine 
Co.  were  the  successors  of  this  firm.  Besides 
wood-working  machinery  they  made  a  variety 
of  machines  used  in  hulling  and  sorting  coffee, 
for  the  Central  and  South  American  trade. 

Mr.  H.  C.  Wight,  of  Worcester,  invented  a 
matching  machine  in  1848,  which  was  the 
means  of  great  saving  of  lumber. 

Maps  of  Worcester. — The  following  com- 
prise the  more  important  maps  of  Worcester : 

/;/  the  possession  of  The  Worcesier  Society  of 
Antiquity,  and  wipublished : 

Map  showing  the  locations  of  the  settlers 
in  1675. 

Map  showing  the  locations  of  the  settlers  in 
1684. 

Map  showing  distribution  of  lots  by  the 
proprietors  from  1 71 7  to  1733. 

/;/  the  possession  of  the  Ainericati  Antiqua- 
rian Society  : 

MS.  Map  of  the  town  in  1784. 

MS.  Map  of  the  town  in  1829. 

MS.  Map.  Copy  of  the  one  in  the  Secre- 
tary of  State's  office  at  Boston. 

There  is  also  a  copy  of  the  latter  in  the 
library  of  The  Worcester  Society  of  Antiquity. 

Map  of  the  village  in  1829. 
<■<■     <■<■   "  town    "  1833. 

Both  published  by  Clarendon  Harris. 

MS.  Map  in  the  library  of  American  Anti- 
quarian Society,  probably  made  by  William 
Lincoln. 

A  small  copper-plate  map  appears  in  the 
Worcester  Directory,  published  by  Henry  J. 
Howland,  from  1844  to  1857,  and  changes  in 
streets,  etc.,  were  made  from  year  to  year. 
An  enlarged  map  accompanied  the  Directory 
from  1858. 

Map  of  the  town  in  1851,  published  by 
\Varren  Lazell. 

A  large  map  was  engraved  by  Addison 
Prentiss  about  40  years  ago,  and  S.  P.  R. 
Triscolt  drew  three  maps  from  1873  to  1877, 
one  of  which,  showing  localities  in  old  times, 
appears  in  Caleb  A.  Wall's  "  Reminiscences 
of  Worcester 

Drew,  Allis  &  Co.,  publishers  of  the  Direct- 


ory, have  for  several  years  issued  a  map 
which  may  be  had  separate  from  the  book. 

A  real  estate  Atlas  was  published  in  1870 
by  F.  W.  Beers  &  Co.,  N.  Y.,  and  this  was 
superseded  by  another  in  1886. 

The  City  Engineer  has  several  volumes  of 
maps  in  MS.,  representing  in  detail  the  differ- 
ent sections  of  the  city. 

C.  W.  Burbank  has  done  much  work  upon 
some  of  the  later  maps  of  Worcester. 

Maritime  Provinces  Association  was  or- 
ganized in  1890. 

Markets. — The  markets  of  Worcester  are 
not  as  good  as  they  should  be  in  a  city  of  its 
size  and  pretensions.  In  smaller  places  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  state,  provisions  of  much 
better  quality  and  more  variety  can  be  found 
than  are  generally  kept  here,  for  the  residents, 
if  not  satisfied,  can  resort  to  the  Boston  mar- 
kets; but  Worcester  is  too  far  away  to  fear 
competition  in  the  metropolis,  except,  perhaps, 
in  fruit,  which  is  purchased  largely  by  those 
who  go  to  Boston. 

Market  (Public).— In  1868  a  free  pubHc 
market  was  established  on  the  north  side  of 
the  City  Hall,  on  Front  street,  the  sidewalks 
being  roofed  in  for  the  purpose.  It  was 
opened  August  29.  It  was  intended  for  the 
benefit  of  country  producers,  and  consequent- 
ly the  city  shop  keepers  did  not  regard  the 
scheme  with  complacency,  and  sent  their  own 
wagons,  with  meat  and  produce  from  their 
private  markets,  to  compete  with  and  crowd 
out  the  others.  Not  proving  a  success,  the 
market  was  discontinued  after  a  year  or  so, 
and  the  roof  over  the  sidewalk,  which  had 
much  darkened  the  windows  of  the  police 
station  in  the  basement  of  the  City  Hall,  was 
removed. 

Market  (Wood  and  Hay). — Formerly  the 
wood  and  hay  market  was  on  Main  street, 
front  of  the  Old  South  Church,  but  was  after- 
wards established  in  Salem  square. 

Marriage  Licenses.  —  Marriage  licenses 
are  issued  by  the  City  Clerk,  and  a  fee  of  fifty 
cents  is  charged.  Copies  can  be  obtained  for 
twenty-five  cents  after  the  certificate  is  re- 
turned by  the  clergyman  or  person  qualified  to 
perform  the  marriage  ceremony.  The  appli- 
cant for  a  license  is  advised  to  put  on  a  bold 
face  and  at  once  make  known  his  errand  to 
the  young  lady  assistant,  to  whom  he  is  sure 


MAS— 


62 


to  be  referred  if  he  applies  to  the  City  Clerk, 
for  the  latter  rarely  fills  out  the  blanks.  If 
the  candidate  for  matrimonial  honors  feels 
himself  too  bashful  to  undergo  the  ordeal,  he 
will  be  furnished  with  a  form  which  he  can  fill 
out  himself.  The  full  names  of  the  contract- 
ing parties,  color,  age,  place  of  residence, 
occupation,  number  of  the  marriage,  place  of 
birth,  and  father's  and  mother's  names  of 
each  are  required.  As  some  of  the  news- 
papers publish  intentions  of  marriage  daily,  it 
will  be  well  for  those  who  do  not  desire  pub- 
licity beforehand  not  to  procure  the  license 
until  the  day  the  ceremony  is  to  be  performed. 
The  Clerk's  office  is  open  from  9  to  I  and  2 
to  4.30. 

Masonic  Societies. — Isaiah  Thomas  was 
the  prime  mover  in  establishing  Freemasonry 
in  Worcester,  and  mainly  through  his  efforts 
Morning  Star  Lodge  was  chartered  on  the 
nth  of  March,  1793,  the  charter  members 
being  Nathaniel  Paine,  Nathaniel  Chandler, 
John  Stanton,  Ephraim  Mower,  Clark  Chand- 
ler, Benjamin  Andrews,  Joseph  Torrey,  Sam- 
uel Chandler,  Charles  Chandler,  John  White, 
Samuel  Brazer,  John  Stowers  and  Samuel 
Flagg.  Isaiah  Thomas  was  the  first  Master. 
This  lodge  was  consecrated  on  the  nth  of 
June,  1793,  by  Most  Worshipful  Grand  Mas- 
ter John  Cutler  and  officers  of  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Massachusetts.  A  procession 
marched  from  Masons'  Hall  to  the  North 
Meeting  House,  where  a  sermon  was  preached 
by  the  Rev.  Aaron  Bancroft.  The  lodge 
held  its  meetings  in  early  times  at  Mower's 
Tavern,  where  the  Walker  Building  stands, 
and  at  the  United  States  Arms,  now  the  Ex- 
change Hotel;  later  a  hall  was  built  by 
Jedediah  Healy,  in  the  rear  of  where  the 
Burnside  Building  is  now  located,  which  was 
occupied  for  many  years  for  Masonic  purposes. 
Morning  Star  Lodge  continued  to  be  an  active 
organization  until  the  great  Anti-Masonic  agi- 
tation of  1828  to  1835,  when  it  ceased  to  be 
active,  in  common  with  many  of  the  lodges 
throughout  the  country.  William  S.  Barton, 
Esq.,  City  Treasurer,  has  kindly  favored  the 
Dictionary  with  a  list  of  the  names  of  mem- 
bers of  Morning  Star  Lodge  in  1824:  Horatio 
Gates  Henshaw,  Lemuel  (or  Samuel)  Wor- 
cester, Capt.  Reuben  Monroe,  Israel  Whitney, 
Harding  Slocomb,  Oliver  White,  Oliver  Eager, 
Joel  Gleason,  Varnum  Brigham,  John  A. 
Lazell,  James  Williams,  Isaac  Tucker,  Ben- 
jamin Chapin,  Simeon  Duncan,  Capt.  John 


Barnard,  Thomas  Gray,  Deacon  Benjamin 
Phelps  and  Jonathan  Wentworth.  In  1823 
Worcester  Chapter  of  Royal  Arch  Masons  was 
organized,  with  Benjamin  Chapin  as  High 
Priest.  Isaiah  Thomas,  James  Wilson,  Jona- 
than Going,  Otis  Corbett  and  Ephraim 
Mower  were  others  prominent  in  the  forma- 
tion. In  1825  the  Worcester  Comity  Coin- 
mandery  of  K^iights  Templars  was  organized 
in  Holden,  with  James  Estabrook  as  Com- 
mander; and  Hiram  Council,  Royal  and 
Select  Masters,  was  chartered  in  Sutton  in 
1826.  It  is  probable  that  all  these  bodies 
were  inactive  during  the  political  agitation 
against  Masonry. 

In  1826  a  remarkable  excitement  arose  over 
the  fate  of  William  Morgan  of  Batavia,  New 
York,  who,  it  was  claimed,  was  about  to 
publish  a  book  containing  the  secrets  of  the 
Masonic  Order.  He  disappeared  suddenly, 
and  his  fate  has  never  been  satisfactorily  ex- 
plained. The  opponents  of  Freemasonry 
declared  that  he  had  been  murdered,  and  a 
strong  feeling  against  the  institution  spread 
over  the  land,  and  nearly  caused  the  exter- 
mination of  the  Order.  The  Anti-Masonic 
party  was  formed,  and  cast  33,000  votes  in 
1828,  70,000  in  1829,  and  128,000  in  1830. 
William  Wirt  was  nominated  for  president 
as  the  candidate  of  the  party  in  1832,  but 
carried  only  one  state,  Vermont.  The  feeling 
against  Masons  was  probably  as  strong  in  this 
vicinity  as  elsewhere,  New  York  State  except- 
ed, and  several  prominent  citizens  were 
forward  in  the  movement.  Pliny  Merrick 
publicly  renounced  Masonry,  and  Rev.  George 
Allen,  then  of  Shrewsbury,  contributed  two 
powerful  pamphlets  to  the  cause  of  Anti- 
Masonry.  Mr.  Allen  had  lived  in  the  vicinity 
of  Batavia,  and  knew  Morgan  and  several  of 
the  parties  implicated  in  the  tragedy.  He 
actively  aided  the  efforts  of  John  Quincy 
Adams,  Samuel  Lathrop  and  others  in  this 
State,  but  opposed  Masonry  and  all  secret 
societies  on  principle  and  not  for  political 
ends. 

John  Quincy  Adams  attributed  to  Isaiah 
Thomas,  whom  he  terms  the  "  arch-devil  of 
Masonry,"  a  great  influence  in  the  propaga- 
tion of  the  Order  in  this  country.  He  says 
(Diary,  Sept.  26,  1833,)  that  the  power  ac- 
quired by  the  institution  "  might  be  traced  to 
Isaiah  Thomas,  of  Worcester,  and  through 
him  to  Benjamin  Russell,  many  years  publish- 
er of  the  Boston  Centinel.    They  were  printers 


63 


MAS— 


and  made  fortunes,  Thomas  a  very  large  one, 
by  their  types.  They  made  Freemasons  of  all 
their  apprentices  and  journeymen."  The 
Anti-Masonic  agitation  had  something  of  the 
■character  of  a  frenzy,  and  died  out  as  sudden- 
ly as  it  began;  though  to-day  there  is  an 
•organization  of  recent  origin  with  nominally 
ithe  same  objects  as  the  one  formed  in  1827. 

Morning  Star  Lodge  was  resuscitated  in 
1842,  with  Horace  Chenery,  W.  M.;  Henry 
Earl,  S.  W.;  Asa  Walker,  J.  W.,  and  Pliny 
Holbrook,  Secretary.  Meetings  were  at  that 
time  held  in  Dr.  Green's  building  on  Main 
street,  opposite  Central  street.  Masonry  has 
•continued  to  flourish  to  the  present  time,  and 
this  lodge  has  now  about  300  members.  The 
Worcester  County  Cominandery  of  Knights 
Templars  removed  to  Worcester  in  1845,  and 
Hiram  Council,  R.  of  S.  M.,  was  located 
liere  in  1858.  The  former  has  450  members, 
■and  the  latter  over  500.  On  the  9th  of  June, 
1859,  Alontacute  Lodge  was  instituted,  with 
William  A.  Smith,  Master.  Of  the  Ancient 
and  Accepted  Scottish  Rite,  Worcester  Lodge 
of  Perfection  was  established  in  1863,  and 
has  at  present  250  members  of  the  4°  to  14°. 
Of  this  Rite  Goddard  Council,  Princes  of 
Jerusalem,  15°  to  16°,  and  Lazvrence  Chap- 
ter of  Rose  Croix,  17°  to  18°,  were  instituted 
in  1870.  They  have  each  about  175  members. 
Athelstan  Lodge,  F.  &^  A.  M.,  was  formed  in 
1866  and  Quinsigamond  Lodge  in  1871. 
Eureka  Chapter,  R.  A.  M.,  was  formed  in 
1870.  Stella  Chapter,  No.  3,  Order  of  the 
Eastern  Star,  was  organized  in  1871,  and 
now  has  about  300  members.  This  Order 
admits  the  wives  and  female  relatives  of  Ma- 
sons, but  is  entirely  separate  and  distinct  from 
the  Masonic  Order  proper.  The  late  Thomas 
M.  Lamb  was  prominently  connected  with  the 
Order  of  the  Eastern  Star,  and  Daniel  Sea- 
grave  is  the  present  Grand  Secretary  of  the 
Grand  Chapter. 

The  different  Masonic  bodies  (with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  Order  of.  the  Eastern  Star^ 
which  meets  at  Odd  Fellows'  Hall,  Pleasant 
street,)  hold  their  meetings  in  Masonic  Hall 
on  Pearl  street,  which  is  under  the  control  of 
the  Masonic  Board  of  Directors,  formed  in 
1867.  The  Masonic  Order  may  be  defined  as 
a  secret  fraternal  and  charitable  association. 
The  mutual  benefit  or  insurance  feature,  com- 
mon with  most  of  the  secret  societies,  is  not 
assumed  by  Freemasons  in  general,  but  the 
Masonic  Mutual    Relief  Associations  supply 


the  deficiency.  These  are  of  comparatively 
recent  origin.  The  Masonic  Mutual  Relief 
Association  of  Central  Massachusetts  was  es- 
tablished in  1873,  and  has  some  2300  mem- 
bers. The  Dictionary  is  indebted  to  Messrs. 
William  A.  Smith  and  Daniel  Seagrave  for 
suggestions  and  corrections  embodied  in  the 
above  article. 

Massachusetts  Record   Society.  —  An 

association  of  several  gentlemen  resident  in 
different  parts  of  the  State,  formed  in  1891  for 
the  purpose  of  encouraging  the  preservation 
and  publication  of  old  records.  Franklin  P. 
Rice  is  the  local  representative. 

Mastodon  Discovery. — On  the  17th  of 
November,  1884,  the  quidnuncs  of  Worcester 
were  much  excited  by  the  announcement  that 
the  remains  of  a  great  beast  had  been  discov- 
ered in  a  peat  meadow  in  Northborough,  just 
over  the  Shrewsbury  line,  and  several  mem- 
bers of  the  Natural  History  and  Antiquity 
societies  were  early  on  the  ground.  Work- 
men, in  digging  a  trench,  had  unearthed 
several  large  teeth  and  other  remains,  and 
these  were  identified  as  belonging  to  the  Mas- 
todon americanus.  This  was  the  first  authen- 
tic discovery  of  remains  of  the  true  mastodon 
in  New  England.  The  teeth  are  now  in  the 
museum  of  the  Natural  History  Society — the 
gift  of  Stephen  Salisbury,  Esq., — and  are  fine 
specimens.  The  following  year  an  attempt 
was  made  to  recover  the  whole  skeleton,  but 
it  was  too  much  decayed.  The  search,  how- 
ever, was  rewarded  by  the  discovery  of  a 
human  skull  imbedded  in  the  peat,  and  bear- 
ing all  the  symptoms  of  intense  antiquity.  It 
was  stated  that  a  microscopic  examination  re- 
vealed the  fact  that  the  vegetable  fiibrilLc  of 
the  peat  had  thoroughly  penetrated  into  all 
the  minute  interstices  of  the  skull  between  the 
plates;  and  from  other  evidences  it  was  an- 
nounced that  the  owner  of  the  head-piece  was 
unquestionably  pre-Columbian,  if  not  sooner, 
and  that  he  had  probably  perished  in  an 
encounter  with  the  mastodon  !  Notwithstand- 
ing all  this  and  other  corroborating  circum- 
stances, which  for  a  time  made  Worcester  the 
cynosure  of  scientific  eyes,  Prof.  F.  W.  Put- 
nam, of  Cambridge,  after  a  careful,  thorough 
and  exhaustive  examination,  declared  in  his 
report  that  the  skull  had  not  been  long  in  the 
peat !  An  account  of  the  mastodon  discovery 
was  published  in  pamphlet  form  by  the  com- 
piler of  this  Dictionary. 


MAY— M  EC 


64 


It  may  not  be  generally  known  that  the 
famous  Newburg  mastodon  of  Dr.  Warren  of 
Boston,  now  in  the  Warren  Museum,  was 
exhibited  in  Worcester  in  1846,  and  that  Dr. 
Warren's  agent  purchased  it  here,  and  took  it 
to  Boston.  It  was  from  this  fine  skeleton  that 
the  doctor  mainly  obtained  his  measurements 
and  facts  for  his  elaborate  monograph  on  the 
Mastodon  gigantetis,  in  quarto,  with  profuse 
illustrations,  a  copy  of  which  was,  through 
the  efforts  of  the  compiler  of  this  Dictionary, 
presented  to  the  Free  Public  Library  of  Wor- 
cester by  the  family  of  Dr.  Warren. 

Mayors. — Following  is  a  list  of  Mayors  of 
Worcester  from  1848,  the  time  of  its  incorpo- 
ration as  a  city;  the  municipal  year  for  the 
first  three  years  began  and  ended  in  April : 

Levi  Lincoln,  1848-49.  Citizen. 

Henry  Chapin,  1849-50.    Free  Soil. 

Peter  C.  Bacon,  1851-52.    Free  Soil. 

John  S.  C.  Knowlton,  1853-54.  Coalition. 

George  W.  Richardson,  1855,  1857.  Know- 
Nothing. 

Isaac  Davis,  1856,  1858,  1861.  Citizen, 

Alexander  H.  Bullock,  1859.  Citizen. 

William  W.  Rice,  i860.  Republican. 

P.  Emory  Aldrich,  1862.  Republican. 

D.  Waldo  Lincoln,  1863-64.  Citizen. 

Phinehas  Ball,  1865.  Republican. 

James  B.  Blake,  1866-67-68-69-70.  Re- 
publican. 

Edward  Earle,  1871.  Republican. 

George  ¥.  Verry,  1872.  Citizen. 

Clark  Jillson,  1873,  1875-76.  Republican, 

Edward  L.  Davis,  1874.  Citizen. 

Charles  B,  Pratt,  1877-78-79.  Citizen, 

Frank  H.  Kelley,  1880-81.  Citizen. 

Elijah  B,  Stoddard,  1882.  Citizen. 

Samuel  E,  Hildreth,  1883,  Republican. 

Charles  G.  Reed,  1 884-1 885.  Citizen. 

Samuel  Winslow,  1886-87-88-89.  Repub- 
lican. 

Francis  A.  Harrington,  1890-91-92,  Re- 
publican, 

Mechanics'  Association  (Worcester 
County.) — The  Worcester  Mechauics'  Associ- 
ation was  in  being  in  1826,  but  probably  did 
not  long  exist.  The  first  action  taken  towards 
the  formation  of  the  present  organization  was 
at  a  meeting  held  in  November,  184T,  in  the 
Town  Hall,  when  a  committee  was  chosen  to 
consider  the  subject  of  forming  a  Mechanics' 
Association.  The  first  formal  meeting  was 
held  February  5,   1842,  and  the  following 


officers  elected  :  President,  William  A.  Wheel- 
er; Vice-President,  Ichabod  Washburn;  Sec- 
retary, Albert  Tolman;   Treasurer,  Elbridge 
G.  Partridge,    Others  prominent  in  the  move- 
ment were  Anthony  Chase,  Putman  W.  Taft, 
William  Leggate,  Henry  W.  Miller,  William 
M,  Bickford,  Levi  A.  Dowley,  Rufus  D.  Dun- 
bar, John  P.  Kettell,  James  S.  Woodworth, 
Hiram  Gorham,  Joseph  Pratt,  Henry  Gould- 
ing  and  Edward  B.  Rice.    Efforts  were  at 
once  made  to  establish  a  library,  and  an  an- 
nual course  of  lectures  was  provided  for.  The 
first  lecture  before  the  Association  was  deliv- 
ered February  21,  1842,  by  Elihu  Burritt. 
Another  matter  contemplated  was  the  holding 
of  an  annual  fair  or  exhibition,  but  it  was  not 
until  September,  1848,  that  the  first  one  was 
held,  and  others  followed  in  1849,  1851,  1857 
and  1866,    The  Association  was  incorporated 
March  9,  1850,  with  power  to  hold  real  estate 
to  the  amount  of  $75,000,  and  personal  prop- 
erty to  the  amount  of  $25,000.    Later  these 
amounts  were  changed  to  $200,000  and  $50,- 
000  respectively.    In  1854  Ichabod  Washburn 
gave  $10,000  towards  the  purchase  of  land 
and  the  erection  of  a  hall,  on  condition  that 
the  society  should  raise  a  like  sum,  which  was 
accomplished.     The  gift  of  Dea,  Washburn 
was  first  invested  in  the  lot  of  land  in  the  rear 
of  the  Bay  State  House,  now  occupied  by  the 
Theatre,    This  lot  was  afterwards  sold,  and 
the  money  used  in  the  purchase  of  the  Main 
street  land.    The  Association  issued  its  bonds 
for  $50,000,  payable  at  different  times,  from 
five  to  ten  years,  and  secured  by  a  mortgage 
upon  their  property;  $43,810  of  these  were 
taken  and  paid  for  by  members  of  the  society. 
The  Waldo  lot  on  Main  street  was  purchased 
for  $30,000,  the  corner  stone  of  the  building 
laid  Sept.  3,  1855,  and  the  edifice  completed 
and  dedicated  March   19,   1857.    {See  next 
article.')    The  total   cost  was  $140,129^1. 
This  sum  was  provided  for  as  follows:  Re- 
ceived   from    bonds,    $49,960;  donations, 
$28,320.38;   first  mortgage,  $30,000;  third 
mortgage,  $25,000;  total,  $133,280.38.  This, 
it  will  be  seen,  left  a  balance  of  $6,849.19 
still  unpaid  in  the  form  of  a  floating  debt,  and 
a  real  debt  of  $104,960.    The  general  finan- 
cial   troubles    of    1857    followed,    and  the 
Association  found  itself  unable  to  meet  its 
obligations.    The  holders  of  the  third  mort- 
gage took  legal  possession  of  the  property.  In 
1858  an  effort  was  made  to  reduce  the  debt  to 
$50,000,  and  to  do  this  required  the  canceling 


65 


M  EC— MEM 


of  $54,960.  Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury  gave 
$7000,  on  the  condition  that  the  debt  was 
reduced  to  $50,000:  Ichabod  Washburn  made 
another  gift  of  $10,000;  and  the  holders  of 
the  bonds  accepted  forty  per  cent,  of  their 
value  in  cash.  The  holders  of  the  third 
mortgage  of  $25,000,  and  of  notes  of  $6,849, 
discharged  their  claims  for  $15,000.  This 
was  a  voluntary  and  friendly  arrangement 
made  by  the  friends  of  the  Association  to 
save  its  property,  though  it  bore  hard  upon 
some  who  gave  more  than  they  could  afford. 
The  debt  of  $50,000  left  by  this  compromise 
was  gradually  reduced,  and  was  extinguished 
January  I,  1892. 

The  annual  courses  of  lectures  have  been 
kept  up  from  the  first,  and  the  library  now 
contains  10,670  volumes.  A  reading  room 
for  the  use  of  members  is  maintained,  with 
daily  and  other  papers,  and  the  principal 
periodicals.  In  1864  some  200  citizens  of 
Worcester  contributed  $9000  to  purchase  the 
fine  organ  in  the  hall.  In  1864  an  Appren- 
tices' Drawing  School  was  established,  and  a 
Summer  School  for  boys  at  the  Polytechnic 
Institute  was  opened  in  1887. 

Mechanics'  Hall. — The  largest  and  finest 
public  hall  in  the  city,  located  in  the  building 
erected  by  the  Mechanics'  Association  at  321 
Main  street.  The  hall  is  generally  used  for 
lectures,  entertainments,  concerts,  etc.,  and 
has  a  seating  capacity  of  1926.  The  yearly 
festivals  of  the  Worcester  County  Musical 
Association  are  held  here,  and  in  the  past 
many  political  conventions  have  met  in  the 
hall.  The  walls  are  adorned  with  many  fine 
portraits  (see  portraits),  and  the  great  organ 
in  front  of  the  audience  gives  a  good  effect  to 
the  interior.  On  the  floor  below  the  main 
hall  are  Washburn  Hall,  and  the  Reading- 
Room,  Library  and  offices  of  the  Association. 
The  ground  floor  is  occupied  for  stores.  The 
facade  of  the  building,  of  classic  cast,  is  noble 
and  imposing,  and  is  best  viewed  in  coming 
down  Walnut  street.  Elbridge  Boyden  was 
the  architect.    See  previous  article. 

Mechanics'  Exchange.  —  See  Builders'' 
Exchange. 

Medical  College. — The  Worcester  Medi- 
cal Institution  was  incorporated  in  1849,  and 
went  into  operation  the  following  year.  Its 
founder.  Dr.  Calvin  Newton,  was  for  some 
years  previous  a  practitioner  in  Worcester  in 
that  school  of  medicine  called  the  botanic  or 


eclectic,  a  modification  of  the  early  Thomp- 
sonian  system.  He  instituted  a  medical  school 
here  previous  to  the  opening  of  the  college, 
with  lectures  given  in  Waldo  Block.  The 
college  building  was  erected  on  the  summit  of 
Union  Hill,  John  F.  Pond,  a  large  real  estate 
operator  in  that  region,  giving  the  land.  This 
building  is  now  one  of  the  structures  on  the 
Worcester  Academy  grounds.  After  the  med- 
ical college  failed,  a  female  college  was  estab- 
lished here,  and  later  the  property  was  used 
by  the  Government  as  a  military  hospital  (see 
Dale  Hospital;  Worcester  Academy ).  The 
Medical  College  prospered  for  a  time,  and 
quite  a  number  of  eclectic  physicians  were 
graduated;  but  after  the  death  of  Dr.  Newton, 
in  1853,  its  prosperity  declined,  and  within  a 
few  years  the  institution  ceased  to  exist. 

Medical  Examiner. — The  functions  and 
duties  formerly  belonging  to  coroners  are  now 
performed  by  "Medical  Examiners."    Dr.  P. 

H.  Keefe  is  the  Medical  Examiner  for  Wor- 
cester.   His  office  is  at  288  Main  street. 

Medical  Libraries. —  The  library  of  the 
Worcester  District  Medical  Society  is  deposit- 
ed in  the  Free  Public  Library  building,  occu- 
pying a  room  there  rent  free,  the  consideration 
being  that  the  books  may  be  used  in  the 
building  by  anyone  entitled  to  the  use  of 
the  Public  Library.  This  library  now  con- 
tains 7,233  volumes,  gathered  since  1820. 
There  is  a  fund  of  $7,500,  the  interest  of 
which  is  applied  for  the  purpose  of  increasing 
the  number  of  books. 

There  is  a  Homoeopathic  Medical  Library  at 
the  rooms  of  the  Homoeopathic  Medical  Soci- 
ety, Trumbull   street.      It    comprises  about 

I,  000  volumes. 

Medical  Societies. — The  Medical  Society 
of  the  County  of  Worcester  was  in  existence 
as  early  as  1784,  and  notices  of  the  meetings 
frequently  appear  in  the  Spy.  The  Worcester 
District  Medical  Society  formed  in  1804,  aux- 
iliary to  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  is 
still  active,  and  has  a  valuable  library  ( see 
prez'ioHS  article).  The  Worcester  Medicat 
Association,  formed  in  1886,  supplements  the 
work  of  the  District  Society. 

The  Worcester  County  Honia'opathic  Medical 
Society  was  organized  in  1886.  Its  library 
and  dispensary  are  located  on  Trumbull  street. 

Memorial  Hospital.  —  The  Washburn 
Memorial  Hospital  was  incorporated  in  April, 


MER— MIL 


66 


1871,  and  was  opened  in  June,  1888,  at  the 
Samuel  Davis  place  on  Belmont  street,  the 
premises  having  been  purchased  for  the  pur- 
pose. This  hospital,  which  is  for  the  treat- 
ment of  women  and  children  only,  was 
established  through  the  beneficence  of  the  late 
Ichabod  Washburn.  About  thirty  patients  can 
be  accommodated.  The  hospital  is  in  charge 
of  a  superintendent,  and  there  is  a  visiting 
staff  of  six  physicians. 

The  Washburn  Free  Dispensary,  formerly 
at  II  Trumbull  street,  is  now  located  at  the 
Memorial  Hospital. 

Merrick  Square  Social  Club. — This  club 
was  organized  in  December,  1891,  and  is  of  a 
semi-political  character.  It  occupies  rooms  at 
the  corner  of  Pleasant  and  Sever  streets. 

Merrifield  Buildings.  —  The  three-story 
brick  structure  occupying  the  square  between 
Union  and  Cypress  streets  and  Exchange  and 
North  Foster  streets,  erected  and  owned  by 
William  T.  Merrifield.  These  buildings  are 
used  entirely  for  mechanical  purposes.  This 
spot  was  the  scene  of  the  great  fire  of  June, 
1854  (see  Fires),  when  the  buildings  that 
formerly  stood  there  were  totally  destroyed, 
with  much  other  property.  The  old  structure 
was  four  stories  in  height. 

Messinger  Hill. — See  Fairmount. 

Messenger  (The). — Established  in  Jan- 
uary, 1887,  by  James  J.  Doyle,  as  an  eight- 
page  monthly;  enlarged  January,  1888,  to  a 
six-column  weekly.  Published  at  154  Front 
street.  Represents  the  Catholic  interests  of 
the  Diocese  of  Springfield,  covering  the  cen- 
tral and  western  portions  of  Massachusetts. 

Methodist  Churches.  —  There  are  nine 
Methodist  Episcopal  churches  in  Worcester, 
including  two  African.    The  list  is  as  follows: 

Irinity,  650  Main  street,  formed  1834. 

Laurel  Street,  Laurel  Hill,  formed  1845. 
Webster  Square,  New  Worcester,  formed 
i860. 

Grace  Free  Church,  Walnut  street,  formed 
1867. 

Coral  Street,  Coral  street,  formed  1872. 

First  Swedish,  Quinsigamond  Village, 
formed  1879. 

Second  Sivedish,  59  Thomas  street,  formed 
1885. 

Zion  {African),  86  Exchange  street, 
formed  1846. 


Bethel  {African),  302  Main  street,  formed 
1867. 

Some  of  these  are  noticed  under  their  titles 
in  the  Dictionary. 

There  are  three  missions:  IVest  Side,  Abhoit 
street,  organized  in  1891;  Lake  View,  Anm. 
street,  1891;  and  the  Mission  Des  Vrais 
Catholic] ues,  at  the  Coral  street  church,  or- 
ganized in  1889. 

Middle  River. — The  stream,  formed  by 
the  united  waters  of  Ramshorn,  Lynde,  Kettle, 
Beaver  and  Tatnuck  brooks,  which  flows  gen- 
erally east  from  New  Worcester  to  Quinsiga- 
mond Village,  where  it  joins  Millbrook  to  form 
the  Blackstone  river.  In  the  old  records 
Middle  river  was  called  Half-way  river. 

Midnight  Yacht  Club.— In  1878  Stephen 
E.  Green,  David  Boyden,  T.  H.  Blood, 
Charles  L.  Hopson,  Henry  E.  and  Frank  H. 
Estabrook,  Alex.  DeWitt  and  John  Howell 
chartered  the  schooner  Midnight,  at  Rock- 
land, for  a  two  weeks'  cruise  along  the  Maine 
coast.  This  experience  proved  so  enjoyable 
that  it  was  repeated  with  some  modifications 
for  twelve  or  thirteen  years,  others  participat- 
ing, and  the  company  changing  until  over 
fifty  persons  had  taken  part  in  the  excursions. 
Messrs.  Green  and  Boyden  were,  however, 
the  only  ones  of  the  original  number  who  for 
twelve  consecutive  years  were  constant  in 
attendance.  The  expense  of  these  trips  was 
from  $20  to  $40  each.  In  1879  the  company 
camped  at  Deer  Island.  The  Midnight  was 
used  the  first  year,  and  different  vessels  later, 
the  ALaggie  for  several  years.  The  Club  is 
now  a  thing  of  the  past. 

Military  History.  —  During  the  Indian  • 
troubles  of  1722,  Worcester  furnished  five  men 
to  the  company  of  scouts  under  Major  John 
Chandler.  In  1723  seven  of  the  inhabitants 
enlisted  as  soldiers  and  served  during  the 
winter.  August  3,  1724,  Uriah  Ward  of 
Worcester,  in  service  at  Rutland,  was  killed 
by  the  Indians.  The  town  contributed  liber- 
ally to  the  defense  of  the  province  during  the 
wars  with  the  French,  and  expended  its 
means  freely  for  the  reduction  of  the  fortresses 
of  Nova  Scotia  and  Canada.  Benjamin  Glea- 
son  of  Worcester  died  before  the  walls  of 
Louisburg  in  1745,  and  Adonijah  Rice,  the 
first-born  of  our  native  citizens,  was  in  a  com- 
pany of  rangers  in  the  siege.  In  1746  Fort 
Massachusetts  at  Williamstown  was  defended 


67 


MIL— 


by  a  garrison  partly  of  Worcester  men.  In 
1748,  a  company  of  fifty-three,  all  from  this 
town,  followed  the  Indians  for  seventeen  days, 
but  returned  without  engaging  in  battle. 
Seventeen  Worcester  men  were  in  service  in 
Nova  Scotia,  and  seventeen  more  at  Fort 
Cumberland.  John  Walker  was  commissioned 
a  captain.  Adonijah  Rice  and  another  were 
in  the  expedition  against  Crown  Point  in 
August.  In  September  there  were  fourteen 
volunteers  from  Worcester.  Many  were  in 
the  ranks  of  the  army  that  acted  against 
Crown  Point  in  1756;  and  in  the  two  succeed- 
ing years  several  were  captured,  and  a  number 
died  of  wounds  or  disease  at  Lake  George. 
After  the  surrender  of  Fort  William  Henry 
the  whole  militia  of  the  town  marched  to 
Sheffield,  105  miles  distant,  but  the  enemy 
having  retired,  the  forces  were  disbanded.  A 
company  of  Worcester  men,  under  Capt. 
Samuel  Clark  Paine,  was  with  Gen.  Amherst 
in  1758,  and  continued  in  service  till  the 
peace  of  1763.  Worcester  furnished  to  the 
provincial  service  during  the  French  wars  I 
colonel,  I  lieut. -colonel,  2  majors,  6  captains, 
8  lieutenants,  7  ensigns,  27  sergeants,  2  sur- 
geons, I  chaplain  and  i  adjutant.  From  1748 
to  1762  there  were  453  men  from  the  town, 
not  including  those  who  enlisted  in  the  regu- 
lar army.  The  name  of  John  Chandler, 
borne  by  three  generations,  is  prominent  in 
the  military  annals  of  the  town  during  this 
period,  and  the  title  of  colonel  descended 
from  father  to  son  and  grandson.  The  above 
facts  are  from  William  Lincoln's  History  of 
Worcester. 

In  the  American  Revolution  Worcester  was 
foremost  in  contributing  men  and  means  to 
the  cause.  Lincoln  says:  "Worcester  fur- 
nished a  large  proportion  of  her  male  popula- 
tion to  the  army.  The  exact  number  in 
service  cannot  be  ascertained  with  certainty. 
If  we  include  with  the  troops  of  the  regular 
line  those  called  out  for  short  periods  of  duty, 
the  following  may  be  considered  as  a  correct 
statement  of  the  numbers  of  men  from  Wor- 
cester in  military  service  during  seven  years  of 
war:  i  colonel,  2  lieut. -colonels,  2  majors,  7 
captains,  10  lieutenants,  5  ensigns,  20  ser- 
geants and  389  privates."  The  name  of  Col. 
Timothy  Bigelow  will  ever  be  illustrious  in 
military  annals.  A  history  in  detail  of  the 
revolutionary  acts  of  the  town  will  be  found 
in  Albert  A.  Lovell's  Worcester  in  the  Revo- 
lution.   In  Shays's  Rebellion  Worcester  men 


were  found  on  both  sides.  In  1807,  when  i* 
was  apprehended  that  hostilities  with  England 
would  immediately  ensue,  the  Worcester  Light 
Infantry  tendered  their  services  in  defense  of 
the  country.  Adam  Walker,  a  son  of  John 
Walker  of  Worcester,  enlisted  in  the  regular 
army,  was  in  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  and 
was  struck  by  bullets  several  times.  In  later 
service  he  was  with  Hull's  army  at  Detroit, 
included  in  the  surrender  and  sent  to  Halifax. 
After  his  exchange  he  wrote  a  book  reflecting 
severely  on  Gen.  Hull.  This  volume  is  rare 
and  commands  a  large  price.  Copies  are  in 
the  libraries  of  the  American  Antiquarian 
Society  and  The  Worcester  Society  of  Antiq- 
uity. The  war  of  181 2  was  not  popular  in 
this  vicinity,  and  not  a  large  number  of  Wor- 
cester men  were  in  service.  Sabin  Mann, 
oldest  son  of  Joseph  Mann  of  Worcester,  was 
killed  at  Queenstown  in  18 12.  The  Light 
Infantry  and  the  Artillery  Company  marched 
to  the  defense  of  the  coast  on  the  threatened 
British  attack  in  September,  18 14,  and  re- 
mained in  camp  near  Boston  several  weeks. 
In  this  war  Massachusetts  furnished  31 10  men. 
Thomas  Gardner  Mower,  Surgeon  General  of 
the  United  States  Army  at  a  later  period,  was 
a  native  of  Worcester. 

The  Mexican  war  did  not  find  much  favor 
in  the  eyes  of  New  England  people.  Pollard, 
a  Southern  authority,  states  that  of  66,684 
men  engaged,  the  South  furnished  43,630. 
Of  the  New  England  States  only  Massachu- 
setts and  New  Hampshire  contributed,  the 
former  sending  1,047  the  latter  I.  The 
same  writer  claims  that  of  the  155,364  soldiers 
in  the  war  of  181 2,  the  South  furnished 
96,812,  and  the  North  58,552.  New  England 
sent  5,162  and  South  Carolina  5,696.  In  the 
Mexican  war  Capt.  George  Lincoln,  a  son  of 
Gov.  Lincoln,  was  killed  at  Buena  Vista  Feb. 
23,  1847;  and  Lieut.  John  Green  Burbank, 
another  Worcester  man,  fell  at  Molino  del 
Rey  Sept.  8,  1847. 

When  the  first  gun  of  the  Rebellion  was 
fired  at  Fort  Sumter,  Worcester  was  ready, 
and  on  the  I7t-h  of  April,  1861,  the  Light 
Infantry  departed  for  Washington.  This 
company  belonged  to  the  ill-fated  Sixth  Regi- 
ment, but  was  with  the  detachment  that 
passed  safely  through  Baltimore  at  the  time  of 
the  massacre,  and  passed  directly  to  the  Capi- 
tal. The  Light  Infantry's  term  of  service  was 
mostly  spent  in  Maryland,  and  the  company 
arrived  home  on  the  1st  of  August.    On  the 


MIL— 


68 


20th  of  April  the  Third  BattaHon  of  Rifles, 
made  up  of  the  City  Guards,  the  Emmet 
Guards,  and  the  Holden  Rifles,  under  com- 
mand of  Major  Charles  Devens,  followed  the 
Light  Infantry.  The  battalion  was  on  duty 
about  Baltimore  most  of  the  time  until  it  re- 
turned on  the  2d  of  August.  On  the  28th  of 
June,  Camp  Scott,  at  South  Worcester,  was 
occupied  by  the  Fifteenth  Regiment,  the  first 
Worcester  County  regiment,  with  Charles 
Devens  as  Colonel.  This  regiment  participat- 
ed in  the  disastrous  battle  of  Ball's  Bluff,  and 
also  in  the  battles  of  Fair  Oaks,  Antietam, 
Gettysburg,  the  Wilderness  and  others.  It 
arrived  home  July  21,  1864,  with  its  numbers 
reduced  to  150  men.  The  Twenty-first  went 
into  camp  on  the  19th  of  July.  The  Agricul- 
tural or  Fair  Grounds  were  occupied,  and  the 
name  Camp  Lincoln  was  given  in  honor  of 
ex-Governor  Levi  Lincoln.  The  regiment 
departed  for  the  seat  of  war  August  23d,  em- 
barked for  North  Carolina  on  the  Burnside 
expedition,  and  took  part  in  the  battles  of 
Roanoke  and  Xew  Berne.  The  next  spring 
it  was  sent  to  Virginia,  and  was  in  the  battles 
of  second  Bull  Run,  Chantilly,  South  Moun- 
tain, Antietam,  Fredericksburg,  the  Wilder- 
ness and  others.  It  was  mustered  out  August 
30,  1864.  The  Twenty-fifth  Regiment  left 
Worcester  October  31.  It  formed  a  part  of 
the  forces  of  the  Burnside  expedition,  was  at 
Roanoke  and  New  Berne,  and  remained  in 
North  Carolina  till  the  fall  of  1863.  The 
next  spring  and  summer  the  regiment  saw 
hard  service,  passed  through  Drewry's  Bluff, 
Cold  Harbor,  and  other  battles,  and  spent  the 
last  months  before  Petersburg.  It  arrived 
home  (excepting  a  portion  that  had  re-enlist- 
ed the  winter  before)  October  13,  1864.  The 
Thirty-fourth  departed  on  the  15th  of  August, 
1862,  and  was  in  service  till  July  6,  1865.  It 
took  part  in  the  battles  of  New  Market,  Cedar 
Creek,  Piedmont,  Lynchburg,  Winchester, 
and  others.  The  Thirty-Sixth  Regiment  fol- 
lowed the  last  September  2d,  1862,  and  re- 
turned June  21,  1865.  It  passed  through 
Fredericksburg,  the  Wilderness,  Spottsylvania 
Court  House,  and  other  battles,  performed 
much  hard  service,  and  made  many  long 
marches.  The  Fifty-First  Regiment,  which 
enlisted  for  nine  months,  left  November  25th, 
1862,  and  returned  July  21,  1863,  Most  of 
its  service  was  in  North  Carolina.  On  the 
i8th  of  April,  1864,  the  Fifty-seventh  Regi- 
ment, the  last  of  the  Worcester  County  organ- 


izations, proceeded  to  the  scene  of  conflict. 
This  regiment  was  in  the  battle  of  the  Wilder- 
ness and  numerous  minor  encounters,  and 
spent  the  summer  before  Petersburg.  It  was 
mustered  out  in  August,  1865.  In  the  list  of 
Worcester's  martyrs  the  names  of  John  Wil- 
liam Grout,  who  was  killed  at  Ball's  Bluff, 
Gen.  George  H.  Ward,  who  fell  at  Gettys- 
burg, and  for  whom  the  local  Grand  Army 
post  was  named,  Thomas  J.  Spurr,  S.  F. 
Haven,  Jr.,  Dexter  F.  Parker,  Rev.  Samuel 
Souther,  the  Wellingtons,  the  Bacons,  Thomas 
O'Neil  and  Henry  McConville  are  prominent. 
Of  those  who  gained  distinction  in  the  conflict, 
Charles  Devens,  Josiah  Pickett,  A.  B.  R. 
Sprague  and  William  S.  Lincoln  are  well- 
known  names.  Worcester  sent  3,927  men  to 
the  war,  at  a  total  direct  money  cost  of 
$586,054.  Of  this  amount  $245,653  was 
paid  for  bounties  and  expense  of  recruiting; 
$93,650  commutation  and  substitutes;  and 
$246,751  state  aid  to  families. 

Rev.  Abijah  P.  Marvin's  IVoi  cester  in  the 
JVcrr  of  the  Rebellion  is  an  interesting  and 
valuable  book,  giving  a  very  full  account  of 
Worcester's  part  in  sustaining  the  Union. 
Some  hasty  and  unjust  criticism  followed  its 
publication  in  consequence  of  certain  errors 
made  at  the  Adjutant  General's  office,  for 
which  the  author  was  not  responsible.  These 
errors  are  mostly  corrected  in  the  last  edition. 
Histories  of  the  Twenty-first,  Twenty-fifth, 
Thirty-fourth  and  Thirty-sixth  Regiments  have 
been  printed.  The  Story  of  Company  A, 
Twenty-fifth  Regiment,  has  been  much  com- 
mended as  a  true  picture  of  the  daily  life  of  a 
soldier.  The  history  of  the  fighting  Fifteenth 
remains  to  be  written,  and  it  is  a  matter  of 
regret  that  Gen.  Devens  could  not  have  per- 
formed that  duty. 

Of  Worcester  military  companies,  past  and 
present,  the  City  Guards,  Continentals,  Em- 
met Guards,  Light  Infantry,  and  the  State 
Guards  are  noticed  ander  their  titles  in  the 
Dictionary.  The  Worcester  Artillery  Com- 
pany was  an  active  organization  here  from 
1783  to  1838.  The  Independent  Cadets, 
formed  during  the  threatened  war  with  France 
in  1798,  disbanded  soon  after.  The  Worces- 
ter Cavalry  was  in  existence  for  some  twenty 
years,  certainly  from  1813  to  1826.  The 
white  silk  flag  of  this  company  is  now  in  the 
possession  of  Albert  A.  Lovell,  and  has  the 
State  arms  and  the  mottoes:  "God  armeth 
the  Patriot,"  and  "For  God  and  Our  Coun- 


69 


MIL— M  IN 


try,"  on  one  side;  and  "  Worcester  Cavalry, 
ist  Brigade,  Sixth  Division,"  on  the  other. 
The  Worcester  Rifle  Corps,  estabhshed  in 
1823,  was  disbanded  in  1835.  The  Jackson 
Guards  was  an  Irish  company  suppressed  by 
Gov.  Gardiner,  in  Know-Nothing  times. 

Militia  Companies. — There  are  four  mil- 
itia companies  belonging  to  Worcester,  three 
infantry  and  one  artillery,  namely:  Co.  A 
(Worcester  City  Guards),  and  Co.  C  (Wor- 
cester Light  Infantry),  of  the  Second  Regi- 
ment; and  Co.  G  (Emmet  Guards),  of  the 
Ninth  Regiment.  Battery  B,  Light  Artillery, 
is  unattached.  See  in  the  Dictionary,  under 
Ennnet  Guards;  City  Guards;  Light  Infantry . 

Mill  Brook. — This  stream  rises  in  Holden 
and  flows  generally  south  until  it  unites  at 
South  Worcester  with  Middle  river  to  form 
the  Blackstone.  The  first  saw  and  grist  mills 
in  the  town  were  erected  on  this  stream  above 
Lincoln  square,  and  gave  it  the  name  of  Mill 
Brook. 

Millbury. — So  named  from  the  numerous 
mills  which  it  contains,  was  taken  from  the 
north  part  of  Sutton  and  incorporated  June 
IT,  181 3.  It  is  situated  six  miles  south  of 
Worcester,  on  the  Providence  &  Worcester 
Railroad.  A  branch  railroad  also  connects  at 
Millbury  Junction  with  the  Boston  &  Albany 
Railroad.  The  Worcester  and  Millbury  Elec- 
tric Railroad  was  opened  in  October,  1892. 
Population  in  1885,  4,555.    In  1890,  4,428. 

Millstone  Hill. — The  eminence  north  of 
Belmont  street  and  Bell  pond,  from  which 
much  of  the  foundation  stone  used  in  Worces- 
ter is  obtained.  Quarries  have  been  worked 
here  from  early  time,  and  of  late  years  exten- 
sively. Aug.  27,  1733,  the  proprietors  voted 
"that  TOO  acres  of  the  poorest  land  on  Mill- 
stone be  left  common  for  the  use  of  the  town 
for  building  stones."  In  1763  it  appears  that 
the  land  in  question  had  been  sold  through 
mistake  to  Daniel  Heywood,  and  some  time 
afterward  it  was  recovered  in  course  of  law, 
and  in  1770  he  was  given  a  sum  of  money  to 
quit  his  claim.  In  later  times,  however, 
private  parties  assumed  ownership  and  were 
sustained  by  the  courts,  for  in  1824,  in  the 
case  of  William  E.  Green  vs.  town  of  Worces- 
ter, it  was  decided  that  the  town  had  no  right 
in  the  property  other  than  to  take  building 
stone.  The  top  of  the  hill  is  780  feet  above 
the  tide  level. 

Minerals. — Dana  gives  the  list  of  minerals 


found  in  Worcester  as  follows:  Mispickel 
(arsenical  iron),  idocrase,  pyroxene,  garnet, 
amianthus,  bucholzite,  spathic  iron,  galena. 
Mr.  W.  H.  Lovell,  who  compiled  a  list  of 
minerals  in  Worcester  county  for  the  Natural 
History  Society,  found  the  following:  Calcite, 
graphite,  vesuviante  (idocrase).  At  the  Coal 
Mine :  Graphite,  anthracite,  pyrite,  asbestos, 
fibrolite  (bucholzite).  Northville  Silver  Mine  : 
Pyrite,  arsenopyrite,  siderite,  galena.  Tat- 
nuck  Hill:  Pyrite,  pyrrhotite.  Millstone  Hill: 
Fluorite  in  granite.  South  Ledge  (near  Quin- 
sigamond  Village)  :  P^eldspar,  mica  (biotite), 
talc  (soapstone).  Also  granite  for  building, 
and  peat. 

Ministers.  —  The  ministry  of  Worcester 
includes  few  distinguished  names.  Of  the 
older  churches,  a  list  of  the  ministers  of  the 
First  or  Old  South  Church  will  be  found  under 
the  title  in  the  Dictionary.  The  Second 
(Unitarian-Congregational)  has  had  but  four 
pastors  since  its  formation  in  1785,  namely; 
Aaron  Bancroft  to  1839;  Alonzo  Hill,  1827  to 
1871;  Edward  H.Hall,  1869  to  1882;  and 
Austin  S.  Carver,  1882  to  the  present  time. 
The  Calvinist  Church  (now  the  Central)  was 
organized  in  1820,  and  Loammi  Ives  Hoadley 
was  the  first  pastor,  ordained  in  1823.  His 
successors  have  been  John  S.  C.  Abbott,  1830 
to  1835;  David  Peabody,  1835  to  1838;  Seth 
Sweetser,  1838  to  1878;  Henry  E,  Barnes 
(colleague)  1874  to  1876;  Daniel  Merriman, 
1878  to  the  present.  The  Union  Church, 
formed  in  1836,  has  had  the  following  pastors: 
Jonathan  E.  Woodbridge  to  1838;  Elam 
Smalley  (author  of  The  Worcester  Pulpit^, 
1838  to  1854;  Ebenezer  Cutler,  1855  to 
1878;  Henry  A  Stimson,  1880  to  1885;  Wil- 
liam V.  W.  Davis,  1887.  The  Salem  Street 
Church  was  formed  in  1848.  George  Bush- 
nell  was  the  first  pastor  to  1857,  and  his 
successors  have  been  Merrill  Richardson  to 
1871;  Charles  M.  Lamson  to  1886;  and  Isaac 
J.  Lansing.  The  latter  has  the  present  year 
(1892)  been  succeeded  by  Rev.  F.  B.  Vroo- 
man.  Plymouth  Church  was  formed  in  1869. 
George  W.  Phillips  was  pastor  to  1887,  and 
was  s\icceeded  by  Charles  Wadsworth,  Jr. 
Rev.  Archibald  McCullagh,  D.  D.,  is  the 
present  pastor,  settled  in  1890.  Piedmont 
Church,  organized  in  1872,  has  had  George 
H.  Gould  and  David  O.  Mears  as  ministers, 
the  latter  since  1877.  The  second  Unitarian 
Church,  or  Church  of  the  Unity,  was  formed 
in  1845.    Edward  Everett  Hale  was  pastor 


6 


MIN— MUS 


70 


ten  years,  and  his  successors  have  been  Rush 
R.  Shippen,  1856  to  1871;  Henry  Blanchard, 
1872  to  1881;  Roland  A.  Wood,  1881  to 
1884;  and  Calvin  Stebbins.  Rev.  George 
Allen,  a  native  and  long  a  resident  of  Wor- 
cester, was  noted  as  a  scholar  and  an  authori- 
ty in  Congregational  matters.  He  preached 
many  years  at  the  Hospital.  His  library  is 
now  in  the  possession  of  The  Worcester  Socie- 
ty of  Antiquity.  (See  Allen  Library.)  The 
first  regularly  settled  Baptist  minister  in  Wor- 
cester was  William  Bentley,  from  181 2  to 
1815,  and  he  was  followed  by  Jonathan  Go- 
ing, 1815  to  1831;  Frederick  A.  Willard,  1832 
to  1835;  Jonathan  Aldrich,  1835  to  1838; 
Samuel  B,  Swaim,  1839  to  1854;  J.  D.  E. 
Jones,  1855  to  1859;  Rev.  Lemuel  Moss,  H. 
K.  Pervear,  B.  D.  Marshall  and  George  G. 
Craft  have  succeeded  the  latter.  The  Second 
Baptist  Church  was  organized  in  1 84 1,  and 
John  Jennings  was  the  first  pastor.  The  Third 
Baptist  Church  was  formed  in  1853.  H.  L. 
Wayland  was  first  installed.  The  first  Method- 
ist minister  of  Worcester  was  Joseph  A. 
Merrill  in  1833.  Other  early  ministers  of  this 
denomination  were  George  Pickering,  John 
T.  Burrill,  James  Porter  and  Charles  K.  True. 
The  Second  (Laurel  street)  Methodist  Church 
was  organized  in  1845,  and  Richard  S.  Rust 
was  the  first  minister.  The  first  pastor  of 
Grace  M.  E.  Church  was  J.  O.  Peck  in  1867. 
The  First  Universalist  Church  was  organized 
in  1843.  The  ministers  have  been  S.  P. 
Landers,  Albert  Case,  O.  H.  Tillotson,  John 

G.  Adams,  L.  M.  Burrington,  Thomas  E.  St. 
John,  B.  F.  Bowles  and  Moses  H.  Harris. 
The  latter  was  succeeded  in  1890  by  Rev. 
Almon  Gunnison.  Episcopal  worship  was 
established  in  Worcester  in  1835  by  Rev. 
Thomas  H.  Vail.  All  Saints  Church  was 
formed  in  1843.  The  rectors  have  been 
Henry  Blackaller,  George  T.  Chapman,  G. 

H.  Clark,  Justin  Field,  Nathaniel  T.  Bent,  A. 
M.  Morrison,  William  R.  Huntington  (now 
rector  of  Grace  Church,  New  York),  1862- 
1883,  and  A.  H.  Vinton.  Rev.  James  Fitton 
was  the  first  Roman  Catholic  clergyman  of 
Worcester,  and  worship  was  established  here 
in  1834.  Matthew  W.  Gibson  and  John  Boyce 
were  other  priests  here  in  early  days.  At 
present  John  J.  Power,  Thomas  J.  Conaty 
and  Thomas  Griffin  are  clergymen  of  more 
than  local  reputation. 

Missions. — The  following  missions  are  es- 
tablished in  Worcester: 


Baptist  Missions. — yamesville,  at  James- 
ville,  organized  in  1884.  Quinsigamond,  at 
Quinsigamond  Village,  organized  in  1885. 
Greendale,  organized  in  1884. 

Methodist.  —  West  Side,  Abbott  street, 
organized  in  1891.  Mission  Des  Vrais  Cath- 
oliques,  at  Coral  Street  Church,  1889.  Lake 
Vieiv,  Wesley  Hall,  Coburn  avenue,  1891. 

Orthodox. — Sum/nit,  organized  1884. 

New  Jerusalem,  founded  in  1888,  and 
meets  in  Burnside  Building. 

Roman  Catholic. —  St.  Anne's,  Grand 
street,  organized  in  1886. 

Valley  Falls. — Leicester  street,  organ- 
ized 1869. 

Highway. — 393  Shrewsbury  street,  organ- 
ized in  1890. 

Tatnuck. — Pleasant  street. 

Monuments.  —  See  Bigelow  Monument; 
Soldiers''  Monutjtent. 

Moral  Effort  Union.  —  See  Union  for 
Concerted  Moral  Effort. 

Mt.  Vernon  Social  Club. — A  prominent 
association  of  young  men. 

Museums.  —See  under  American  Anti- 
quarian Society;  jVatiiral  LListory  Society: 
Worcester  Society  of  A?itiquity. 

Musical  Association  (Worcester  Coun- 
ty).—  The  Dictionary  is  indebted  to  the 
Historical  Sketch  of  the  Worcester  Comity 
Mtisical  Association,  by  Samuel  E.  Staples, 
for  many  of  the  facts  that  follow  relating  to 
that  organization : 

The  first  of  the  series  of  musical  conven- 
tions, which  preceded  the  formation  of  the 
Worcester  County  Musical  Association,  was 
held  in  September,  1858,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Edward  Hamilton,  assisted  by  B.  F. 
Baker  of  Boston.  These  conventions  were 
held  annually,  either  by  private  enterprise  or 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Mozart  Society  until 
1863.  In  consequence  of  some  opposition  to 
Mr.  E.  H.  Frost  as  musical  conductor  in  the 
Mozart  Society,  his  supporters  took  action 
which  led  to  the  formation  of  the  Worcester 
County  Musical  Association.  Mr.  James  D. 
Moore  is  credited  with  having  suggested  the 
new  organization,  and  he  called  a  musical 
convention  to  be  held  in  Mechanics  Hall  in 
September,  1863,  under  direction  of  E.  H. 
Frost,  while  another  convention  was  an- 
nounced to  be  held  the  same  week  in  the  City 
Hall  under  the  direction  of  B.  F.  Baker. 


71 


MUS— 


These  rival  conventions  represented  two  fac- 
tions which  had  divided  the  musical  people  of 
Worcester  for  several  years,  those  supporting 
Mr.  Baker  being  opposed  to  the  Lowell 
Mason  school.  But  Mr.  Frost  and  his  friends 
wei'e  too  strong  for  their  opponents,  and  the 
assemh)ly  at  Mechanics  Hall  adopted  the  name 
of  the  "Worcester  County  Musical  Conven- 
tion." An  organization  was  effected  Oct.  2, 
1863,  with  Samuel  E.  Staples  as  President, 
William  S.  Denny,  Secretary  and  Treasurer, 
and  James  D.  Moore,  Librarian.  This  socie- 
ety  became  in  1 871,  by  change  of  name,  the 
Worcester  County  Musical  Association,  and 
the  annual  conventions  have  been  known 
since  that  time  as  Musical  or  Music  Festivals. 
Mr.  Staples  was  president  of  the  Association 
for  ten  years,  and  was  succeeded  by  Hon. 
William  R.  Hill  of  Wilkinsonville.  Mr.  Hill 
died  in  1887,  and  Hon.  Edward  L.  Davis 
was  elected  President,  and  now  holds  the 
office.  The  other  officers  at  present  are  Wil- 
liam Sumner,  Vice-President;  B.  D.  Allen,  C. 
M.  Bent,  Daniel  Downey,  L.  M.  Lovell,  B. 
L.  M.  Smith,  C.  I.  Rice,  C.  C.  Stearns,  Ben. 
T.  Hammond,  Directors;  A.  C.  Munroe,  Sec- 
retary; J.  E.  Benchley,  Treasurer;  and  G.  W. 
Elkins,  Librarian.  The  annual  festival  is  held 
the  last  week  in  September,  and  continues  five 
days.  Carl  Zerrahn  has  been  conductor  for 
many  years,  and  has  trained  the  chorus  of  five 
hundred  voices  to  a  good  degree  of  excellence. 
Eight  grand  concerts  and  seven  public  re- 
hearsals are  given,  and  the  programme  gener- 
ally includes  one  of  the  great  oratorios. 
Distinguished  soloists  are  engaged  each  year. 
The  Festival  has  become  the  great,  and 
indeed  the  only,  society  event  of  the  year  in 
Worcester;  there  is  an  eager  demand  for 
seats,  and  the  prices  paid  for  premiums  aggre- 
gate a  large  sum.  The  Festival  draws  visitors 
from  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  largely  from 
the  county;  it  is  therefore  not  entirely  a  Wor- 
cester city  institution. 

Music  Hall. — The  Worcester  P^uit  Pre- 
serving Company  was  organized  under  a  char- 
ter from  the  Legislature  in  1867,  with  a 
capital  of  $50,000,  for  the  purpose  of  erecting 
and  carrying  on  an  extensive  fruit-keeping 
house  under  Prof.  Nyce's  patent.  The  officers 
were:  President,  Benj.  Walker;  Clerk,  Elijah 
B.  Stoddard;  Treasurer,  Harrison  Bliss; 
Superintendent,  John  S.  Ballard.  The  build- 
ing, which  was  erected  on  Exchange  street 


back  of  the  Bay  State  House,  was  on  the  plan 
of  a  huge  refrigerator,  in  which  the  various 
kinds  of  fruit,  foreign  and  domestic,  as  well  as 
eggs,  vegetables,  etc.,  were  to  be  stored  and 
kept  fresh  indefinitely.  The  enterprise  did 
not  prove  a  success,  and  the  following  year 
the  Music  Hall  Association  was  formed  for  the 
purpose  of  utilizing  the  property  in  the  erec- 
tion of  a  theatre.  The  land  on  which  the 
building  stood  had  been  deeded  to  the  Fruit 
Preserving  Co,  by  the  Bay  State  House  pro- 
prietors April  29,  1867,  for  $8,195,  and  this 
having  fallen  into  the  hands  of  Benj.  W. 
Thayer  of  Boston,  was  deeded  by  him  to  the 
Music  Hall  Corporation  May  7,  1868.  The 
latter  had  been  incorporated  April  14,  1868, 
and  was  composed  of  the  following  gentle- 
men: Harrison  Bliss,  E.  B.  Stoddard,  Francis 
H.  Kinnicutt,  Edward  L.  Davis,  Stephen 
Salisbury,  Jr.,  Samuel  Woodward,  David  S. 
Messinger,  Wm.  PL  Goulding,  Benj.  Walker, 
Orlando  Tompkins  of  Boston,  and  Chas.  B. 
Pratt.  The  fruit  building,  which  was  in  the 
rear  of  the  lot,  was  extended  by  an  addition 
in  front,  the  new  part  costing  $18,950,  and 
the  whole  transformed  into  a  theatre,  called 
at  first  Music  Hall,  but  of  late  years  known 
as  the  Worcester  Theatre.  It  was  leased 
March  i,  1869,  for  ten  years  to  B.  W.  Thayer 
and  Orlando  Tompkins,  at  $5,000  per  year 
for  the  whole  building,  which  included  two 
stores  on  the  ground  floor.  A  mortgage  of 
$25,000  was  placed  on  the  property  of  the 
corporation,  which  organized  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $26,800,  divided  into  268  shares. 
The  theatre  was  opened  on  the  evening  of 
March  9,  1869,  by  the  Boston  Theatre  Co., 
with  the  play  of  the  Lady  of  Lyons.  After 
the  first  lease  run  out  the  proprietors  and 
others  managed  the  theatre  for  three  or  four 
years,  and  in  1883  the  late  Charles  D.  C. 
Wilkinson  assumed  control  under  a  six  years' 
lease  at  $3,750  yearly  rent.  His  widow  re- 
tained possession  after  his  death  till  the 
destruction  of  the  building  by  fire  in  May, 
1889.  Previous  to  the  fire  a  lease  had  been 
given  to  F.  F.  Proctor  for  five  years  from 
Sept.  I,  1889.  The  New  Worcester  Theatre 
was  built  on  the  site.    (See  Theatre.^ 

Music  in  Worcester.  —  In  1784  Isaiah' 
Thomas  advertised  that  he  had  procured  "a 
beautiful  set  of  musical  types  from  England, 
by  which  he  was  enabled  to  print  church  and 
other  musick."     The     Worcester  Collection 


MUS— 


72 


oj  Sacred  IIafino7iy,^'' "^v^Xx^tA  in  1788,  was 
probably  printed  from  those  types.  101797 
Mr.  B.  Glaan  announced  himself  as  a  teacher 
of  the  "piano-forte  and  keyed  instruments," 
at  Barker's  Tavern  in  Worcester.  Notices  of 
singing  schools  and  dancing  schools  appear 
early  in  the  present  century.  In  1809  a  Mr. 
Mallet  gave  "harmony  concerts"  at  Healy's 
Hall,  which  was  where  the  Burnside  Building 
now  stands.  A  well-toned  piano-forte  was 
offered*  for  sale  in  a  notice  in  the  Spy,  and  on 
the  death  of  Hon.  Francis  Blake  in  181 7,  the 
one  belonging  to  his  family  was  publicly  sold. 
John  W.  Lincoln  opened  a  "School  for  Mar- 
tial Music"  in  1813,  to  instruct  musicians  for 
service  in  the  war.  A  Mr.  Lewis  was  a 
teacher  of  vocal  music  in  Worcester  in  1819. 
About  the  year  1820  considerable  interest  was 
manifested  in  this  locality  and  in  different 
parts  of  the  county  in  the  subject  of  music, 
and  several  societies  were  formed  which  were 
active  for  a  number  of  years;  among  these 
may  be  mentioned  the  Lockhart  Union  Socie- 
ty of  Brookfield,  the  Templi  Carmina  Society 
of  Sutton,  the  Beethoven  Society  of  Millbury, 
and  the  Worcester  Harmonic  Society;  the 
latter  formed  about  the  year  1825.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1822,  an  oratorio  was  performed  here  by 
the  Handel  and  Haydn  Society  of  Boston;  and 
at  the  dedication  of  the  Calvinist  (Central) 
Church  in  1823,  the  Lockhart  Union  Society 
furnished  the  music,  and  gave  an  oratorio  in 
the  evening.  A  concert  was  given  here 
March  5,  1823,  by  Miss  Plimpton,  the 
"young  Columbian  vocalist,"  of  Boston. 

Philip  Brown,  in  a  room  over  George  A. 
Trumbull's  book-store,  advertised  in  1823 
imported  music  and  musical  instruments.  He 
was  probably  the  first  music  dealer  in  Worces- 
ter. In  1 83 1  Aaron  Leland  opened  his 
"music  and  umbrella  store,"  and  in  1839 
Samuel  Reeves  Leland  came  to  Worcester, 
also  dealing  in  musical  instruments  and  um- 
brellas. 

A  novel  musical  entertainment  was  given 
here  in  1828,  with  a  combination  of  instru- 
ments, the  siren,  musical  glasses,  bagpipes, 
etc.;  and  in  1830  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Papanti  from 
Boston  advertised  a  concert  to  take  place 
June  17.  In  1834  a  concert  of  sacred  music 
was  given  in  Mr.  Abbott's  (Central)  Meeting 
House  by  Messrs.  N.  Allen,  Colburn,  White 
et  al.  of  Boston.  Ostinelli  appeared  here 
with  Mr.  Mseder  in  1835.  In  1836  the  Cal- 
vinist Society  advertised  theii  bass  viol  for 


sale,  "the  church  having  procured  an  organ." 
In  1837  Emory  Perry  and  Alexander  (Ed- 
ward) Hamilton  announced  their  "Juvenile 
and  Adult  Singing  School."  In  1839  piano- 
forte instruction  was  given  by  Miss  Frances  E. 
Rice  and  Miss  S.  Collier.  The  same  year 
there  was  a  concert  by  the  "Tyrolese  Sing- 
ers;" and  the  "Worcester  Mozart  Society," 
E.  Sanger,  secretary,  is  noticed.  The  latter 
probably  was  not  maintained  long,  for  several 
years  later,  as  will  be  seen  below,  another 
society  of  the  same  name  was  organized.  A 
"Grand  Musical  Soiree  by  the  St.  Luke  Fami- 
ly," Italian  Fantoccini,  and  the  Nicholson 
Flute  and  Glee  Club  were  the  attractions  in 
1839-40.  In  1843  there  was  a  "Grand  Mu- 
sical Jubilee"  in  Worcester,  to  vvhich  the 
Worcester  Brass  Band  invited  all  the  bands  in 
the  vicinity.  The  same  year  the  Hutchinson 
Family  appeared  here,  and  Ole  Bull  came  for 
the  first  time  July  i,  1844.  His  last  appear- 
ance here  was  on  the  27th  of  April,  1880,  and 
his  death  occurred  on  the  1 8th  of  August  of 
that  year.  The  following  are  some  of  the 
celebrities  who  have  appeared  in  Worcester 
during  the  last  forty-five  years:  Leopold  De- 
Meyer,  Madame  Anna  Bishop,  Brignoli,  Herz 
and  Sivori,  Julien,  Parodi,  Stigelli,  Jenny 
Lind,  Thalberg,  D'Angri,  Gottschalk,  Gill- 
more,  Parepa,  Arbuckle,  Blind  Tom,  Adelina 
and  Carlotta  Patti,  Bulow,  Carreno,  Pappen- 
heim,  Thomas,  Nilsson,  Damrosch,  Josefify, 
Remenyi,  Rubinstein,  Wilhelmj,  Paderewski 
and  De  Pachmann, 

The  Worcester  Sacred  Music  Society  was 
formed  in  1846,  and  in  1852  the  Worcester 
Musical  Association  appealed,  but  did  not 
long  continue.  A.  N.  Johnson,  George  F. 
Root,  William  Sumner  and  Edward  S.  Nason 
were  prominent  in  this  society,  which  must 
not  be  confounded  with  the  Worcester  County 
Musical  Association,  founded  ten  years  later. 
The  Mozart  Society,  formed  in  1850,  was  a 
more  permanent  organization,  and  continued 
with  varying  success  and  failure  until  it  was 
united  with  the  Beethoven  Society.  The  lat- 
ter, instituted  in  1864,  joined  the  Mozart  in 
1866,  to  form  the  Worcester  Mozart  and 
Beethoven  Choral  Union,  which  later  became 
the  Choral  Union.  ( See  title.)  The  Shumann 
Club  was  in  existence  some  ten  years  ago, 
and  was  similar  in  character  to  the  present 
Gounod  Club.  The  Orchestral  Union  is  an 
active  organization.  (See  the  article  on  the 
Worcester  County  Musical  Association.) 


73 


MUS— NAT 


Of  individuals  who  have  contributed  much 
to  the  advancement  of  music  in  Worcester  in 
the  past,  the  names  of  Emory  Perry,  Rufus  D. 
Dunbar,  L.  S.  Rust,  Edward  Hamilton,  Sam- 
uel R.  Leland  and  William  Sumner  are  prom- 
inent. Mr.  Perry  was  a  teacher  of  music  here 
for  thirty  years.  He  instituted  the  Worcester 
Harmonic  Society,  active  for  ten  or  twelve 
years  after  1826.  Mr.  Hamilton  possessed 
sound  musical  taste,  and  was  a  safe  critic.  He 
was  also  a  composer  of  merit.  Of  prominent 
musicians  who  have  resided  or  now  reside  in 
Worcester,  only  a  few  can  be  noticed  in  addi- 
tion to  those  above  named.  Eugene  Thayer, 
who  achieved  such  eminence  as  an  organist, 
had  his  early  training  here,  and  went  abroad 
from  this  city.  Matthew  Arbuckle  came  to 
Worcester  in  1857,  through  the  efforts  of 
Isaac  Fiske,  whose  band  he  conducted  for 
three  years;  and  while  here  his  subsequent 
fame  began  to  dawn.  Arbuckle  was  a  Scotch- 
man, and  deserted  from  the  British  service  in 
Canada,  induced  to  this  action  by  members  of 
a  band  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  who  were  impressed 
with  his  power,  which  he  himself  did  not 

1     suspect.    After  playing  in  Troy  some  time,  he 

I  •  was  found  by  Mr.  Fiske,  who  brought  him  to 
Worcester.  C.  C.  Stearns,  the  well-known 
musical  composer  and  teacher,  has  for  the  past 
thirty  years  resided  in  Worcester.  The 
lamented  Henshaw  Dana  was  also  a  resident. 

I  Walter  Kennedy,  Ben.  T.  Hammond  and  E. 
N.  Anderson  are  prominent  as  teachers  of  the 
voice.    The  useful  work  and  long  service  of 

:  Mr.  B.  D.  Allen  entitle  him  to  honorable 
mention. 

Of  military  bands  information  is  meagre. 
About  1840  two  bands  were  formed,  one 
located  at  New  Worcester,  and  the  Harrison 
excitement  of  that  year  afforded  ample  oppor- 
tunity for  the  exercise  of  their  abihties.  David 
Perry  and  Marshall  Tenney  were  well-known 
band  masters  of  the  period  from  1840  to  1850. 
The  most  notable  enterprise  in  this  line  was 
entered  into  in  the  formation  of  Fiske's  Band 
in  1857,  which  was  the  means  of  bringing  to 
Worcester  such  musicians  as  Arbuckle,  Patz, 
Kendall  and  others  of  note,  for  the  spirit  of 
i  rivalry  excited  by  Mr.  Fiske  in  securing  the 
I  services  of  Arbuckle  caused  extraordinary 
I  efforts  on  the  part  of  the  managers  of  Joslyn's 
or  Goddard's  Band,  and  competition  was 
lively  between  them.  Under  Arbuckle,  Fiske's 
Band  attained  a  high  degree  of  excellence  in 
playing,  and  greatly  astonished  Gillmore  when 


he  visited  Worcester  with  his  famous  Salem 
Band  on  their  return  from  the  democratic 
national  convention  at  Charleston  in  i860. 
The  two  bands  paraded  together,  and  Gill- 
more  soon  after  obtained  the  services  of 
Arbuckle  for  his  own  organization.  Isaac 
Fiske,  to  whom  belongs  the  credit  of  main- 
taining the  organization  for  four  or  five  years, 
was  a  manufacturer  of  band  instruments  in 
Worcester  for  a  long  period.  (See  Bands  for 
present  organizations.) 

Mystic  Brothers  (Independent  Order 

of  ). —  J 'iking  Council,  A'o.  c^,  was  organized 
in  1881,  and  is  composed  largely  of  Scandi- 
navians. Meets  at  Integrity  Hall,  Pearl 
street.    It  is  a  mutual  benefit  order. 

Naturalization  Clubs. — See  under  French 
Canadians. 

Natural  History  Park.  —  The  tract  of 
land  near  the  north  end  and  bordering  on  the 
shores  of  Lake  Quinsigamond,  owned  by  the 
Worcester  Natural  History  Society.  The 
Natural  History  Camp  and  Training  School 
for  boys  is  held  here  every  summer.  The  park 
includes  the  summit  and  eastern  slope  of 
Wigwam  Hill,  and  contains  about  40  acres. 
The  money  to  purchase  the  land  ($5,000) 
was  given  by  Hon.  Joseph  H.  Walker,  ?nd 
Thomas  H.  Dodge,  Esq.,  erected  the  pavilion 
known  by  his  name.  A  well-equipped  work- 
shop is  one  of  the  attractions  of  the  camp,  and 
Horace  H.  Bigelow  largely  contributed  to  the 
expense  of  this  and  other  conveniences.  (See 
nexi  article. ) 

Natural  History  Society  (The  Worces- 
ter).—The  W^orcester  Lyceum  of  Natural 
History,  formed  in  1825,  was  in  existence 
three  or  four  years.  Dr.  John  Green  was 
president.  Some  of  the  specimens  owned  by 
this  organization  are  now  in  the  cabinet  of  the 
present  society,  which  can  trace  its  pedigree 
to  the  Worcester  Lyceum  formed  in  1829,  for 
the  instruction  and  improvement  of  the  citi- 
zens of  Worcester.  In  August,  1 85 2,  the 
Young  Men's  Literary  Association  was  incor- 
porated for  the  purpose  of  affording  intellect- 
ual and  social  advantages  to  the  young  men  of 
the  city,  by  maintaining  a  library  and  reading 
room,  and  courses  of  lectures.  Through  the 
efforts  of  Rev.  Edward  Everett  Hale,  a  natu- 
ral history  department  was  organized  in  April, 
1854.    In  1855  the  Young  Men's  Rhetorical 


NAT— 


74 


Society  united  with  the  Library  Association, 
and  in  1856  the  Worcester  Lyceum  joined 
fortunes  with  the  others,  the  consoUdation 
forming  the  Worcester  Lyceum  and  Library 
Association.  In  1859  the  books  belonging  to 
this  society  were  given  to  the  city  as  a  nucleus 
of  the  circulating  department  of  the  Free 
Public  Library,  and  the  natural  history  de- 
partment was  the  only  active  branch  left,  the 
Rhetorical  Society  having  withdrawn  and  re- 
organized by  itself.  Interest  was  kept  up, 
however,  and  the  name  of  the  Lyceum  and 
Library  Association  assumed,  and  the  work 
carried  on  so  far  as  could  be  done  with  cur- 
tailed resources  and  objects.  The  courses  of 
popular  lectures  were  still  maintained,  and  for 
some  fifteen  years  received  liberal  patronage. 
When  the  City  Library  was  removed  from 
Bank  building  to  Elm  street,  the  society  was 
accommodated  with  quarters  in  the  basement 
for  its  natural  history  cabinet.  In  1866  the 
name  was  changed  to  the  Worcester  Lyceum 
and  Natural  History  Society,  and  March  6, 
1884,  altered  to  Worcester  iVatiiral  History 
Society  by  legislative  enactments.  The  society 
had  after  four  or  five  years  moved  back  to  Fos- 
ter street,  and  taken  possession  of  the  upper 
story  of  the  Bank  Building,  where  it  remained 
until  Oct.,  1891.  The  collections  became  very 
valuable  as  they  increased,  and  among  the 
acquisitions  may  be  mentioned  the  John  Mil- 
ton Earle  collection  of  shells,  and  a  fine  cab- 
inet of  minerals.  The  society  also  had  at  one 
time  a  good  collection  of  Indian  relics  and 
other  curiosities,  but  these  have  been  scattered. 
Interest  in  the  work  was  kept  up  in  a  tolera- 
ble degree  until  1875,  but  for  the  next  five 
years  there  was  a  noticeable  falling  off  in 
attendance  and  enthusiasm.  Mr.  Thomas  A. 
Dickinson,  who  had  succeeded  Mr.  James  G. 
Arnold  as  superintendent  of  the  cabinet, 
exerted  himself  in  various  ways  to  revive  the 
old  interest,  and  by  his  invitation  Prof. 
Francis  G.  Sanborn,  afterwards  in  charge  of 
the  cabinet,  came  to  Worcester,  and  gave 
much  assistance  in  the  form  of  lectures  and 
practical  work  and  instruction.  Mr.  Nathan- 
iel Paine,  after  many  years'  valuable  service  "as 
president,  withdrew,  and  his  successors  were 
prevented  by  the  pressure  of  other  duties  from 
giving  the  necessary  attention,  time  and  labor 
needed  to  revive  the  old  spirit.  In  1880  Dr. 
William  H.  Raymenton  was  elected  president, 
and  began  his  vigorous  administration,  which 
has  made  the  society  a  living  force  in  the 


community.  He  entered  upon  the  work  with 
much  enthusiasm,  which  proved  contagious  to 
those  about  him.  Under  his  direction  free 
classes  in  the  different  branches  of  natural 
science  were  instituted,  the  cabinet  or  museum 
opened  daily  to  the  public,  and  field  and 
practice  meetings  held  at  short  intervals.  By 
these  means  the  membership  of  the  society 
was  largely  increased  (1300  in  1888),  and 
new  life  infused  into  every  department.  Find- 
ing that  the  development  and  success  of  his 
plans  required  money  in  larger  amounts  than 
the  membership  fees  and  other  resources  of 
the  society  afforded,  he  appealed  to  the 
wealthy  and  business  men  of  the  city  to  aid 
him  by  contributions  of  money  or  otherwise, 
and  the  response  was  generous  in  a  surprising 
degree.  The  first  year  (1880)  $1,708.99  was 
received,  and  the  sums  given  for  each  succeed- 
ing year,  as  shown  by  the  treasurer's  books, 
appear  as  follows : 


YEAR.  AMOUNT. 

1881   $2,239.88 

1882   2,383.62 

1883   2,587.21 

1884   4,250.48 

1885   5,152.78 

1886   5,091.03 

1887   6,788.89 

1888    12,204.16 


In  addition  to  the  above,  gifts  for  special 
purposes  have  been  received,  which  swell  the 
aggregate  sum  raised  for  the  society  by  Dr. 
Raymenton  previous  to  his  retirement  from 
the  presidency  in  1889,  to  $55,000,  the  last 
gift  being  $3,000,  to  settle  some  obligations  of 
the  year  before.  The  principal  benefactors  of 
the  society  during  the  Doctor's  administration 
have  been  Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury,  Hon. 
Joseph  H.  Walker,  Stephen  Salisbury,  Esq., 
and  Thomas  H.  Dodge,  Esq.  Three  years' 
subscriptions  were  instituted,  a  certain  sum 
being  pledged  each  year  for  three  years;  and 
these  have  been  renewed  two  or  three  times 
by  some,  and  in  many  instances  in  increased 
amounts,  the  donors  manifesting  the  utmost 
enthusiasm  in  the  work  of  the  society.  The 
list  for  1883,  for  example,  has  the  names  of 
three  contributors  who  gave  $200  a  year  for 
three  years,  five  who  gave  $100  a  year,  eight 
$50  a  year,  and  ten  $25  a  year.  In  addition 
there  were  ten  subscribers  at  $20  each,  five  at 
$15,  and  forty-six  at  $10.  Many  of  these  in 
renewing  their  three  years'  subscriptions 
doubled  the  amounts  and  a  few  did  better. 


75 


NAT— NEW 


The  society  has  a  permanent  fund  of  over 
$16,000,  and  its  whole  property  is  valued  at 
about  $80,000. 

In  1885  the  Summer  Camp  for  Boys  was 
established  at  Lake  Quinsigamond,  and  a 
bond  for  a  deed  of  a  tract  of  land,  which  in- 
cluded most  of  Wigwam  Hill,  was  taken. 
The  money  to  pay  for  this  land  was  given  in 
1888  by  Hon.  Joseph  H.  Walker.  (See  pre- 
ceding article.)  This  Camp  or  Training 
School  has  been  maintained  to  the  present 
with  gratifying  and  increasing  success.  The 
plan  of  the  work  here  is  fully  set  forth  in  a 
communication  written  by  Prof.  E.  Harlow 
Russell,  of  the  State  Normal  School,  and  print- 
ed in  the  Fifty-second  Annual  Report  of  the 
Massachusetts  Board  of  Education  (1887-88), 
to  which  the  inquirer  is  referred  for  particulars. 
The  Camp  is  open  from  July  I  to  Sept.  I. 
Something  of  military  discipline  is  maintained, 
and  daily  lectures  on  scientific  subjects  are 
given,  alternating  with  manual  training, 
swimming,  etc.  The  subscriptions  in  aid  of 
the  camp  amounted  in  1886  to  over  $1,000, 
and  its  success  was  so  great  that  Thomas  H. 
Dodge,  Esq.,  offered  the  use  of  a  tract  of 
land  on  the  Shrewsbury  side  of  the  lake  to 
establish  a  summer  school  for  girls.  In  the 
winter,  scientific  work  in  the  Natural  History 
Society  is  carried  on  by  clubs,  formed  by 
those  interested  in  the  different  departments. 
The  rooms  are  open  to  the  public  every  week 
day  from  9  to  5. 

By  the  will  of  the  late  Edwin  Conant,  Esq., 
the  society  came  into  possession  of  the  fine 
estate  at  the  corner  of  State  and  Harvard 
streets,  and  the  collections  were  removed  there 
in  1891.  Mr.  Conant  gave  in  addition 
$10,000,  the  income  of  which  is  to  be  used 
in  providing  an  annual  course  of  scientific 
lectures  in  his  native  town  of  Sterling. 

Nev^r  England  Village. — A  manufacturing 
village  in  the  north  part  of  Grafton,  estab- 
lished in  1826,  at  the  time  the  New  England 
Manufacturing  Company  located  on  the  mall 
privilege  there,  the  waters  of  Lake  Quinsiga- 
mond having  their  outlet  at  this  point.  Cotton, 
linen,  and  other  goods,  firearms,  boots  and 
shoes,  etc.,  have  been  made  here.  The  vil- 
lage is  about  six  miles  from  Worcester. 

New  Hampshire  (Sons  and  Daughters 
of). — An  association,  composed  of  natives  of 
New  Hampshire  and  their  families,  organized 
in  1880. 


Newspapers.  —  The    Massachusetts  Spy^ 
established  in  Boston  in  1 770,  was  removed  to 
Worcester  in  April,  1775,  and  a  copy  of  the 
issue  of  May  3d,  in  the  possession  of  the 
American  Anticjuarian  Society,  bears  the  cer- 
tificate of  Isaiah  Thomas  that  it  was  the  first 
thing  ever  printed  in  Worcester.    (See  under 
Spy  in  the  Dictionary.)      An  abridgment 
of  the  Spy,  called  the  Massachusetts  I  let  aid 
or  Worcester  Journal,  issued  in  1783,  failed 
after  four  numbers.     The  American  Herald 
and  Worcester  Recorder  was  removed  here 
from  Boston  in  August,  1 788,  and  was  printed 
in  Worcester  two  years  and  two  months.  The 
Independent  Gazetteer  appeared  Jan.  7,  1 800, 
and    continued   two   years.     The  National 
ALgis  was  founded  in  1801,  to  sustain  the 
principles  of  Jefferson  against  the  misrepre- 
sentations and  abuse  of  the    Federalists  of 
Massachusetts.    It  was  published  till  1833, 
and  reestablished  in  1838,  continuing  to  1857, 
when  it  was  merged  with  the  Transcript,  and 
at  present  is  known  as  the  yEgis  and  Gazette. 
Three  numbers  of  the  Scorpion,  a  virulent 
political  sheet,  appeared  in  1809.    The  Mas- 
sachusetts   Yeoman  appeared  from    1823  to 
1833.    Jubal  Harrington  began  the  publica- 
tion of  the  Worcester  County  Republican,  a 
Jacksonian  paper,  in  1829,  which  continued 
ten  years.    The    Worcester  PalladitiDi,  until 
1856  a  Democratic  weekly,  afterwards  Repub- 
lican, was  founded  by  J.  S.  C.  Knowlton  Jan. 
I,  1834.    The  last   number   was  published 
Feb.   12,   1876.     The   Worcester  Waterfall 
and    the   Cataract  were  temperance  papers 
published   in   Washj^ngtonian    times.  Elihu 
Burritt  began  to  publish  the  Christian  Citizen 
Jan.  6,  1844,  and  the  paper  was  continued 
seven  years.    The  Daily  Transcript,  the  first 
daily  in  Worcester,  appeared  June  23,  1845, 
and  was  followed  by  the  Daily  Spy  July  24  of 
the  same  year.    These  papers  were  consoli- 
dated.   The  Worcester  Daily  Journal  was 
printed  from  September,  1847,  to  October, 
1849.    The  Daily  Morning  Transcript,  first 
issued  April  i,  1851,  is  continued  in  the  pres- 
ent Evening  Gazett-.    The  Worcester  Even- 
ing Journal,  a  Know-Nothing  paper,  was  in 
existence  from  Aug.  30,  1854,  to  May  26, 
1855.    The  Worcester  Daily  Press  was  pub- 
fished  from  April  i,  1873,  to  April  27,  1 8 78. 
It  was  Democratic  in  politics,  and  those  who 
sustained  it  lost  heavily.    The  A^ew  England 
Home   Journal,    subsequently    sold    to  the 
Times,  first  appeared  Dec.  21,  1882,  with 


NEW— NOR 


76 


Henry  M.  Smith  as  editor.  The  above  com- 
prise the  more  important  of  the  papers  which 
have  been  published  in  Worcester,  though 
many  others  have  at  different  periods  appeared, 
and  enjoyed  a  brief  existence.  The  papers 
published  at  present  are  noticed  in  the  Dic- 
tionary under  their  different  names,  viz. : 
Gazette,  Light,  Messenger,  Post,  Spy,  Telegratn, 
Worcester  Commercial.  See  also  under 
French  Canadians,  and  the  article  on  Swedes. 

Newton  Hill. — The  eminence  now  includ- 
ed in  Elm  Park,  known  in  earlier  times  as 
Little  Prospect  Hill.  Its  height  is  672  feet. 
After  several  years'  consideration  the  city  pur- 
chased the  hill  in  1888,  and  it  is  now  open  as 
public  ground.  Of  the  tract  acquired,  some 
sixty  acres  in  all,  John  W.  Wetherell  and  wife 
owned  45.77  acres,  for  which  they  were  paid 
$25,120;  WiUiam  S.  Lincoln  10.25  ^icres, 
receiving  $12,565;  and  N.  S.  Johnson  and  C. 

G.  Harrington  3.87  acres,  taken  by  the  Parks 
Commission,  who  awarded  them  $6,700, 
which  they  refused  to  accept,  and  a  jury  award- 
ed them  $12,227.71,  which  with  $135  for  legal 
expenses,  makes  the  price  paid  for  the  whole 
hill  $50,047.71.  A  fine  view  of  the  city  and 
surrounding  country  can  be  had  from  the  sum- 
mit, and  the  ascent  is  easy.  Various  improve- 
ments are  being  made  by  Parks  Commission- 
er Lincoln  to  beautify  the  hill. 

New  Worcester.  —  The  region  around 
Webster  square.  Main  street  ends  here,  and 
Mill,  Leicester,  Webster  and  Cambridge 
streets  diverge  from  this  point.  The  name 
appears  to  have  been  first  applied  about  the 
year  1820. 

New  York  (Natives  of). — See  Empire 
State. 

Night  Lunch  Wagons. — The  night  lunch 
business  is  said  to  have  originated  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  L,  about  twenty  years  ago,  with  a 
man  named  Scott,  who  at  first  accommodated 
his  customers  by  going  around  with  a  basket 
of  sandwiches,  etc.,  and  the  increasing  de- 
mand in  time  necessitating  a  wagon,  he  found 
so  many  patrons  gathering  around  it  that  he 
remained  inside  and  handed  out  the  viands. 
He  is  still  in  the  business,  which  he  has  large- 
ly increased.  Mr.  S.  M.  Jones  came  to  Wor- 
cester from  Providence  several  years  ago,  and 
engaged  in  the  night  lunch  business,  in  a 
"hand  out"  wagon,  which  he  sold  to  Mr.  C. 

H.  Palmer  Sept.  23,  1889.    Mr.  Palmer  in- 


vented the  lunch  wagon  in  present  use,  which 
is  arranged  to  afford  both  shelter  and  comfort 
to  those  who  patronize  it;  and  is  capacious 
enough  to  contain  the  appliances  and  conven- 
iences of  a  restaurant.  Mr.  Palmer's  enter- 
prise gave  the  business  a  great  start,  and  night 
lunch  wagons  after  his  pattern  have  multiplied 
rapidly  throughout  the  country.  Mr.  Palmer 
manufactures  these  wagons,  and  also  his  food 
supplies  at  his  establishment  on  Salem  street. 

Nobility  Hill. —  When  Main  street  was 
first  graded,  a  portion  on  the  west  side,  ex- 
tending from  opposite  Park  street  to  a  little 
beyond  Franklin  square,  was  left  at  its  orig- 
inal level  and  a  bank  wall  erected  with  an 
iron  railing  on  the  top,  giving  much  the  same 
appearance  that  Court  Hill  now  presents. 
This  hill  or  terrace  was  occupied  by  several 
fine  residences  of  the  old  style.  A  street 
from  High  street  to  the  roadway  over  the  hill 
was  called  Corbett  street.  This  was  in  the 
line  of  the  present  Chatham  street,  but,  of 
course,  at  a  much  higher  level.  The  hill  was 
removed  about  twenty  years  ago,  much  widen- 
ing Main  street  at  that  point.  The  Rice, 
Franklin,  Knowles  and  Clark  buildings  follow 
the  line  of  the  old  residences. 

Non-Secret  Endowment  Order. —  This 
Order  was  organized  in  Worcester,  and  in- 
corporated Sept.  17,  1889.  Its  distinctive 
characteristic  among  the  fraternal  and  mutual 
benefit  societies  is  the  entire  absence  of  se- 
crecy, so  far  as  dispensing  with  pass-words, 
signs,  and  a  seCret  ritual  is  concerned.  The 
Supreme  Assembly  has  its  headquarters  in 
this  city. 

Normal  School  (State). — "By  the  terms 
of  a  resolve,  which  went  into  effect  on  the 
25th  day  of  June,  1871,  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion was  authorized  and  required  to  establish 
a  State  Normal  School  in  the  city  of  Worces- 
ter; and  the  trustees  of  the  Worcester  Luna- 
tic Hospital  were  authorized  and  required  to 
convey  to  the  Board  of  Education  and  its 
successors  a  tract  of  land  of  not  more  than  five 
acres,  to  be  located  by  the  governor  and 
council,  within  certain  limits  fixed  in  the 
resolve.  An  appropriation  of  $60,000  was 
made  upon  condition  that  the  city  of  Worces- 
ter should  pay  the  Board  of  Education  for  the 
purposes  named  in  the  resolve  the  sum  of 
$15,000.  This  condition  was  promptly  com- 
plied with.  The  tract  was  located  by  the 
governor  and  council  Sept.  2,  1871;  and  on 


77 


NOR— OAK 


the  19th  of  September,  1871,  the  conveyance 
was  made  by  the  trustees  of  the  Hospital  to 
the  Board  of  Education  and  its  successors  in 
trust  as  directed." 

The  land  was  located  upon  a  portion  of 
what  was  called  Hospital  Hill,  and  the  build- 
ing as  erected  now  fronts  on  Prospect  street. 
This  building  is  a  large  three-story  massive 
structure,  of  granite  from  Millstone  Hill.  It 
was  dedicated  Sept.  11,  1874,  and  the  school 
was  opened  on  the  15th.  E.  Harlow  Russell 
has  been  principal  from  the  beginning,  and  is 
assisted  by  a  corps-  of  seven  teachers.  "The 
design*  of  the  school  is  strictly  professional; 
that  is,  to  prepare  in  the  best  possible  manner 
the  pupils  for  the  work  of  organizing,  govern- 
ing and  teaching  in  the  public  schools  of  the 
Commonwealth."  Entrance  examinations  oc- 
cur t.vice  a  year,  at  the  beginning  of  each 
term.  Exercises  of  graduation  occur  on  the 
last  day  of  the  summer  term.  There  are  two 
courses:  one  of  two  years,  the  other  of  four 
years.  Tuition  is  free  to  such  as  intend  to 
teach  in  the  public  schools  of  Massachusetts. 

North  Park. — This  tract  of  land  in  the 
vicinity  of  Adams  square,  came  into  the  pos- 
session of  the  city  January  1st,  1889.  It  com- 
prises about  thirty-nine  and  one-half  acres, 
owned  as  follows  by  the  parties  named,  who 
sold  the  land  to  the  Parks  Commission  at  $500 
an  acre:  Joseph  E.  Bond,  12.64  acres;  A.  C. 
Harris,  3.75  acres;  Alfred  Smith,  3.58  acres; 
A.  G.  Weatherbee,  2.53  acres;  John  D.  Cur- 
tis, 16.89  acres.  Mr.  Curtis  was  allowed 
$112  to  cover  one  year's  taxes,  making  the 
total  amount  paid  $28,265. 

North  Pond. — The  largest  pond  lying 
entirely  in  Worcester,  supplied  mainly  by  the 
waters  of  Mill  Brook.  It  was  formerly  the 
head  water  of  the  Blackstone  canal.  The 
pond  lies  about  a  mile  and  a  half  north  of 
Lincoln  square.  The  area  of  the  pond  is  over 
200  acres. 

Northville. — A  village  in  the  north  part  of 
Worcester,  near  North  Pond,  some  two  miles 
from  the  center  of  the  city.  The  AWt/iville 
Library  Association  is  a  literary  society  estab- 
lished here,  and  a  mission  is  sustained. 

North  Worcester. — A  village  in  the  north 
part  of  the  city,  on  Holden  street.  The  asso- 
ciation known  as  the  A^orth  Worcester  Aid 
Society  has  its  headquarters  in  a  hall  on  Hol- 
den street. 


Notabilities. — A  complete  list  of  notabili- 
ties who  have  been  in  Worcester  cannot  be 
given  here,  but  some  prominent  ones  are 
mentioned  below.  General  Daniel  Gookin 
and  John  Eliot  visited  Worcester  in  early 
times.  Chief  Justice  Sewall  was  here  several 
times  during  the  first  quarter  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  Whitefield  spoke  on  the  Common 
in  1740.  The  youthful  Lord  Howe,  to  whom 
Massachusetts  erected  a^  monument  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  passed  through  here  on  the 
5th  of  August,  1757.  He  was  killed  at  Ticon- 
deroga  in  1758.  Lord  Amherst  with  his  army 
of  4500  men  halted  in  Worcester  on  the  17th 
of  September,  1757.  In  Revolutionary  times 
the  place  was  visited  by  Generals  Washington, 
Lee,  Steuben  and  Burgoyne.  Dr.  PVanklin, 
John  Hancock,  Samuel  Adams,  John  Paul 
Jones  and  Lady  Washington  were  here  during 
the  same  period.  Lafayette  visited  Worcester 
twice  in  1824-5.  The  Duke  of  Saxe-Weimar 
was  in  W^orcester  August  9,  1825.  Of  the 
presidents,  Washington,  John  Adams,  John  Q. 
Adams,  Van  Buren,  Polk,  Pierce,  Buchanan, 
Lincoln,  Johnson,  Grant,  Hayes,  Arthur  and 
Cleveland  have  favored  Worcester  with  their 
presence.  Of  political  notabilities  we  find  the 
names  of  Oliver  Ellsworth,  Alexander  Ham- 
ilton, Daniel  Webster,  Henry  Clay,  Thomas 
H.  Benton,  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  William  H. 
Seward,  Charles  Sumner,  Henry  Wilson  and 
many  others;  Dickens,  Thackeray,  Longfel- 
low, Collins  and  others  eminent  in  literature; 
among  noted  foreigners  Father  Mathew, 
Kossuth  and  the  Prince  of  Whales.  For  musi- 
cal and  theatrical  celebrities  who  have  visited 
Worcester,  see  under  Alusic  and  Theatres. 

Nurses'  Training  School. —  A  training 
school  for  nurses  is  maintained  at  the  City 
Hospital,  under  the  management  of  an  effi- 
cient superintendent,  and  is  an  important  and 
successful  department  of  the  institution.  The 
pupils  do  the  entire  nursing  at  the  hospital, 
and  also  attend  patients  in  families  outside. 

Oak  Hill. — The  rising  land  southeast  of 
the  Union  Railroad  Station,  populated  largely 
with  French  Canadians.  The  slope  rises 
abruptly  from  the  railroad,  and  the  houses  rise 
one  above  the  other  in  full  view  up  the  decliv- 
ity. The  Bloomingdale  road  runs  along  the 
side  of  the  hill. 

Dungarven,  or  Dutch  Hill,  is  a  particular 
locality  above  the  Bloomingdale  road  long 
known  in  police  circles. 


OAK— ODD 


78 


Oaks  (The).  —  The  estate  on  Lincoln 
street,  formerly  the  property  of  Timothy  Paine, 
a  prominent  loyalist  in  the  Revolution.  It  is 
now  occupied  by  the  Rev.  George  S.  Paine,  a 
descendant  in  the  fourth  generation.  The 
erection  of  the  house  was  begun  about  the 
time  the  war  opened,  and  the  place  was  aban- 
doned by  its  owner,  who  was  for  a  time  a 
refugee.  The  property  was  subsequently  re- 
covered, and  for  many  years  was  occupied  by 
Dr.  William  Paine.  His  son,  Frederick  W. 
Paine,  gathered  a  fine  and  large  library,  which 
is  still  maintained  in  the  house  by  the  present 
owner. 

Odd  Fellows. — "The  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows  was  introduced  into  the  United 
States  in  1806.  Some  persons  who  had  been 
members  of  English  lodges  established  a  lodge 
in  Baltimore  in  1819,  and  this  lodge  soon 
received  a  charter  from  the  Manchester  Unity. 
The  lodges  already  established  in  New  York, 
Philadelphia  and  Boston  accepted  charters 
from  the  Maryland  Grand  Lodge.  The 
American  lodges  have  long  since  ceased  to 
hold  friendly  relations  with  the  Manchester 
Unity.  The  United  States  Grand  Lodge  has 
established  grand  lodges  in  all  the  states  and 
in  most  of  the  territories.  American  Odd 
Fellowship  seeks  '  to  visit  the  sick,  relieve  the 
distressed,  bury  the  dead,  and  educate  the 
orphan.'  To  become  a  member  of  a  United 
States  lodge  a  person  must  be  a  white  male, 
at  least  21  years  of  age,  and  must  believe  in  a 
supreme  being." 

A  social  organization  under  this  name  was 
in  existence  in  Worcester  about  the  period 
1820-25,  but  it  had  no  connection  with  the 
present  popular  secret  Order.  Among  the 
first  Odd  Fellows  in  Worcester  were  Samuel 
S.  Leonard,  George  C.  Taft,  James  Murray 
and  John  F.  Locke.  The  first  lodge  of  I.  O. 
O.  F.,  instituted  in  Worcester,  was  Qiiinsiga- 
jHond,  N'o.  4j,  formed  May  i,  1844.  Wor- 
cester Lodge,  N'o.  56,  was  instituted  Dec.  20, 
1844.  Central  Lodgt^  N'o.  16S,  was  formed 
Sept.  17,  1874.  Ridgely  Lodge,  N'o.  112,  was 
formed  Sept.  19,  1882.  AncJwria  Lodge,  No. 
142,  was  instituted  March  31,  1887.  There 
are  two  lodges  of  Daughters  of  Rebekah: 
A^aoitii,  No.  18,  June  27,  1872,  and  Queen 
Esther,  N'o.  J  J,  MdiXch  24,  1881.  There  are 
two  encampments :  IVachusett,  N^o.  10,  insti- 
tuted May  16,  1845,  surrendered  its  charter  in 
1851,  and  was  reinstituted  Oct.  20,  1869. 


Mt.  Vernon,  N'o.  jj,  was  instituted  Sept.  27, 
1877.  The  Odd  Fellows'  Mutual  Benefit 
Association  of  Worcester  County  was  organ- 
ized Oct.  13,  1871,  and  incorporated  Oct.  15, 
1877.  It  now  has  1300  members  and  $14,000 
in  funds.  The  Canton  is  a  social  and  military 
association  of  Odd  Fellows,  but  not  of  a  mu- 
tual benefit  character.  The  Shaffner  Society 
(named  for  Tal.  P.  Shaffner)  is  a  social  club 
of  Odd  Fellows,  with  rooms  at  377  Main 
street.  The  luilJing  on  Pleasant  street, 
known  as  the  "Odd  Fellows',"  is  not  owned 
by  them,  but  a  hall  is  used  there,  and  there  is 
another  hall  in  Chapin  Block  on  Pearl  Street. 
The  Grand  United  Order  of  Odd  Fellows  is  a 
colored  organization,  and  comprises  in  W^or- 
cester  Lntegrity  Lodge,  No.  1768 ;  Patriarchal 
Lodge:  and  Household  of  Ruth.  Rooms  on 
Pearl  street,  in  Warren  Block.  The  Order  of 
Odd  Ladies  is  entirely  separate  and  distinct 
from  Odd  Fellows,  though  similar  in  character. 
There  are  three  lodges:  Worcester,  N^o.  8, 
Goodwill,  N^o.  g,  Hope,  No.  11,  all  organized 
since  1886. 

The  Dictionary  is  indebted  to  Mander  A. 
Maynard  for  many  of  the  above  facts. 

Odd  Fellows'  Home. — State  homes  for 
disabled  members  of  the  I.  O.  O.  F.,  and  the 
widows  and  orphans  of  deceased  brothers  who 
required  assistance,  had  been  erected  in  differ- 
ent sections  of  the  country  before  the  idea  was 
taken  up  in  Massachusetts.  The  matter  came 
before  the  Grand  Lodge  in  this  State  in  1874, 
and  was  put  off  from  time  to  time  till  1887, 
when  active  measures  were  taken  to  effect  a 
practical  result  in  the  raising  of  money  to 
build  a  State  Home.  Within  two  years 
$35,000  had  been  obtained,  and  the  offer  of 
Thomas  H.  Dodge,  Esq.,  of  a  tract  of  eleven 
acres  of  land  near  Barber's  Crossing  in  Wor- 
cester settled  the  question  of  the  location  of 
the  Home,  and  steps  were  taken  towards  the 
speedy  erection  of  the  building.  The  trustees 
purchased  considerable  land  in  addition  to 
that  given  by  Mr.  Dodge,  and  of  this  10,000 
feet  was  set  off  in  garden  plots  to  be  allotted 
to  Rebekah  Lodges,  which  will  assume  the 
care  of  them.  The  site  of  the  building  is 
elevated,  and  the  whole  tract  affords  a  fine 
prospect. 

The  building  was  erected  from  plans  by 
Barker  &  Nourse.  It  is  four  and  one-half 
stories  high,  built  of  brick  and  brownstone. 
Forty  inmates  can  be  accommodated,  allow- 


79 


ODD— ORG 


ing  each  a  room.  The  cost  was  about 
$50,000.  The  corner  stone  was  laid  Oct.  8, 
1890,  with  appropriate  ceremonies.  The  ora- 
tion was  delivered  by  C.  M.  Busbee  of  North 
Carolina,  grand  sire  of  the  Sovereign  Grand 
Lodge.  The  Home  was  dedicated  on  the 
22d  of  June,  1892,  on  which  occasion  there 
was  a  grand  parade  of  Odd  Fellows  from  all 
parts  of  the  State. 

"  Old  Compound." — A  one-story  wooden 
building  that  for  many  years  stood  nearly  on 
the  site  of  the  Harrington  building  at  the  cor- 
ner of  Main  and  Front  streets.  It  was  re- 
moved to  the  north  side  of  Pleasant  street, 
near  Main,  where  it  stood  in  an  altered  form 
until  removed  to  make  room  for  the  Odd 
Fellows  building. 

Old  South  Church. — In  relation  to  the 
first  church  in  Worcester  the  Rev.  Peter 
Whitney,  in  his  History  of  Worcester  County, 
published  in  1793,  makes  the  following  defi- 
nite statement :  "In  the  year  1719  the  first 
meeting-house  was  erected,  and  here  a  church 
was  gathered."  In  the  absence  of  any  record 
to  the  contrary  this  testimony  of  one  who 
probably  saw  and  conversed  with  some  of 
those  who  attended  the  early  religious  meet- 
ings held  in  the  town  would  seem  to  be 
conclusive  as  compared  with  what  are  ac- 
knowledged to  be  matters  of  tradition.  Mr. 
Whitney  was  a  thorough  investigator  and  a 
careful  historian.  This  first  meeting-house,  of 
which  he  speaks,  was  erected,  on  the  spot  so 
long  occupied  by  the  familiar  "Old  South 
Ghurch  "  on  the  Common.  The  first  struc- 
ture was  demolished  in  1763,  and  the  later 
one  stood  until  1887,  when  it,  too,  went  the 
way  of  all  earthly  things.  The  new  and  cost- 
ly edifice,  at  the  corner  of  Main  and  Welling- 
ton streets,  was  dedicated  Sept.  17,  1889.  It 
cost  (including  land)  probably  $150,000.  It 
is  of  brownstone  throughout,  and  of  novel 
architecture,  and  there  are  few  handsomer 
churches  in  the  State.  The  amount  awarded 
the  Parish  in  1887,  when  the  old  building  was 
removed  from  the  Common,  was  $148,500; 
but  a  compromise  was  effected  by  which  the 
city  paid  $115,395.25,  and  gave  the  old  bell 
in  addition.  The  amount  received  per  contra 
was  $320  for  the  old  building  and  $75  for  the 
foundation  stone.  Following  is  a  list  of  the 
pastors  of  the  "Old  South"  to  the  present 
time : 


Rev.  Andrew  Gardner,  17 19-1722. 

Rev.  Isaac  Burr,  1 725-1 745. 

Rev.  Thaddeus  Maccarty,  1 747-1 784. 

Rev.  Samuel  Austin,  1 790-1816. 

Rev.  Charles  A.  Goodrich,  1 816-1820. 

Rev.  Arretius  B.  Hull,  1821-1826. 

Rev.  Rodney  A.  Miller,  1 827-1 844. 

Rev.  George  P.  Smith,  1845-1852. 

Rev.  Horace  James,  1853-1863, 

Rev.  Edward  A.  Walker,  1863-1865. 

Rev.  Royal  B.  Stratton,  1867-1872. 

Rev.  William  M.  Parry  (not  installed). 

Rev.  Nathaniel  Mighill,  1875-1877. 

Rev.  Louis  B.  Voorhees,  1877-1880. 

Rev.  Joseph  F.  Lovering,  1 880-1 889. 

Rev.  Rev.  A.  Z.  Conrad,  1890. 

Following  is  a  list  of  clerks  of  the  First 
Parish  from  Dec.  24,  1787,  when  the  first 
separate  meeting  was  held,  to  the  present 
time.    See  To7un  Clerks. 

Dec.  24,  1787,  Theophilus  Wheeler. 

April  21,  1795,  Leonard  Worcester. 

April  I,  1799,  Oliver  Fiske. 

April  3,  1810,  Asa  Hamilton. 

March  21,  1821,  Charles  Wheeler. 

April  14,  1823,  Enoch  Flagg. 

April  7,  1824,  Henry  Wheeler. 

April  14,  1828,  Austin  Denny. 

April  12,  1830,  Henry  W.  Miller. 

March  26,  1842,  Harrison  Bliss. 

March  27,  1843,  William  C.  Barbour. 

April  24,  1844,  William  A.  Wallace. 

March  I,  1849,  Charles  E.  Brooks. 

March  15,  185 1,  Asaph  G.  Wood. 

April  24,  1854,  James  E.  Estabrook. 

March  22,  1858,  James  H.  Bancroft. 

January,  1872,  Joseph  B.  Adams. 

April,  1873,  Lorenzo  Q.  Spaulding. 

January,  1874,  Lemuel  H.  Hampiond. 
"        1875,  George  A.  Jordan. 
"        1878,  Henry  H.  Merriam. 
"        1880,  Joseph  B.  Adams. 

April,  1881,  Arthur  E.  Gray. 

January,  1885,  Albert  F.  Smith  to  January, 
1890.    Dr.  C.  A.  Peabody,  1890. 

The  Souvenir  of  the  Old  South,  written  by 
the  compiler  and  issued  by  the  publishers  of 
this  Dictionary,  gives  a  particular  history 
of  the  church  from  its  organization,  with  many 
facts  and  details  not  in  print  elsewhere. 

Orchestral  Union. — A  musical  organiza- 
tion formed  in  1875.  It  is  directed  by  the 
brothers  A.  W.  and  E.  D.  Ingraham. 


ORE— PAR 


80 


Oread  (The).— In  1845,  Eli  Thayer  pur- 
chased of  John  Jaques  four  acres  and  ninety 
rods  of  land  situated  on  the  summit  of  what 
was  then  called  Goat  Hill,  at  $150  per  acre. 
In  1848,  Mr.  Thayer  began  the  erection  of 
the  north  tower  of  the  building  called  the 
Oread,  using  the  stone  of  which  the  hill  is 
composed  in  its  construction.  This  tower  was 
completed  in  1849,  and  a  college  for  young 
women  established  in  the  spring  of  that  year. 
This  was  the  only  school  in  the  country  at 
that  time  which  opened  a  full  classical  or 
college  course  to  women,  the  other  female 
seminaries  fitting  pupils  to  enter  the  Oread. 
Vassar,  Smith  and  Wellesley  colleges  were 
much  later.  The  name  Oread  was  aptly  ap- 
plied from  the  line  in  Virgil, 

'*  Hinc  iitque  hinc  glomerantur  Oreades," 
and  signifies  abode  of  the  mountain  nymphs. 
The  school  was  continued  many  years  with 
great  success  under  the  plan  laid  out  by  Mr. 
Thayer,  who  was  principal  until  he  entered 
upon  his  Kansas  and  Congressional  work. 
The  south  tower  was  completed  in  1850,  and 
the  connecting  part  in  185 1  or  1852.  The 
diameter  of  the  towers  is  40  feet,  and  they  are 
four  stories  high;  the  connection  is  three 
stories.  Length  of  the  whole,  250  feet. 
Other  extensive  structures  were  planned  and 
some  of  them  built;  but  the  great  advance  in 
real  estate  values  has  induced  their  removal. 
The  buildings  were  all  erected  without  archi- 
tects' plans,  but  have  been  much  noticed  and 
admired;  and  a  steel  plate  illustration  of  the 
main  building,  which  is  castellated  in  form, 
appeared  as  the  frontispiece  of  a  work  on 
architecture  issued  some  years  ago.  The  ex- 
tensive grounds,  which  formerly  reached  to 
Main  street,  having  been  disposed  of,  a  new 
street  was  laid  out  directly  in  front  of  the 
Oread,  and  named  Alden  street,  which  is 
reached  from  Main  street  either  through 
Castle  street  or  Oread  place. 

Oregon. — The  region  west  from  Chestnut 
and  Harvard  streets,  on  the  western  slope  of 
the  hill  and  the  meadow  beyond,  particularly 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  lower  end  of  John  street 
and  North  Ashland  street.  This  name  was 
given  many  years  ago,  at  the  time  building 
operations  began  in  this  part  of  the  town, 
which  was  considered  a  long  distance  from 
the  center. 

Orphans'  Home. — See  Children'' s  Friend 
Society . 


Orthodox  Churches. — See  Congregational 
Churches. 

Oval  (The  Worcester). — The  grounds  of 
the  Worcester  Athletic  Club  at  Lake  View. 
See  under  Athletics. 

Painters'  Union.  —  Meets  at  476  Main 
street. 

Pakachoag  Hill. — The  eminence  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  city,  sometimes  called 
Mount  St.  James.  It  is  occupied  in  part  by 
the  buildings  and  grounds  of  Holy  Cross 
College.  The  Indian  name  has  been  cor- 
rupted through  various  spellings  into  Boga- 
choag.  It  was  here  that  one  of  the  ten 
villages  of  Indian  Christian  converts  was 
located  in  Eliot's  and  Gookin's  time,  over  two 
hundred  years  ago.  This  hill  is  693  feet  high 
and  extends  into  Auburn. 

Paper  Mills. —  In  1776  Abijah  Burbank 
erected  a  paper  mill  in  that  part  of  Sutton 
now  Millbury,  and  began  the  manufacture  of 
paper  to  supply  the  imperative  demand  of  the 
times.  Isaiah  Thomas  drew  most  of  his  sup- 
ply from  this  mill.  This  establishment  con- 
tinued in  operation  until  1857.  In  1793 
Isaiah  Thomas  began  the  manufacture  of 
paper  at  Quinsigamond  Village,  and  sold  his 
mill  five  years  later  to  the  Burbanks,  who  ran 
it  in  connection  with  the  one  in  Sutton.  In 
1812  paper  was  made  in  a  building  at  Lincoln 
square.  In  1836  there  was  a  mill  at  North- 
ville,  and  from  1834  to  1856  one  in  Auburn; 
also  forty  or  fifty  years  ago  a  manufactory  at 
Cherry  Valley. 

Parks  (Public).— Worcester  now  has  eleven 
public  parks,  the  whole  comprising  nearly 
350  acres.  See  the  different  titles  in  the 
Dictionary  as  follows:  — 

Chandler  Hill,  37  acres. 

Coiiujion  or  Central  Park,  7  acres. 

Cronipton  Park,  13  acres. 

Dodge  Park,  13  acres. 

East  Park,  1 1  acres. 

Rbii  Park,  86  acres. 

FairnioiDit  Park. 

Institute  Park,  18  acres. 

Lake  Park,  no  acres. 

North  Park,  40  acres 

University  Park,  8  acres. 

See  also  Natural  History  Park,  40  acres. 

Parks-Commission. — On  the  4th  of  No- 
vember, 1862,  the  citizens  of  Worcester  ac- 


8i 


PAR— PHO 


cepted  by  vote  an  act  of  the  Legislature 
creating  a  Commissiott  of  Shade  Trees  and 
Public  Grounds.  This  Commission  was  to 
consist  of  three  members,  and  the  first  board 
entered  upon  its  duties  with  the  beginning  of 
the  year  1863.  May  i,  1885,  this  body  was 
re-organized  with  five  members,  and  its  name 
changed  to  that  of  Parks- Coinmission.  Its 
powers  and  duties  are  indicated  by  its  title. 
Edward  Winslow  Lincoln  is  chairman  and 
secretary,  his  associates  being  O.  B.  Hadwen, 
William  H.  Sawyer,  Edward  L.  Davis  and 
James  Draper.  It  is  no  disparagement  to  the 
valuable  services  of  those  who  have  been  his 
colleagues  to  say  that  from  his  appointment  in 
1870,  Mr.  Lincoln  has  been  the  back-bone 
of  the  Commission,  and  that  to  his  intelligent 
direction,  liberal  views  and  practical  sense 
Worcester  owes  much  of  what  she  to-day 
possesses  in  the  form  of  public  parks. 

Parochial  Schools. — See  Schools. 

Patrons  of  Husbandry.  —  An  organiza- 
tion of  those  engaged  in  agricultural  and  hor- 
ticultural pursuits,  having  for  its  object  the 
advancement  of  the  educational,  social  and 
material  interests  of  its  members.  It  is  com- 
posed of  local,  state  and  national  organiza- 
tions having  subordinate  granges  in  every 
state  in  the  Union.  Worcester  Grange,  No. 
22,  was  organized  Dec.  30th,  1873.  The 
officers  were  James  Draper,  Master;  George 
H.  Rice,  Secretary;  O.  B.  Hadwen,  Treas- 
urer. The  meetings  are  now  held  on  the 
first  and  third  Tuesday  evenings  of  each 
month,  at  Grange  Hall,  No.  244  Mam 
street.    Present  membership,  265. 

Peat  Meadow. — The  meadow  known  by 
this  name  lies  to  the  west  of  Newton  Hill. 
The  formation  is  of  this  nature  all  about  that 
locality,  in  the  marshy  places.  Peat  was 
once  used  to  some  extent  for  fuel  in  Worcester, 
and  a  company  was  formed  over  thirty  years 
ago  for  its  preparation,  but  soon  collapsed. 

People's  Club  (Worcester).  —  This  as- 
sociation was  organized  Jan.  27,  1871,  and 
incorporated  in  1872.  Its  leading  object  was 
to  provide  an  attractive  place  of  resort  for 
those  in  need  of  companionship  and  recrea- 
tion. Its  rooms,  at  first  over  the  Western 
Union  Telegraph  office,  between  Foster  and 
Mechanic  streets,  w-ere  fitted  up  with  pictures, 
books,  papers,  piano,  attractive  games,  etc., 
and  were  open  every  evening  from  7  to  10. 


The  club  was  divided  into  three  sections — on 
hospitality,  education  and  benevolence,  and 
a  member  on  entering  was  assigned  to  one  of 
these  sections.  The  club  was  in  existence 
about  five  years  and  at  one  time  had  its  head- 
quarters at  Grand  Army  Hall.  An  attempt 
was  made  to  civilize  and  cultivate  the  news- 
boys, in  a  similar  way  to  the  method  pursued 
in  the  Boys'  C///(^  (see  title)  recently  started 
in  this  city.  The  Employment  Society  (see 
title)  is  an  outcome  of  this  club. 

Pharmaceutical  Society. — An  association 
of  druggists,  with  William  Bush  as  president. 

Philadelphian    Literary    Society.  —  A 

rhetorical  and  literary  society  of  young  men 
formed  in  1873,  which  occupied  rooms  at  460 
Main  street.  The  association  was  quite 
prominent  for  several  years,  but  interest  in  its 
purposes  and  objects  waned,  and  after  one  or 
two  futile  attempts  to  revive  it  the  organiza- 
tion was  abandoned. 

Photographers.  —  The  first  photographs 
or  daguerreotypes  taken  in  Worcester  were 
made  by  a  man  named  Evans,  who  had  a 
room  in  1841  at  the  north  corner  of  Main  and 
Central  streets.  He  instructed  Lucius  J. 
Knowles,  who  soon  after  opened  his  "Wor- 
cester Photographic  Apparatus  Manufactory 
and  Daguerreotype  Rooms."  In  1842,  Mr. 
Knowles  was  located  at  5  Brinley  Row,  hav- 
ing removed  there  from  some  other  place.  He 
was  not  long  in  the  business.  The  names  of 
some  early  photographers  in  Worcester  are 
given  below  with  approximate  dates :  L. 
White  &  Co.,  and  White  &  Andrews,  1846; 
J.  L.  Walker,  1846;  Andrews  &  Babbitt, 
Waldo  block,  1847;  A.  W.  VanAlstin,  1847 
to  1858  or  '59;  Geo.  Adams,  1847;  J.  D. 
Andrews,  T.  S.  Hathaway,  M.  S.  Chapin  and 
Lewis  Babbitt,  between  1850  and  i860.  Of 
later  photographers,  C.  R.  B.  Claflin  came 
here  in  1850.  He  was  29  years  located  at 
377  Main  street,  and  then  moved  to  the 
Walker  Building.  A.  F.  Daniels  began  in 
1 86 1,  and  Frank  Lawrence  in  1863.  Milton 
T.  Carter  was  located  at  the  corner  of  Main 
and  Park  streets  for  more  than  20  years,  until 
his  death  in  1887.  E.  J.  Leland  occupied 
the  rooms  at  the  corner  of  Main  and  Front 
streets  for  a  long  period,  and  gave  up  the 
business  about  ten  years  ago.  G.  P.  Critcher- 
son  opened  his  gallery  about  twenty-five  years 
ago. 


PIE— POL 


82 


Piedmont  Church. — The  seventh  Congre- 
gational-Trinitarian Church  formed  in  Wor- 
cester, organized  in  1873.  The  church  edi- 
fice, at  the  corner  of  Main  and  Piedmont 
streets,  was  completed  in  1877.  The  lot  on 
which  it  stands  was  purchased  in  1872  for 
$20,000;  but  being  larger  than  was  required 
for  church  purposes,  a  portion  on  the  south 
was  sold.  The  cost  of  church  and  land  was 
$130,000.  Rev.  George  H.  Gould  was  act- 
ing pastor  until  1877,  when  Rev.  David  O. 
Mears  was  installed,  and  the  latter  still 
remains. 

Pilgrim  Church. — The  ninth  Congrega- 
tional-Trinitarian Church  in  Worcester,  found- 
ed in  1885.  The  church  edifice,  at  the  corner 
of  Main  and  Gardner  streets,  was  built  on 
land  given  by  Mrs.  Helen  C.  Knowles  and 
Mr.  Frank  B.  Knowles,  and  was  dedicated 
July  I,  1888.  The  building  cost  $110,000. 
Charles  M.  Southgate  is  pastor. 

Pillory, — See  under  Whipping  Post. 

Pine  Meadow. — A  name  early  applied  to 
the  swale  or  low  ground  between  Oak  and 
Chandler  Hills,  extending  a  mile  east  of 
Washington  square.  Shrewsbury  street,  for- 
merly called  Pine  street,  runs  through  the 
centre  of  the  meadow.  Many  years  ago  a 
large  Irish  settlement  was  made  here  and  still 
remains,  though  much  improved  over  its  for- 
mer condition.  The  Pine  Meadow  burying 
ground,  a  short  distance  beyond  Washington 
square,  was  opened  in  1828,  and  used  some 
thirty  years,  but  nearly  all  the  bodies  have 
been  removed.  A  portion  of  this  ground  was 
encroached  upon  in  the  building  of  the  Union 
Railway  Station.  In  police  circles  Pine 
Meadow  is  familiarly  known  as  "The  Mead- 
ows." 

Plumbers'  Union. — Meets  at  476  Main 
street. 

Plymouth  Church. — The  sixth  Congrega- 
tional-Trinitarian Church  in  Worcester,  formed 
in  1869.  The  church  edifice,  at  the  corner  of 
Pearl  and  Chestnut  streets,  is  constructed 
entirely  of  granite,  and  cost  over  $150,000. 
The  corner  stone  was  laid  April  26,  1873, 
and  the  church  was  dedicated  April  29,  1875. 
The  steeple  contains  the  only  chime  of  bells 
in  the  city;  this,  with  the  organ,  was  given  by 
Edward  A.  Goodnow.    Plymouth  Church  has 


had  only  three  pastors — George  W.  Phillips,  to 
1887,  and  Charles  Wadsworth,  Jr.,  to  1889. 
Archibald  McCullagh,  D.  D.,  is  the  present 
pastor. 

Police. —  The  Worcester  police  force  has 
maintained  a  high  reputation  for  its  efficiency. 
W.  Ansel  Washburn  is  the  city  marshal,  and 
has  served  fourteen  years.  The  present  force 
is  composed  of  the  city  marshal,  two  assistant 
marshals,  two  captains,  five  sergeants,  two 
inspectors  and  ninety-one  patrolmen.  The 
marshal  receives  $2,000  salary,  the  assistant 
marshals  $1,482  each,  the  captain  of  station 
I  $1,200,  and  the  patrolmen  $2.50  per  day. 
The  appropriation  for  the  department  in  1892 
was  $95,000.  The  number  of  arrests  in  1 891 
was  4,060,  and  5,146  lodgers  or  tramps  were 
accommodated  at  the  stations.  There  is  a 
police  telephone  and  signal  service,  a  van 
or  "  Black  Maria,"  an  ambulance  and  two 
patrol  wagons.  A  matron  is  employed  at  the 
Central  Station.  On  the  28th  of  May,  1888, 
the  Worcester  police  was  made  permanent,  so 
that  officers  (excepting  the  marshal  and  his 
assistants)  can  now  be  removed  only  for  cause. 
The  Police  Relief  Association  is  a  voluntary 
organization  of  the  members  of  the  force,  for 
the  purpose  of  aiding  a  sick  member  tempo- 
rarily and  paying  a  death  benefit  to  his  widow 
and  orphans  of  $400.  This  fund  is  supported 
by  annual  assessments  of  the  members  and 
the  proceeds  of  their  annual  balls.  The  first 
paid  policeman  in  Worcester  was  Alvan  W. 
Lewis,  appointed  in  September,  1848.  The 
number  of  police  at  different  times  is  given 
below:  1855,  5;  i860,  12;  1865,  16;  1870, 
30;  1875,  50;  1880,, 60;  1885,  80. 

Following  is  a  list  of  city  marshals  since 
the  incorporation  of  the  city  in  1848: 

George  Jones,  1848-52. 

Alvan  Allen,  1853. 

Lovell  Baker,  1854. 

Jonathan  Day,  1855. 

Frederick  Warren,  1856-58. 

J.  Waldo  Denny,  1858. 

WilHam  S.  Lincoln,  1859. 

Ivers  Phillips,  i860. 

Levi  Barker,  1861. 

William  E.  Starr,  1862. 

Charles  B.  Pratt,  1863-65. 

Joseph  B.  Knox,  1866. 

A.  B.  R.  Sprague,  1867 — six  weeks. 

James  M.  Drennan,  1867-71,  1880-82. 

Jonathan  B.  Sibley,  1872. 


83 


POL— POO 


W.  Ansel  Washburn,  1873,  1875-79,  1883, 
1886-92. 

.  A.  Davis  Pratt,  1874. 
Amos  Atkinson,  1884-85. 

Police  Stations. — The  basement  of  the 
City  Hall  building  was  used  as  a  police  station 
for  many  years,  until  the  removal  of  the  police 
department  to  its  present  quarters  in  the 
Armory  building  on  Waldo  street  in  1885. 
Station  2,  in  the  "Island  District,"  was  es- 
tablished in  1883,  quarters  being  fitted  up  in 
the  engine  house  on  Lamartine  street. 

Polytechnic   Institute   (Worcester). — 

This  institute  was  founded  by  John  Boynton, 
Esq.,  of  Templeton,  in  1865,  and  was  incor- 
porated May  loth  of  that  year  under  the 
name  of  the  Worcester  County  Free  Institute 
of  Industrial  Science.  Mr.  Boynton  gave 
$100,000  with  the  purpose,  as  set  forth  in  his 
letter  of  gift,  to  endow  and  support  a  Free 
School  or  Institute  for  the  benefit  of  the 
youth  of  Worcester  County.  Its  aim  was  ever 
to  be  the  instruction  of  youth  in  those  branch- 
es of  education  not  usually  taught  in  the 
public  schools  which  are  essential  and  best 
adapted  to  train  the  young  for  practical  life. 
Towards  the  erection  of  the  main  building 
Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury  gave  (in  addition  to 
the  land,  about  5  acres),  the  sum  of  $22,000; 
and  $61,111  was  subscribed  in  all,  which  was 
mostly  given  by  citizens  of  Worcester,  the 
workmen  in  twenty  shops  and  factories  con- 
tributing $1,551.  The  grounds  were  laid  out 
by  Calvert  Vaux  of  New  York;  and  Earle  & 
Fuller  were  the  architects.  The  building, 
constructed  of  granite  from  Millstone  Hill, 
with  trimmings  of  Uxbridge  granite,  was 
erected  by  Tower  &  Raymond.  The  total 
cost  of  building,  grading  of  grounds,  equip- 
ment and  furniture  was  $75,343.68.  The 
main  building  was  named  Boynton  Hall,  and 
dedicated  Nov.  11,  1868,  and  the  school 
began  its  sessions  at  that  time.  The  work- 
shop, one  hundred  feet  in  length  and  three 
stories  high,  was  the  gift  of  Ichabod  Wash- 
burn, who,  in  addition  to  the  cost  of  erection 
($12,000),  gave  $5,000,  and  the  income  of 
$50,000  during  his  life-time  to  sustain  it,  and 
at  his  death  the  sum  of  $50,000.  In  addition 
to  the  above  gifts  the  Institute  has  received 
from  Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury  $176,000,  and 
additional  land;  from  the  State  of  Massachu- 
setts, $100,000;  from  David  Whitcomb,  Esq., 
$26,000;     from    Hon.    George    F.  Hoar, 


$4,650;  and  from  Stephen  Salisbury,  Esq., 
$100,000,  with  which  the  Salisl^ury  Labora- 
tory, completed  in  1889,  was  erected.  The 
total  donations  to  the  Institute  amount  to  not 
less  than  $650,000.  The  grounds  are  bound- 
ed by  the  Jo  Bill  or  Institute  road,  Boynton, 
Salisbury  and  West  streets. 

Charles  O.  Thompson  was  the  first  principal 
of  the  Institute  from  1868  to  1882,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Homer  T.  Fuller,  the  present 
head  of  the  faculty.  There  is  a  corps  of  twenty- 
three  professors  and  instructors.  The  course 
of  instruction  is  especially  designed  to  meet 
the  wants  of  those  who  wish  to  be  prepared 
as  mechanics,  civil  engineers,  chemists  or  de- 
signers. The  training  of  students  preparing 
to  be  mechanical  engineers  occupies  three  and 
one-half  years;  that  of  all  others  three  years 
of  forty  weeks  each.  There  are  four  classes: 
apprentice,  junior,  middle  and  senior.  The 
school  year  begins  in  September  and  ends  in 
July.  The  last  catalogue  gives  243  as  the 
number  of  students  at  the  Institute. 

By  an  act  of  the  Legislature,  which  took 
effect  July  i,  1887,  the  name  was  changed  to 
Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute.  During  the 
year  1889  an  essential  change  took  place 
by  which  free  tuition  to  an  unlimited  num- 
ber of  residents  of  the  county  was  no  longer 
given,  but  is  afforded  only  to  five  students 
admitted  at  each  examination — one  from  each 
senatorial  district  in  the  county.  As  there 
are  five  districts  and  seven  examinations  dur- 
ing the  course,  there  can  be  but  thirty-five 
free  Worcester  County  students  in  the  school 
at  any  one  time.  The  expenses  of  tuition  to 
all  others  (with  the  exception  of  those  pro- 
vided for  by  the  gift  of  Mr.  Hoar,  and  the 
grants  from  the  state)  is  $150  per  year. 

The  corporation  of  the  Institute  is  at  pres- 
ent constituted  as  follows:  Hon.  P.  Emory 
Aldrich,  President;  Rev.  Daniel  Merriman, 
Secretary;  Waldo  Lincoln,  Treasurer;  Hon. 
George  F.  Hoar,  Charles  H.  Morgan,  Stephen 
Salisbury,  G.  Henry  Whitcomb,  Rev.  A.  S. 
Carver,  Rev.  C.  H.  Pendleton,  Hon.  W.  W. 
Rice,  Charles  G.  Washburn,  and  Mayor 
Francis  A.  Harrington,  ex-officio. 

Poor  Department. — The  first  tax  assessed 
in  Worcester  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor  seems 
to  have  been  in  1757.  In  1763  the  erection 
of  a  workhouse  was  authorized,  and  in  1772 
such  a  building  was  erected  on  Front  street, 
40x18  feet,  at  an  expense  of  £^0.    In  1807 


POO— POR 


84 


it  was  determined  to  build  an  almshouse  of 
brick,  but  after  land  had  been  purchased  for 
the  site,  and  materials  for  the  structure,  the 
plan  was  abandoned.  Until  181 7  the  poor 
were  supported  by  contracts  with  the  lowest 
bidder  at  public  auction,  in  the  manner  usual 
in  the  country  towns.  In  that  year  the  Jen- 
nison  farm,  situated  on  the  old  road  to  Boston, 
bordering  on  the  upper  end  of  Lake  Quinsiga- 
mond,  was  purchased,  with  its  comfortable 
mansion,  for  $5,500,  and  a  permanent  home 
provided  for  the  aged  and  infirm  of  our  indi- 
gent citizens.  The  above  facts  are  from 
Lincoln's  History.  The  almshouse  establish- 
ment, as  received  by  the  city  from  the  town 
in  1848,  consisted  of  a  farm  of  240  acres,  an 
almshouse,  brick  hospital  and  other  buildings, 
which  had  cost  $15,000.  In  1855  a  new 
almshouse  was  completed  at  a  cost  of  $25,012. 
In  1889  the  property  comprised  203  acres  of 
land,  almshouse,  small-pox  hospital  and  other 
buildings  and  appurtenances,  the  whole  val- 
ued at  $131,401.  A  ward  for  insane  was 
erected  in  1890.  During  1891,  210  persons 
were  provided  for  at  the  almshouse.  Outside 
relief  was  given  to  181 5  persons.  Amount  of 
dole  at  the  clerk's  office,  $4,333.  Amount 
appropriated  for  the  maintenance  of  the  pau- 
per department  (including  the  truant  school, 
scavenger  department,  etc.)  is  $28,500. 
The  poor  department  is  in  charge  of  a  Board 
of  Overseers  composed  of  the  mayor,  super- 
intendent of  schools,  city  marshal,  clerk  of 
the  Board  and  six  citizens  at  large.  Freeman 
Brown  is  clerk  of  the  Board.  His  office  is  in 
the  City  Hall. 

Population. — The  population  of  Worcester 
at  difterent  periods  is  given  below : 
A.  D. — 1765 — 1,478.   A.  D. — 1850 — 17,049. 

1776 — 1,925.  i860 — 24,960. 

1790—2,095.  1.870—41,105. 

1800 — 2,411.  1875—49,317. 

1810 — 2,577.  1880 — 58,291. 

1820—2,962.  1885—68,380. 

1830—4,173.  1890—84,655. 

1840—7,497. 

Portraits  and  Busts.  —  Mr.  Nathaniel 
Paine  gives  in  his  monograph  published  in 
1876  a  very  complete  list  of  the  portraits  and 
busts  in  public  places  in  Worcester  up  to  that 
date.  To  his  pamphlet  the  Dictionary  is 
indebted  for  the  foundation  of  the  following 
list.    Only  portraits  in  oil  are  included:  — 


In  Antiquarian  Hall  : 

Portraits  —  Isaiah  Thomas,  Thomas  L. 
Winthrop,  Gov.  John  Davis,  Increase  Mather^ 
Cotton  Mather,  Richard  Mather,  Samuel  Ma- 
ther, John  Endicott,  John  Winthrop,  William 
Bentley,  Aaron  Bancroft,  C.  C.  Baldwin,  E. 
D.  Bangs,  William  Burnett,  Rev.  Thomas 
Prince,  Rev.  Ellis  Gray,  Chas.  Paxton,  John 
Chandler,  John  May,  Hannah  Adams,  John 
Leverett,  Columbus,  Vespucius,  Humboldt, 
Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury,  Samuel  F.  Haven, 
Robt.  B.  Thomas. 

Busts  —  Isaiah  Thomas,  Jared  Sparks,  John 
Davis,  Charles  Allen,  Washington,  Franklin, 
John  Adams,  Alex.  Hamilton,  Andrew  Jack- 
son, Clay,  Webster,  Voltaire,  Racine,  John 
Winthrop,  James  Walker,  Isaac  Davis,  Wash- 
ington Allston. 

In  Mechanics  Hall : 

Portraits — Washington,  Lincoln,  John  A. 
Andrew,  W.  L.  Garrison,  Ichabod  Washburn, 
Gen.  Geo.  H.  Ward,  Mayor  James  B.  Blake, 
William  A.  Wheeler,  James  A.  Garfield, 
Henry  Wilson,  Henry  W.  Miller. 

/;/  Horticultural  Hall  : 

Portraits — John  C.  Ripley,  Geo.  Jaques, 
Alex.  H.  Bullock,  D.  W^ildo  Lincoln,"  F.  H. 
Dewey,  Levi  Lincoln,  Daniel  Waldo,  Dr. 
John  Green,  Isaac  Davis,  J.  M.  Earle,  S. 
Salisbury,  Dr.  W.  Workman,  Clarendon  Har- 
ris, F.  W.  Paine,  J.  Henry  Hill. 

In  possession  of  The  Worcester  Society  of 
Antiquity  : 

Portraits  —  John  G.  W'hittier,  EUhu  Bur- 
ritt,  John  Brown,  Jeremiah  Stiles,  Peter  Wil- 
lard,  James  Oglethorpe,  Andrew  Jackson. 

Busts  —  John  Davis,  Washington,  Lafay- 
ette, Isaac  Davis. 

In  the  Court  Room,  Stone  Court  House  : 

Portraits  —  Levi  Lincoln,  ist;  Emory 
Washburn,  F.  H.  Dewey. 

hi  Probate  Court  Rooni  : 

Portrait  —  Ira  M.  Barton. 

In  law  Library  : 

Portraits  —  Pliny  Merrick,  Charles  Allen, 
Benj.  F.  Thomas,  Peter  C.  Bacon,  Dwight 
Foster,  George  F.  Hoar. 

There  is  a  portrait  of  Dr.  John  Green  in 
the  Public  Library  building  on  Elm  street, 
also  a  statue  of  him  in  plaster.  The  busts  of 
Charles  Allen,  Emory  Washburn,  Isaac  Davis 
and  Ichabod  Washburn  are  in  the  aldermen's 
chamber  at  the  City  Hall,  which  also  has  the 
portraits  of  all  the  past  mayors  in  crayon. 
There  are  small  photographs  or  engraved  por- 


85 


POS— PRE 


traits  of  most  of  the  mayors  in  the  mayor's 
office. 

Post  (The  Evening), — A  one-cent  Dem- 
ocratic paper,  published  week  days,  the  first 
number  of  which  appeared  September  23, 
1891.  It  is  well  established,  and  is  published 
by  a  stock  company.  The  business  office  is  at 
24  Pearl  street. 

Post  Office. — The  Post  Office  was  estab- 
lished in  Worcester  Nov.  16,  1775.  Isaiah 
Thomas  was  appointed  postmaster  by  Ben- 
jamin Franklin,  postmaster-general  of  the 
Colonies,  and  held  the  office  until  1802.  The 
Post  Office  was  reestablished  in  the  town 
under  new  regulations  March  13,  1786.  Pre- 
vious to  this  year  the  mail  had  been  carried 
generally  by  post-riders  on  horseback,  and  at 
times  without  regularity.  But  from  January, 
1786,  when  a  line  of  stages  was  established 
from  Portsmouth,  in  New  Hampshire,  to 
Savannah,  in  Georgia,  the  mail  was  carried 
by  stage  coaches  on  the  main  line.  The  first 
mail  on  the  new  plan  passed  through  Worces- 
ter on  the  7th  of  January,  from  the  general 
Post  Office  in  New  York  to  Boston.  After 
twenty-seven  years'  service  Isaiah  Thomas  was 
removed,  and  the  Spy  of  Sept.  i,  1802,  an- 
nounced that  "James  Wilson,  a  foreigner," 
had  been  appointed  in  his  place.  Isaiah 
Thomas,  Jr.,  then  proprietor  of  the  paper, 
complained  bitterly  of  the  change.  James 
Wilson  exceeded  in  time  of  service  his  pre- 
decessor, retiring  in  1833.  Succeeding  post- 
masters were  Jubal  Harrington,  1833  to  1839; 
Maturin  L.  Fisher,  1839  to  1849;  Edward  W. 
Lincoln,  1849  to  1854;  Emory  Banister,  1854 
to  1861;  John  Milton  Earle,  1861  to  1867; 
Josiah  Pickett,  1867  to  1886.  James  E. 
Estabrook,  a  life-long  democrat,  was  appoint- 
ed in  1886  by  President  Cleveland,  and  was 
succeeded  in  1891  by  J.  Evarts  Greene,  at 
present  in  office.  The  Post  Office  was  open 
Sundays  for  half  an  hour  after  meeting  in 
18 19,  and  this  was  probably  continued  to  the 
end  of  Mr.  Wilson's  administration.  In  1844 
the  American  Letter  Mail  Co.  opened  an 
office  in  Worcester  and  advertised  to  send 
letters  to  Boston,  New  York  and  Philadelphia 
at  64  cents.  During  the  service  of  Isaiah 
Thomas  the  Post  Office  was  located  on  Court 
Hill;  Deacon  Wilson  removed  it  to  the  build- 
ing which  stood  where  the  City  Hall  is,  and 
later  to  his  residence,  about  where  the  dry  goods 
store  of  Barnard,  Sumner  &  Putnam  Co.  stands. 


In  1833  the  office  was  removed  to  Central 
Exchange,  where  it  remained  until  Jan.  i, 
1867,  when  the  present  quarters  on  Pearl 
street  were  occupied.  The  first  "penny- 
posts"  or  letter  carriers  were  E.  W.  Bartlett, 
1847  and  more  than  twenty  years  afterward; 
W.  L.  Aldrich,  1851-52;  Julius  L.  P:idridge, 
1852-53;  and  Charles  L.  Redding,  from  1853 
to  about  1865.  The  force  of  carriers  numbers 
35,  and  the  office  force  is  30.  The  govern- 
ment is  now  erecting  a  Post  Office  building  on 
the  lot  between  Main  and  Southbridge  streets, 
north  of  Myrtle  street. 

Poultry  Clubs. — The  Central  Massachu- 
setts Poultry  Club  was  organized  in  1882. 

The  Bay  State  Potdtry  Association  was 
formed  in  1888,  and  incorporated  in  1889. 

Practical  Mechanic  (The). — A  monthly 
mechanical  paper  designed  especially  to  in- 
terest practical  men  in  the  iron  and  wood- 
working trades.  Established  in  July,  1887, 
and  discontinued  in  1892.  It  was  the  first 
and  only  trade  journal  ever  established  in 
Worcester,  famous  the  world  over  as  a  rich 
field  of  invention  and  the  home  of  many  noted 
mechanics.  It  enjoyed  a  wide  circulation  and 
had  many  contributions  from  some  of  the 
foremost  writers  in  the  country  on  the  sub- 
jects treated.  Published  by  F.  S.  Blanchard 
&  Co.,  154  Front  street. 

Precincts. — See  Wards. 

Presbyterian  Church. — In  1719  a  num- 
ber of  Scotch  Presbyterian  families  from  the 
north  of  Ireland  came  to  Worcester,  with  the 
Rev.  Edward  Fitzgerald,  and  attempted  to 
form  a  church.  A  meeting-house  was  par- 
tially erected  on  the  road  that  is  now  Lincoln 
street;  but  the  other  settlers  in  the  town 
assembled  and  demolished  the  half-built  struc- 
ture. Some  of  these  Scotch  emigrants  re- 
mained and  amalgamated  with  the  other 
residents  of  the  place.  In  April,  1886,  Pres- 
byterian worship  was  resumed  after  an  interval 
of  150  years,  there  having  been  some  preach- 
ing here  in  1736.  The  present  Presbyterian 
Church  was  organized  in  September,  1886, 
Rev.  J.  H.  Ralston  as  pastor.  Meetings 
were  for  some  time  held  in  Continental  Hall, 
and  later  in  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  building.  The 
present  place  of  worship  is  in  their  new  build- 
ing on  Kilby  street.  Rev.  Thomas  Atkinson 
is  pastor. 


7 


PRI— PRO 


86 


Princeton. — A  town  fourteen  miles  north 
of  Worcester.  It  was  named  in  honor  of 
Rev.  Thomas  Prince,  and  incorporated  in 
1 771.  The  Fitchburg  Railroad  passes  through 
the  town,  which  is  much  resorted  to  in  the 
summer  season,  on  account  of  its  pure  air  and 
other  rural  attractions,  the  principal  of  which 
is  Wachusett  Mountain,  noticed  under  its  title 
in  the  Dictionary.  Population  of  Princeton 
in  1885,  1,038;  in  1890,  982. 

Printers. — The  following  is  an  incomplete 
list  of  Worcester  printers.  Isaiah  Thomas, 
the  first,  is  well  known;  he  was  in  active 
business  twenty-five  years  or  more  from  1775, 
and  resided  in  the  town  till  his  death  in  1 83 1. 
His  son  and  successor  carried  on  the  work  of 
his  father  during  the  first  years  of  the  present 
century,  but  finally  went  to  Boston  and  died 
there.  Leonard  Worcester,  one  of  the  elder 
Thomas's  apprentices,  had  a  printing  office 
here  before  1800;  he  entered  the  ministry, 
and  died  in  Peacham,  Vt.,  after  many  years' 
service.  Daniel  Greenleaf,  another  apprentice, 
printed  some  books  here  about  1800.  Samuel 
Cotting  was  the  first  printer  of  the  ^gis  in 
1 801,  and  was  followed  by  Henry  Rogers. 
Isaac  Sturtevant  printed  the  Spy  for  the 
Thomases  from  1806  to  1814.  Coming  down 
later,  we  find  the  following  names,  some  of 
them  with  approximate  dates:  Charles 
Griffin,  Samuel  Morrill,  Moses  W.  Grout, 
Wm.  Manning  (1824),  T.  W.  &  J.  Butterfield 
(1839),  Spooner  &  Merriam,  Edwin  C. 
Church,  Mirick  &  Bartlett,  Lewis  Metcalf 
(1842),  R.  B.  Hancock,  James  M.  Stone, 
Peter  L.  Cox,  Church  &  Prentiss,  Estey  & 
Evans  (1840  to '50.)  Many  of  these  were 
newspaper  printers,  job  printing  not  formerly 
having  the  importance  it  has  to-day.  Henry 
J.  Howland  is  the  oldest  living  printer,  in 
point  of  term  of  service.  He  first  came  to 
Worcester  in  1831,  and  permanently  settled 
here  in  1835.  He  printed  both  editions  of 
Lincoln'' s  History  of  Worcester^  the  catalogue 
of  the  Library  of  the  American  Antiquarian 
Society,  and  other  books;  and  established 
and  for  many  years  printed  and  published  the 
Worcester  Directory.  He  was  located  for  a 
long  time  in  the  old  wooden  building  which 
stood  where  the  Burnside  building  now  is. 
One  of  his  pressmen,  James  Carlisle  by  name, 
worked  so  long  and  pulled  so  many  impres- 
sions on  an  old-fashioned  hand  press,  that  by 
the  motion  of  his  foot  as  he  drew  it  over  the 


floor,  he  wore  through  an  ordinary  deal  board, 
Mr.  Howland  is  still  in  the  printing  business, 
though  not  for  himself.  Asa  B.  Adams  suc- 
ceeded Mr.  Howland,  and  was  located  many 
years  at  392  Main  street.  Edward  R.  Fiske, 
another  well-known  Worcester  printer,  died 
in  June,  1891.  He  began  business  in  1841 
in  the  old  Central  Exchange,  in  company  with 
Edwin  C.  Church,  and  was  burned  out  at  the 
time  of  the  fire  there.  Mr.  Fiske  was  located 
for  many  years  in  the  building  at  the  corner  of 
Foster  and  Waldo  streets,  and  was  afterwards 
in  Crompton's  block  on  Mechanic  street. 
Charles  Hamilton  has  been  a  master  printer 
since  1849,  located  in  the  Central  Exchange. 
Many  historical  and  genealogical  books  have 
been  printed  at  his  office,  and  of  late  years  he 
has  printed  the  City  Documents  and  the 
Directory.  His  manager,  Benjamin  J.  Dodge, 
has  been  with  him  from  the  first.  Tyler  & 
Seagrave,  who  bought  the  Spy  job  office  in 
1 86 1,  were  in  business  together  over  twenty 
years,  most  of  the  time  at  442  Main  street. 
They  issued  a  large  number  and  variety  of 
books,  besides  executing  much  job  work. 
After  Mr.  Tyler  withdrew  from  the  firm,  he 
established  the  Mid-  Weekly  newspaper  at 
Oxford,  this  county,  which  he  still  publishes. 
Mr.  Seagrave  has  lately  retired  from  business. 
Of  later  firms,  among  the  largest  offices  were 
Snow  Brothers  and  their  successors  for  some 
twenty  years  at  47  Main  street.  This  estab- 
lishment was  recently  broken  up,  and  the 
machinery  and  materials  sold  to  F.  S.  Blan- 
chard  &  Co.  O.  B.  Wood,  on  Maple  street, 
has  good  facilities  for  job  and  other  work, 
and  Maynard,  Gough  &  Co.,  187  Front  street, 
print  hotel  registers  and  similar  work.  The 
publishers  of  this  Dictionary,  F.  S.  Blanchard 
&  Co.,  succeeded  to  the  business  of  Sargent 
&  Wilson  in  1880,  and  have  probably  the 
largest  plant  in  the  city  and  do  an  extensive 
publishing  business  in  connection  with  book 
and  job  printing.  Among  their  publications 
are  the  Practical  Mechanic,  Yankee  Almanac, 
Worcester  Commercial,  and  many  special 
publications  of  an  historical  nature  for  this 
and  other  cities. 

There  are  many  other  printers  in  Worcester 
who  do  business  on  a  smaller  scale  than  those 
above  named,  but  a  complete  list  cannot  be 
expected  here. 

Probate  Court. — See  Courts. 
Probate  Registry. — See  Registry. 


87 


PRO— QUI 


Prospect  Hill. — The  higher  elevation 
north  of  Newton  Hill,  the  southern  slope  of 
which  is  known  as  Sunnyside.  It  has  been 
proposed  recently  to  change  the  name  to 
Bancroft  Hill. 

Protective  Department  (The  Wor- 
cester), or  Insurance  Fire  Patrol. — The 
needless  destruction  or  injury  of  much  valuable 
and  fragile  property  in  its  hasty  removal  from 
Taylor's  granite  building  at  the  time  of  the 
great  fire  of  May,  1875,  as  well  as  the  loss 
from  theft,  induced  the  formation  of  the 
Mutual  Fire  Association,  composed  of  busi- 
ness and  insurance  men  and  others,  who  or- 
ganized for  the  purpose  of  protecting  and 
overseeing  the  removal  of  property  at  fires. 
Members  of  this  association  were  provided 
with  badges,  and  as  special  police  had 
authority  and  were  recognized  by  the  chief 
engineer.  James  F.  Meech  was  the  first 
captain,  and  George  H.  Harlow,  clerk  and 
treasurer.  The  association  was  continued 
about  three  years,  and  disbanded,  probably 
partly  because  there  had  been  no  large  fires 
in  the  meantime,  and  consequently  little  need 
of  their  services;  and  partly  on  account  of 
the  existence  of  the  Insurance  Fire  Patrol, 
whose  efficient  presence  at  fires  rendered  the 
interference  of  any  other  organization  with 
similar  duties  unnecessary.  The  Patrol  was 
organized  and  incorporated  in  1875,  and  was 
at  first  supported  entirely  by  the  insurance 
companies;  but  of  late  an  annual  grant  to- 
wards its  support  has  been  made  by  the  city, 
$1,200  being  given  the  present  year.  The 
Patrol  occupies  a  building  in  Barton  place. 
The  wagon,  usually  the  first  to  reach  a  fire, 
is  equipped  with  two  Babcock  extinguishers, 
165  rubber  covers,  brooms,  pails,  sponges, 
etc.  Many  small  fires  are  extinguished  by 
the  Patrol  alone;  and  by  the  spreading  of 
rubber  covers  and  other  precautions,  many 
thousand  dollars'  worth  of  property  is  saved 
yearly,  and  the  Patrol  many  times  repays  the 
cost  of  its  maintenance.  The  corporation  is 
composed  of  prominent  insurance  agents, 
with  Charles  B.  Pratt  as  president.  The  duty 
force  of  the  Patrol  numbers  eight.  Hiram  R. 
Williamson  is  captain.  The  quarters  of  the 
Patrol  in  Barton  place  are  handsomely  fur- 
nished and  equipped  with  many  ingenious  ap- 
pliances for  quick  hitches  at  times  of  fires, 
which  are  of  much  interest  to  strangers. 

Protective  Union  (New  England), 
Division    No.  42. — A   popular   and  long- 


established  grocery  store,  at  No.  24  Front 
street.  This  store,  established  by  the  N.  E. 
Protective  Union,  was  first  opened  at  the  cor- 
ner of  Front  and  Carlton  streets,  Jan.  25, 
1848.  The  undertaking  was  on  the  ^oint  stock 
plan,  and  has  continued  under  that  system  to 
the  present  time,  with  Samuel  A.  Pratt  as 
agent,  this  being  his  45th  year  of  service.  The 
rent  of  the  store  first  occupied  was  $90  a  year. 
In  1850,  the  association  moved  to  the  east 
store  in  Horticultural  Hall  building,  the  rent 
of  which  was  $500.  Another  "Union"  store 
was  started  at  the  first  location,  but  soon  failed. 
Nov.  I,  1877,  the  present  store  was  occupied. 
The  business  of  the  store  amounts  to  $175,000 
annually.  Edward  I.  Comins  is  president  of 
the  Union,  and  Theo.  H.  Bartlett  clerk. 

Psychology  (American  Journal  of). — 

A  quarterly  magazine,  devoted  to  the  publica- 
tion of  original  papers  on  scientific  psychology, 
both  normal  and  abnormal,  and  to  the  re- 
viewing of  current  literature,  especially  foreign 
literature  on  these  subjects.  It  was  begun  by 
its  present  editor,  G.  Stanley  Hall,  in  1887, 
while  professor  of  psychology  in  Johns  Hopkins 
University,  Baltimore,  and  was  transferred  to 
Worcester  on  his  assumption  of  his  duties  as 
president  of  Clark  University. 

Purgatory. — A  remarkable  cleft  or  chasm 
in  the  town  of  Sutton,  some  twelve  miles  from 
Worcester,  which  as  a  natural  curiosity  attracts 
many  visitors.  The  geological  formation  here 
is  a  calcareous  gneiss,  and  the  rock  is  opened 
as  if  by  an  earthquake  for  the  distance  of 
nearly  half  a  mile,  sometimes  to  the  depth  of 
sixty  or  seventy  feet.  The  huge  masses  of 
rock  present  a  wild  and  picturesque  appear- 
ance, and  the  gloomy  recesses  of  the  chasm 
were  formerly  the  favorite  haunt  of  the  rattle- 
snake. At  the  lower  end  is  a  cool  and  clear 
spring.  The  most  convenient  way  to  reach 
the  chasm  from  Worcester  is  by  carriage  over 
the  highway. 

Quakers. — See  Friends. 

Quinsigamond. — The  Indian  name  of 
Worcester  and  the  region  around,  by  which  the 
place  was  first  known.  It  was  applied  par- 
ticularly to  the  Lake,  and  the  name  is  various- 
ly spelled  in  the  old  records,  Qtmnsicamug^ 
Quansicamon,  etc.  Dr.  J.  Hammond  Trum- 
bull gives,  in  a  letter  to  Senator  Hoar,  the 
meaning  of  the  word  as  follows:  Qiinnosu 
or   Quonnose    (plural  Qunnosuog)  was  the 


QUI— RE  A 


Indian  name  for  pickerel — literally  'long  nose' 
and — o  ma  u^i;- final,  denote?,  a  'fishing  place,' 
QiinnosHOi^aniaitg  \s  'pickerel  fishing  place,' 
or  where  they  fish  for  pickerel." 

Quinsigamond  Boat  Club. — See  Boat 
Clubs. 

Quinsigamond  Lake. — See  Lake  Quin- 
sigamond. 

Quinsigamond  Park. — An  island  of  96 
acres  at  the  south  end  of  Lake  Quinsigamond, 
recently  laid  out  in  lots  for  building.  Full 
Moon  Park  and  driving  course  occupy  the 
center  of  the  island. 

Quinsigamond  Village. — A  manufactur- 
ing village  on  the  Blackstone  river  in  the  south 
part  of  the  city.  A  branch  of  the  Washburn 
&  Moen  Wire  Works  is  located  at  the  village, 
and  many  Swedes  are  employed.  There  is  a 
post  office  here. 

Raccoon  Plain. — The  level  tract  at  South 
Worcester,  in  the  vicinity  of  Southgate,  Camp 
and  Cambridge  streets,  on  which  was  located 
Camp  Scott  in  the  war  time.  The  name  was 
given  by  the  early  proprietors  of  the  township. 

Railroads. — The  railroads  coming  to  Wor- 
cester are : 

Boston  cr^  Albany;  opened  east,  1835; 
west,  1839. 

Fitchburg,  formerly  Boston,  Barre  &  Gard- 
ner; opened  1871. 

New  York  New  England,  Norwich  & 
Worcester  Division;  opened  1840. 

N'eiv  York,  Providence  Boston,  formerly 
Providence  &  Worcester;  opened  1847. 

Boston  Maine,    formerly  Worcester, 

Nashua  &  Rochester;  opened  1848. 

Worcester  cr'  Shrewsbury  ;  opened  1873. 

Worcester,  Leicester  &^  Spencer  Electric ; 
opened  in  1891 . 

Worcester  ^  ALillbury  Electric;  opened 
1892. 

See  Street  Railways. 

Railroad  Stations. — The  first  railroad 
station  in  Worcestei;  was  located  on  Foster 
street  in  1835,  when  the  Boston  &  Worcester 
Railroad  commenced  running.  This  building 
(several  times  enlarged)  was  used  until  1877, 
when  it  was  demolished,  and  the  site  is  now 
covered  by  Bigelow's  Garden  and  the  Rink 
building.  The  Norwich  and  the  Nashua  and 
Boston,  Barre  &  Gardner  Railroads  also  used 


this  station.  The  Providence  Railroad  station 
before  the  Union  station  was  erected  was  on 
Green  street,  a  structure  of  brick  still  standing. 
The  Union  passenger  station  in  Wash- 
ington square  was  erected  by  the  Boston  & 
Albany  Railroad.  It  was  completed  in  1875, 
and  opened  for  use  August  15th  of  that  year. 
Here  center  all  the  steam  railroads  which 
enter  Worcester,  the  only  one  whose  tracks 
are  not  in  the  building  being  the  Worcester  & 
Shrewsbury,  but  this  road  terminates  on 
vShrewsbury  street,  within  a  stone's  throw. 
The  railroad  stations  in  the  limits  of  Worces- 
ter are  given  below,  with  the  railroads  using 
them : 

Barber's  Crossing,  Boston  &  Maine;  Fitch- 
burg. 

Bloomingdale,  Worcester  &  Shrewsbury. 
Jamesville,  Boston  &  Albany. 
LMke  Station,  Worcester  &  Shrewsbury. 
LMke  View,  Worcester  &  Shrewsbury. 
LJncoln  Square,  Boston  &  Maine;  Fitch- 
burg. 

N'orth  Worcester,  Fitchburg. 
Shrewsbury   Street,   W^orcester  &  Shrews- 
bury. 

South    Worcester    (Junction),    Boston  & 
Albany;    Providence;  Norwich. 
Summit,  Boston  &  Maine. 

Ram  Island. — The  island  at  the  causeway, 
Lake  Quinsigamond,  on  which  the  Island 
House  is  built.  The  name  is  found  in  the  old 
records. 

Ramshorn  Brook. — This  stream  flows 
from  Ramshorn  Pond  in  Sutton,  and  its  course 
is  generally  north  through  Sutton  and  Auburn 
to  Curtis  Pond  at  New  Worcester,  where  it 
joins  other  streams  to  form  Middle  river. 

Rattlesnake  Rocks. — The  ledge  of  rocks 
on  the  elevated  land  some  distance  west  of 
Mill  street,  owned  by  Solomon  Parsons,  who, 
many  years  ago,  deeded  the  spot  to  the 
Almighty,  and  had  the  conveyance,  or  a  part 
of  it,  recorded  on  the  flat  surface  of  rock  near 
the  summit.  He  also  built  a  sort  of  a  temple 
here.  The  Worcester  Hermit  lived  in  a  stone 
hut  at  this  place,  in  company  with  his  cats  and 
goats,  ten  or  fifteen  years  ago.  In  early  times 
these  rocks  abounded  with  rattlesnakes. 

Reading  Rooms. — The  reading  room 
at  the  Free  Public  Library  was  opened  in 
1865,  and  now  contains  nearly  300  reviews, 


89 


KEA— REC 


magazines  and  papers.  The  Mechanics' 
Association,  the  Young  Men's  Christian  As- 
sociation, and  several  other  societies  maintain 
reading  rooms  for  the  use  of  their  members. 
There  was  a  Reading  Room  Association  in 
Worcester  about  1830. 

Real  Estate  Values. — Many  items  of 
interest  connected  with  real  estate  transac- 
tions will  be  found  scattered  through  the 
Dictionary.  A  few  figures  are  given 
below,  which  may  be  useful  for  comparison 
with  present  values.  In  1846  or  1847,  Anson 
Braman  gave  a  bond  for  a  deed  of  the  new 
Post  Office  lot,  just  south  of  Franklin  square, 
for  $1,800.  (See  Franklin  Square  for  an 
earlier  value,  and  Government  Building  for 
price  paid  by  tJie  Post  Office  department.) 
The  Trinity  Church  lot,  at  the  corner  of  Main 
and  Chandler  streets,  was  offered  in  1848  or 
'49  for  $400.  The  church  paid  $25,000  for 
it  with  the  improvements  in  1870. 

The  Barton  estate,  opposite  the  Common, 
where  Taylor's  granite  building  stands,  was 
bought  by  Judge  Barton  in  1834  for  $5,100. 
Mr.  Taylor  paid  $37,500  for  a  little  less  than 
two-thirds  of  it  in  1867.  The  estate  of 
Nathaniel  Maccarty,  north  of  Maple  street, 
165  feet  on  Main  street  by  375  feet  deep,  was 
sold  by  auction  in  1835  to  Benjamin  Butman 
and  George  Brinley  for  $12,000.  The  estate 
at  the  north  corner  of  Walnut  street  on  Main, 
opposite  Mechanics  Hall,  recently  sold  for 
nearly  $12  per  foot.  Mr.  David  S.  Messinger 
bought  the  lot  at  the  corner  of  Chestnut  and 
Walnut  streets,  where  he  now  lives,  of  Gov. 
Lincoln  in  1844,  for  five  cents  a  foot.  This 
was  considered  at  the  time  an  extravagant 
price.  Mr.  Messinger  bought  of  Elisha  Flagg 
the  strip  of  land  between  William  and  Bow- 
doin  streets  running  west  from  Chestnut  street 
to  the  meadows,  seven  acres,  for  $4,000.  He 
sold  about  half  of  this  at  the  lower  end  to 
Gov.  Lincoln  for  $100  per  acre.  A  second 
purchase  of  Flagg  comprised  the  square  on 
Harvard  street  from  a  point  opposite  Bowdoin 
street  on  the  north  to  Sudbury  street  on  the 
south,  and  east  to  Eden  street,  tor  $10,000. 
Two  lots  at  the  south  end  he  sold  for  12  cents 
per  foot.  All  this  took  place  forty  or  more 
years  ago.  This  article  could  be  extended 
indefinitely,  but  the  examples  above  given  will 
suffice,  as  they  refer  to  some  of  the  most  valu- 
able and  desirable  estates  in  the  city. 


Prominent  operators  in  real  estate  years  ago 
were  Nathan  Patch  in  the  early  part  of  the 
century;  Benjamin  Butman,  David  T.  Brig- 
ham  (1830  to  '40),  Levi  Lincoln,  Isaac  Davis, 
John  F.  Pond  (1840  and  after),  David  S. 
Messinger,  Col.  James  Estabrook,  Eli  Thayer, 
Francis  H.  Dewey,  Joseph  Mason  and  Samuel 
P.  and  Leonard  Harrington. 

Record  (The).  —  An  illustrated  quarto 
humorous  literary  and  society  paper  published 
weekly  by  W.  E.  W.  Felt,  392  Main  street, 
from  July  31,  1891,  to  October  30  of  the  same 
year.  The  subscription  price  was  two  dollars 
a  year,  or  five  cents  a  copy. 

Records  (Public). — Following  is  a  list 
of  the  volumes  of  public  records  in  Worcester: 

Proprietors''  Records,  1667- 1788,  I  volume. 

Town  Records,  1 722-1848,  7  volumes. 

Births,  1 714-1893. 

Marriages  frotJi  1 747. 

Deaths,  171 7- 1893. 

Marriage  Intentions,    1796- 1 893. 

City  Records,  1848- 1 893. 

The  above  are  at  the  city  clerk's  office, 
and  generally  in  good  condition.  The  Pro- 
prietors' Records,  and  the  Town  Records 
from  1722  to  1816,  have  been  printed  by  The 
Worcester  Society  of  Antiquity,  and  those 
from  181 7  to  1832,  and  the  Births,  Marriages 
and  Deaths  to  1848,  are  in  press,  the  city 
paying  one-half  the  expense. 

Of  church  records,  those  of  the  First  or  Old 
South  are  missing  before  April  5,  1745?  ^^nd 
from  September,  1790,  to  July  9,  1815.  The 
records  of  the  First  Baptist  Church, before  183 1, 
were  burned;  and  one  volume  of  the  Central 
Church  records  is  missing.  The  Report  on  the 
Public  Records  of  the  state  is  incorrect  in  stating 
that  the  First  Church  records  are  complete 
from  1 71 7,  as  there  was  no  church  before 
1 719,  and  two  volumes  are  missing  as  above. 

Court  Records  at  the  office  of  the  clerk  in 
the  Stone  Court  House : 

Supreme  Judicial  Court,  1797  to  1893. 

Inferior  Court  of  Comtnon  Pleas,  173 1  to 
1782. 

Court  of  General  Sessions,  1 73 1  to  1805. 
Court  of  Sessions,  1808  to  1827. 
Court  of  Common  Pleas,  J  784  to  1859. 
Superior  Court,  1859  to  1893. 
Marriages  in  the  County,  1746  to  1794- 
Many  volumes  Miscellaneous  Records. 


RED— REP 


90 


The  Records  of  the  Court  of  General  Ses- 
sions, from  1 73 1  to  1737,  have  been  printed 
by  The  Worcester  Society  of  Antiquity. 

The  Deeds  and  Probate  Records  in  their 
respective  Registries  are  preserved  from  1731 
to  the  present  time. 

The  volume  of  "  Records  of  the  Board  of 
Overseers  of  the  Schools  of  the  Center  District 
in  Worcester,^''  from  1831  to  1847,  was  found 
in  Oxford  in  i860,  in  the  possession  of  a  young 
woman,  who  was  using  it  as  a  scrap  book. 
The  volume  of  Center  District  School  Records, 
from  1824  to  1843,  found  in  some  rubbish 
in  the  store  formerly  occupied  by  Warren 
Lazell.  The  records  from  1799  to  1848  were 
retuined  from  the  vault  of  the  Worcester  Bank. 

Red  Men  (Improved  Order  of). — The 

Improved  Order  of  Red  Men  is  a  social,  fra- 
ternal and  benevolent  secret  association, 
secret  in  the  sense  that  the  privacy  of  a  home 
circle  is  the  property  of  its  own  members,  to 
be  held  sacred  and  inviolate. 

Its  primary  objects  are  to  promote  among 
men  the  exercise  and  practice  of  the  true 
principles  of  benevolence  and  charity,  the 
care  and  protection  of  the  widows  and  or- 
phans, and  the  cultivation  of  friendly  relations 
among  its  members.  Its  origin  is,  as  the 
name  indicates,  purely  American,  its  history 
dating  to  the  early  hours  of  the  Revolution, 
when  its  watchword  was  Freedom.  The  fra- 
ternal feature  was  added  after  the  war  of 
181 2,  when  the  members  had  for  a  second 
time  returned  to  the  avocations  of  peace  after 
their  patriotic  struggles  against  Great  Britain, 
when  the  motto  became  Freedom  and  Friend- 
ship. In  1835  the  present  organization  was 
formed  in  Maryland  and  added  the  benevolent 
feature,  adopting  the  present  motto  —  Free- 
dom, Friendship,  Charity.  It  is  the  oldest 
protective  and  benevolent  society  of  American 
birth  and  growth. 

The  association  existing  in  the  early  days  of 
the  republic  made  use  of  the  Indian  dress, 
ceremonies,  symbols  and  nomenclature  in 
order  to  hide  their  identity  from  the  uniniti- 
ated, and  most  of  these  characteristics  have 
been  retained  by  the  present  organization  in 
commemoration  of  the  patriotic  impulses 
which  gave  the  Order  birth. 

The  Order  numbers  over  100,000.  The 
last  report  from  the  whole  Order  showed  an 
average  membership  of  85  in  each  Tribe. 
Funds  on  hand  and  invested,  $1,100  for  each 


Tribe.  Average  dues  per  great  sun  (year), 
$6,  and  the  total  amount  of  benefits  paid 
brothers,  widows  and  orphans  for  the  past 
great  sun  averaged  $3.75  for  each  member. 

The  membership  in  this  jurisdiction  is  about 
14,000.  There  is  a  branch  of  the  Order,  of 
which  brothers  of  the  Order  and  their  female 
relatives  may  become  members,  which  is 
known  as  the  Degree  of  Pocahontas.  This 
Degree  is  very  popular,  having  a  membership 
of  3,800. 

There  are  three  Tribes  of  Red  Men  in  Wor- 
cester, viz.,  Quinsiga/nond,  No.  7,  organized 
1880;  Iroquois,  No.  8,  organized  1883;  and 
Massasoit,  No.  6.  Dr.  J.  B.  Rich  was  a 
prime  mover  in  establishing  this  order  in  Wor- 
cester. 

Red  Mills.— The  Red  Mills,  at  first  called 
Flagg's  Mills,  were  located  on  the  water 
privilege  on  Green  street,  on  the  spot  now 
covered  by  the  Crompton  Loom  Works.  A 
sash  and  blind  manufactory  was  in  operation 
there  half  a  century  ago. 

Reform   Club    (Worcester). — One  of 

the  most  prominent  and  useful  temperance 
organizations  in  the  city,  was  organized  in 
1876.  Its  hall  and  club  room  for  several 
years  was  at  460  Main  street,  but  the  club  has 
recently  removed  to  Clark's  block  on  Front 
street,  opposite  the  Soldiers'  monument. 

Registry  of  Deeds. — Located  in  the 
Stone  Court  House.  Over  1400  volumes  of 
deeds  are  preserved  here,  dating  from  1731, 
when  the  county  was  formed.  There  are 
complete  indexes  of  grantors  and  grantees. 
Harvey  B.  Wilder  is  register. 

Registry  of  Probate. — In  the  Stone 
Court  House.  The  records  are  complete,  in- 
cluding the  Probate  Court  files,  from  1731. 
Each  volume  has  an  initial  index.  Frederick 
W.  Southwick  is  register. 

Representatives  in  Congress. — A  list  of 
the  members  of  Congress  from  the  Worcester 
district  is  here  given : 

Jonathan  Grout,  Petersham,  Anti-Fed.,  17S9-1791. 
Artemas  Ward,  Shrewsbury,  Fed.,  1791-1795. 
Dwight  Foster,  Brookfield,  Fed.,  1795-1800. 
Levi  Lincoln,  Worcester,  Dem.,  1801 
Seth  Hastings,  Mendon,  Fed.,  1S01-1S07. 
Jabez  Upham,  Brookfield,  Fed.,  1S07-1810. 
Joseph  Allen,  Worcester,  Fed.,  1810-1811. 
Elijah  Brigham,  Westboro,  Fed.,  1811-1S16. 
Benjamin  Adams,  Uxbridge,  Fed.,  1816-1821. 
Jonathan  Russell,  Mendon,  Dem.,  1821-1823. 


91 


KEP— RIO 


]onfls  Sibley,  Sutton,  Deni,,  1S23-1S25. 
John  Davis,  Worcester,  Nat.  Rep.  and  Whig,  1825- 
1834. 

Levi  Lincoln,  Worcester,  Whig,  1834-1841. 
Charles  Hudson,  Westminster,  Whig,  1S41-1849. 
Charles  Allen,  Worcester,  Free  Soil,  1849-1S53. 
Alexander  DeWitt,  Oxford,  Free  Soil  and  K.  N., 
1853-1857- 

Eli  Thayer,  Worcester,  Rep.,  1857-1861. 
Goldsmith  F.  Bailey,  Fitchburg,  Rep.,  1861-1862. 
Amasa  Walker,  No.  Brookfield,  Rep.,  1S62-1863. 
John  D,  Baldwin,  Worcester,  Rep.,  1S63-1S6Q. 
George  F.  Hoar,  Worcester,  Rep.,  1S69-1877. 
William  W.  Rice,  Worcester,  Rep.,  1877-1887. 
John  E.  Russell.  Leicester,  Dem.,  1SS7-18S9. 
Joseph  H.  Walker,  Worcester,  Rep.,  1SS9. 

Representatives  in  the  General  Court. — 

Worcester  sends  eight  representatives  to  the 
Legislature — one  from  each  ward.  The  dis- 
tricts in  the  county  are  determined  by  the 
county  commissioners  every  ten  years,  the 
last  apportionment  being  made  in  1886. 
Ward  I  forms  the  i6th  District. 

"    2    "      "    17th  " 

"    3    "      "  18th 

"    4    "      "    19th  " 

"    5    "      "  20th 

"     6      "        "  2ISt 

"    7    "  22nd  " 

"    8    "      "   23rd  " 
Reservoir     Hill. — See    Chandler    Hill  ; 
Bell  Pond. 

Reservoirs. — The  old  reservoir  on  Chandler 
Hill,  which  stored  the  water  from  Bell  Pond 
(q.  v.),  has  been  demolished  recently.  The 
reservoirs  now  in  use  are  Bell  Pond,  Belmont 
street,  Lynde  Brook  reservoir  in  Leicester, 
Tatnuck  Brook  reservoir  in  Holden,  and 
Hunt's  reservoir  t)n  Leicester  street.  See 
Water  Works. 

The  dam  at  the  Lynde  Brook  reservoir  was 
carried  away  by  a  freshet,  March  30,  1876. 
The  aggregate  damages  paid  by  the  city,  in- 
cluding the  cost  of  the  new  dam,  amounted  to 
$227,000. 

Restaurants. — The  principal  restaurants  in 
Worcester  are  those  of  Putnam  &  Thurston  at 
381  Main  street,  Parker's  restaurant  on  Front 
street,  C.  Rebboli  on  Pleasant  street  and  L. 
J.  Zahonyi's,  348  Main  street.  The  two  lat- 
ter are  more  especially  ice-cream  saloons. 
Other  restaurants  and  eating  houses  are  scat- 
tered over  the  city.  Frank  E.  Marshall  and 
F.  M.  Marble  are  well-known  restaurant 
keepers  and  caterers.    See  Caterers. 

Revenue  District. — The  third  revenue 
district  includes  all  the  state  of  Massachusetts. 


The  twelth  division  includes  nearly  the  whole 
of  Worcester  County.  The  salary  of  the 
deputy  collector  is  $1,400.  The  amount  of 
revenue  collected  in  this  division  is  about 
$75,000  per  year. 

Rhetorical  Society. — The  Young  Men's 
Rhetorical  Society  was  formed  in  1849,  and 
incorporated  in  1853,  its  purpose  being  mental 
and  moral  improvement,  by  means  of  essays, 
debates,  and  various  rhetorical  exercises.  In 
1855  this  society  joined  with  the  Young  Men's 
Library  Association,  and  later  was  merged 
with  the  Lyceum  and  Library  Association. 
In  1858  the  Rhetorical  Society  withdrew,  and 
renewed  its  active  organization,  which  was 
kept  up  until  within  a  few  years.  This  society 
is  credited  with  having  had  considerable  in- 
fluence in  political  matters  in  former  years. 

Rifle  Association. — The  Worcester  Rifle 
Association  has  a  range  on  Heywood  street. 
E.  R.  Shumway  is  president. 

Rink  (The). — The  large  wooden  building 
on  the  lot  between  Foster  and  Mechanic 
streets  on  Norwich  street.  It  has  been  occu- 
pied by  the  U.  C.  Me  Club;  which  see, 
also  Bigeloiu's  Garde 71. 

Riots. — There  have  been  several  riots  in 
Worcester,  but  the  consequences,  except  in 
one  instance,  have  not  been  serious.  In  1774 
Hon.  Timothy  Paine  was  compelled  to  resign 
his  office  as  mandamus  councillor  by  a  mob. 
In  Shays'  Rebellion  times  a  mob  from  Ux- 
bridge  attempted  to  demolish  the  jail  in  Wor- 
cester, but  were  obliged  to  desist  by  their  own 
townsmen.  Stephen  Burroughs  asserts  in  his 
memoirs  that  he  was  released  from  imprison- 
ment in  Worcester  by  a  mob  of  apparently  a 
thousand.  In  July,  1807,  there  were  two 
riotous  demonstrations,  in  which  a  number  of 
nominally  reputable  citizens  took  part,  who 
were  afterwards  obliged  to  account  for  their 
misdoings  before  the  courts.  One  was  really 
a  huge  frolic,  and  the  whole  town  turned  out  to 
witness  the  discipline  administered  to  an  of- 
fender against  public  morals.  The  culprit  was 
carried  through  Front  and  Main  streets  "  on  a 
wooden  rail,  with  much  noise  and  clamor." 
The  "  Angel  Gabriel  "  riot  of  May  18,  1854, 
assumed  a  serious  aspect  and  the  military  were 
summoned,  but  happily  the  disturbance  v/as 
quited  without  loss  of  life.  The  Butman  riot, 
October  30,  1854,  was  an  outburst  of  popular 


ROM— ST. 


92 


indignation  against  Asa  O.  Butman,  deputy 
U.  S.  marshal,  who  came  to  reclaim  a  fugitive 
slave;  and  he  was  driven  from  the  city  with 
eggs  and  other  missiles.  On  the  loth  of  June, 
1866,  Henry  T.  Weikle,  an  inoffensive  Ger- 
man, was  killed  in  front  of  the  police  station 
by  an  officer  who  fired  a  shot  into  a  mob,  after 
being  hit  with  a  stone.  Weikle's  widow  was 
paid  $1,000  by  the  city,  and  the  officer  im- 
prisoned. 

Roman  Catholic  Churches. — See  Catho- 
lic Churches. 

Royal  Arcanum. — A  fraternal  beneficiary 
order  with  just  enough  of  secret  society 
machinery  to  make  it  interesting.  It  was  or- 
ganized June  23,  1877,  at  Boston.  It  is  con- 
ducted upon  strict  business  principles,  and 
has  successfully  promoted  its  main  object;  the 
payment  of  a  death  benefit  of  $3,000  to  full, 
and  $1,500  to  half  rate  members.  The  insti- 
tution is  modeled  after  societies  of  a  similar 
nature  in  London,  where  they  have  existed 
two  hundred  years.  The  total  membership  of 
the  Arcanum  is  about  135,000,  and  it  has  paid 
in  death  benefits  over  $20,000,000. 

There  are  in  Worcester  two  branches  of  the 
Royal  Arcanum  :  Worcester  Council^  IVo.  12^ 
instituted  September  4,  1877;  and  Conquest 
Council,  Xo.  gij,  formed  July  20,  1885.  Dr. 
L.  H.  Hammond  was  the  prime  mover  in  the 
organization  of  the  older  council,  the  other 
charter  members  being:  C.  B.  Pratt,  T.  S. 
Johnson,  N.  G.  Tucker,  H.  H.  Marshall, 
Geo.  P:.  Boyden,  L.  A.  Hastings,  E.  D. 
McFarland,  A.  C.  Allen.  Both  Councils  have 
about  350  members  ;  $66,000  has  been  dis- 
tributed to  the  widows  or  families  of  deceased 
members. 

The  Dictionary  is  indebted  to  Mr.  Charles 
D.  Nye,  secretary  of  Worcester  Council,  for 
the  above  facts. 

Rural  Cemetery. — See  Cemeteries. 

Rutland. — A  farming  town,  twelve  miles 
northwest  of  Worcester,  incorporated  in  1713. 
The  centre  is  at  a  high  elevation,  and  a  view, 
not  surpassed  by  that  from  Wachusett 
itself,  is  to  be  had  of  the  surrounding  country. 
A  fine  hotel,  the  Muschopauge  House,  ac- 
commodates many  summer  boarders.  The 
population  of  the  town  in  1885,  was  963.  In 
1890,  980. 

Safe  Deposit  Vaults. — There  are  two 
safe   deposit  companies  in   the   city.  The 


Worcester  Safe  Deposit  and  Trust  Co.,  at 
448  Main  street,  was  chartered  in  1868  with 
a  capital  of  $200,000.  This  company  does  a 
general  banking  business.  Small  safes  can  be 
rented  from  $10  to  $50  per  year.  The  State 
Safe  Deposit  Co.,  at  240  Main  street,  rent 
safes  from  $5  upward.  This  company  was 
incorporated  in  1887. 

Sagamore  Point. — The  most  prominent 
headland  in  the  southern  part  of  Lake  Quin- 
sigamond.  It  was  formerly  called  King's 
Point. 

Sagatabscot  Hill. —  The  high  ridge  of 
land  in  the  south  of  southeast  part  of  the 
city,  the  northern  end  of  which  is  known  as 
Union  Hill.  It  was  on  this  elevation  that 
Diggory  Sergeant  was  living  when  he  was 
murdered  by  the  Indians  at  the  beginning  of 
the  eighteenth  century. 

Saint  Andrew's  Benefit  Society  (Wor- 
cester).—  A  society  of  Scotchmen  of  the 
mutual  benefit  order,  formed  in  1871. 

St.  Anne's  Church. — The  second  Roman 
Catholic  church  in  Worcester,  formed  in  1855. 
It  was  located  for  over  thirty  years  on  Shrews- 
bury street.  The  present  fine  structure  is  on 
Eastern  avenue  near  the  State  Normal  School. 
Rev.  Denis  Scannell  has  been  the  pastor 
since  1872. 

St.  John's  Church. —  The  first  Roman 
Catholic  church  in  Worcester,  formed  in  1846. 
The  edifice  is  on  Temple  street.  Rt.  Rev, 
Mgr.  Thomas  Griffin  is  the  pastor. 

St.  John's  Church.— The  third  Protestant 
Episcopal  church  in  Worcester,  located  on 
Lincoln  street.  It  was  formed  in  1884,  with 
Francis  G.  Burgess  as  rector. 

St.  Mark's  Church,  Freeland  street. — The 
fourth  Protestant  Episcopal  church  in  Worces- 
ter, formed  in  1888,  with  L.  C.  Stewardson 
as  rector. 

St.  Matthew's  Church,  South  Worcester, 
is  the  second  Protestant  Episcopal  church  in 
the  city,  formed  in  1871.  Henry  Hague  is 
rector. 

St.  Paul's  Church  (Roman  Catholic).— 

In  August,  1866,  Rev.  John  J.  Power  pur- 
chased the  Earle  estate,  the  second  lot  south 
of  Corbett  (now  Chatham)  street,  on  Nobility 


93 


ST— 


Hill,  with  the  purpose  of  erecting  thereon  a 
church  edifice.  A  prominent  Roman  Catholic 
advanced  $3,000  and  Fr.  Power  gave  his 
note  for  the  balance.  In  January,  1867,  a 
meeting  of  Catholics  was  held  in  Washburn 
Hall,  and  $7,100  raised.  About  this  time  the 
project  of  cutting  down  Nobility  Hill  began  to 
be  agitated,  and  Mayor  Blake  protested 
against  the  erection  of  a  church  building  in 
the  manner  first  contemplated,  and  after  some 
consideration  it  was  proposed  to  change  the 
plan  so  as  to  have  the  building  front  on  High 
street,  with  the  rear  towards  Main  street. 
At  this  juncture  the  owner  of  the  Rice  lot  at 
the  corner  of  Corbett  street  offered  to  ex- 
change his  lot  for  the  other,  and  the  transfer 
was  effected,  the  church  securing  the  right  to 
re-purchase  the  rear  of  the  Earle  estate — 
some  14,000  feet.  It  was  finally  decided  that 
the  edifice  should  be  built  as  at  present  locat- 
ed, fronting  on  Chatham  street.  Ground  was 
broken  in  the  spring  of  1868,  and  the  corner 
stone  was  laid  July  4,  1869.  Since  this  time 
the  building  has  progressed  by  stages  until  the 
completion  of  the  steeple  or  tower  in  Septem- 
ber, 1889,  the  latter  remaining  unfinished 
many  years  after  the  body  of  the  church  was 
completed.  St.  Paul's  is  the  finest  structure 
used  for  religious  purposes  in  Worcester.  It 
is  of  Gothic  architecture,  built  entirely  of 
granite,  185  feet  long,  90  feet  broad,  with  a 
basement  of  16  feet  in  the  clear,  under  the 
entire  church.  A  superb  marble  statue  of  St. 
Paul,  of  heroic  size,  procured  through  Ran- 
dolph Rogers,  from  Rome,  the  gift  of  Mrs. 
Geo.  Crompton,  was  raised  and  placed  on  a 
pedestal  in  front  of  the  church,  July  4,  1874, 
with  imposing  ceremonies.  It  is  the  third 
Roman  Catholic  church  in  the  city,  formed  in 
1869. 

St.  Peter's  Church. — The  seventh  Roman 
Catholic  church  in  Worcester,  formed  in  1884, 
and  located  at  corner  of  Main  and  Grand 
streets.    D.  H.  O'Neill  is  the  pastor. 

St.  Joseph's  Church,  Wall  street,  is  the 
second  French  Roman  Catholic  church  in 
"Worcester,  formed  in  1891.  Jules  Graton  is 
the  pastor. 

St.  Stephen's  Church,  on  Grafton  street, 
is  the  eighth  Roman  Catholic  church  in  the 
city.  R.  S.  J.  Burke  is  the  pastor.  It  was 
formed  in  1884. 

Saint  Wulstan  Society. — "One  evening 
in  June,  1890,  several  gentlemen  met  by  his 


invitation  at  the  house  of  Mr.  J.  Evarts 
Greene  to  consider  the  subject  of  forming  a 
club  or  society  for  social  intercourse  and  the 
discussion  of  such  topics  as  might  be  proposed 
and  approved.  Those  presen  were  Senator 
George  F.  Hoar,  Judge  Hamilton  B.  Staples, 
the  Rev.  Daniel  Merriman,  D.  D.,  the  Very 
Rev.  John  J.  Power,  D.  D.,  and  Mr.  Samuel 
S.  Green,  besides  the  host,  who  read  the 
names  of  others  whom  he  had  asked  or  wished 
task  to  join  the  proposed  club,  namely :  Mr 
Stephen  Salisbury,  Judge  Thomas  L.  Nelson, 
Mr.  Frank  P.  Goulding,  President  G.  Stanley 
Hall,  Dr.  Leonard  Wheeler,  Dr.  George  E. 
Francis,  the  Rev.  Alexander  H.  Vinton,  D. 
D.,  and  Mr.  Henry  A.  Marsh.  To  these 
was  added  by  common  consent  the  name  of 
Mr.  E.  Harlow  Russell. 

"Without  formal  proceedings  it  was  agreed 
to  form  such  a  club  as  had  been  proposed; 
that  the  meetings  should  be  held  fortnightly 
on  Friday  evenings,  and  that  the  first  meeting 
should  be  held  in  October,  the  time  and  place 
to  be  fixed  by  Mr.  Greene,  who  undertook 
to  give  to  each  member  timely  notice  thereof. 

"In  accordance  with  this  agreement  the 
club  met  on  Saturday  evening,  October  iith, 
at  the  house  of  Senator  Hoar.  The  members 
present  Vjesides  Mr.  Hoar  were  Mr.  Salisbury, 
Judge  Nelson,  Judge  Staples,  Mr.  Marsh,  Dr. 
Francis,  Dr.  Wheeler,  Mr.  S.  S.  Green,  Dr. 
Hall,  Dr.  Merriman,  Mr.  Goulding,  Mr.  J. 
Evarts  Greene.  A  committee  was  appointed 
to  prepare  a  plan  of  organization,  and  Mr.  J. 
Evarts  Greene  was  chosen  secretary.  « 

"The  subject  of  conversation,  suggested  by 
Mr.  Marsh,  was  in  substance:  What  disposi- 
tion should  be  made  of  the  bequest  of  the  late 
Mrs.  Helen  C.  Knowles  for  the  advancement 
of  art  education  in  Worcester? 

"The  discussion  of  this  topic  may  be  justly 
regarded  as  the  origin  of  the  St.  Wulstan  So- 
ciety as  a  corporation.  For  at  the  next  meet- 
ing Mr.  Marsh,  speaking  as  a  member  of  the 
club  and  as  one  of  the  executors  of  Mrs. 
Knowles,  said  that  in  his  judgment  the  ad- 
ministration of  her  bequest  for  art  education 
might  wisely  l  e  intrusted  to  a  corporation 
composed  of  members  of  this  club,  and  that 
it  was  the  earnest  wish  of  the  executors  to  be 
relieved  of  further  responsibility  by  placing 
the  fund  which  they  held  for  that  purpose  in 
the  charge  of  a  corporation  so  composed. 
Mr.  Marsh  read  to  the  club  a  letter  from  his 
co-executor,  Mr.  Edward  A.  Strong  of  Boston, 


SAL— 


94 


heartily  concurring  in  this  opinion  and  wish." 

The  corporation  was  organized  on  the  sec- 
ond day  of  January,  1891,  with  the  purpose  of 
"the  promotion  of  literature,  art,  historical 
and  social  science  in  Worcester,  and  holding 
and  administrating  the  Helen  C.  Knowles 
legacy  for  the  promotion  of  art  education  in 
Worcester,  and  such  other  funds  as  may  be 
acquired  for  the  same  and  kindred  objects." 

The  by-laws  limit  the  number  of  mem- 
bers to  sixteen,  and  provide  that  any  one 
ceasing  to  be  a  resident  of  Worcester  ceases 
to  be  a  member,  and  if  absent  from  four  meet- 
ings without  excuse  may  be  considered  to 
have  withdrawn.  An  Art  Commission  of  five 
is  also  constituted  to  administer  the  Knowles 
or  other  funds. 

The  officers  elected  were :  President,  George 
F.  Hoar;  Vice-President,  Stephen  Salisbury; 
Clerk,  J.  Evarts  Greene;  Treasurer,  Henry 
A.  Marsh. 

Mr.  Salisbury  has  offered  a  lot  of  land  and 
a  sum  of  money  to  the  St.  Wulstan  Society  to 
aid  the  erection  of  an  art  building.  See  un- 
der Art  in  IV ore  ester. 

The  society  takes  its  name  from  Wulstan, 
bishop  of  Worcester  in  England  from  1062  to 
1095,  who  was  canonized  in  1203. 

Salaries, — The  salaries  of  city  officers  are 
given  below : 

Mayor,  .  $2,500. 

City  Clerk,  2,200. 


"  Treasurer, 

"*  Engineer, 

"  vSolicitor, 

"  Physician, 

"  Auditor, 

"  Messenger, 
Chief  Engineer, 


)     (for  all 
3,400.  V    ^    .  ^ 
^      J  services.) 


2,700. 
3,000. 
1,200. 
1,800. 

900. 
1,800. 


Water  Commissioner,  2,000. 

Water  Registrar,  1,500. 

Supt.  Buildings,  2,000. 

One  Assessor,  1,800. 

Two       "      each,  1,500. 
Inspector  Board 

of  Health,  1,100. 

Supt.  of  Schools,  3,500. 
Principal,  Classical 

High  School,  3,000. 
Librarian,  Public 

Library,  3,000. 
Salem  Square. —  East  of  the  Common, 

between  Front  and  Park  streets.    The  ground 


here  was  formerly  at  a  much  higher  elevation, 
and  was  known  as  Baptist  Hill,  on  account  of 
the  location  on  the  east  of  the  First  Baptist 
Church.  The  square  was  graded  to  its  present 
level  in  1867,  at  an  expense  of  $4,173.28. 
The  public  wood  and  hay  market  was  for  sev- 
eral years  located  here. 

Salisbury  Hall. — The  audience  room  in 
the  new  building  of  The  Worcester  Society 
of  Antiquity  on  Salisbury  street.  It  will  seat 
about  three  hundred. 

Salisbury  Mansion. — The  fine  old  man- 
sion house  in  Lincoln  square,  now  the  home 
of  the  Hancock  Club  (see  title).  It  was 
erected  by  the  first  Stephen  Salisbury  in  1770, 
and  occupied  by  him  as  a  residence  until  his 
death  in  1829,  and  has  always  remained  in 
the  possession  of  his  descendants. 

Salisbury  Pond. — The  small  sheet  of 
water  off  Grove  street  and  north  of  Institute 
Park,  which  forms  a  part  of  its  shores.  Ice 
cutting  operations  are  largely  carried  on  here 
during  the  winter.  This  pond  was  formed  by 
damming  Mill  Brook,  and  served  as  a  reser- 
voir of  the  water  power  for  the  first  wire 
factory  built  about  1835,  where  the  extensive 
Washburn  &  Moen  wire  mill  now  stands. 

Salvation  Army. —  The  Salvation  Army 
began  an  active  campaign  in  Worcester  with 
a  public  meeting  in  Mechanics  Hall  Sunday, 
Nov.  16,  1884.  The  next  evening,  having 
taken  up  quarters  in  the  old  Providence  rail- 
road station,  on  Green  street,  a  serious 
disturbance  occurred,  the  building  being  sur- 
rounded by  the  denizens  of  that  region,  who 
resented  this  invasion  of  their  bailiwick,  and 
manifested  their  displeasure  by  throwing 
cobble-stones,  railroad-iron,  and  other  mis- 
siles through  the  windows.  After  a  time  the 
Army  removed  to  a  hall  on  Church  street, 
where  for  a  year  or  two  the  work  of  salvation 
was  carried  on  with  only  an  occasional  inter- 
ference from  the  unruly  element.  This 
branch  later  took  the  name  of  Christian 
Crusaders.  The  headquarters  are  now  in 
Taylor's  building.  Main  street.  There  is  a 
branch  of  the  English  order  under  the  old 
name  of  Salvation  Army  with  headquarters 
on  Carlton  street.  Evening  and  Sunday 
parades  and  frequent  street  and  other  meetings 
are  held. 


95 


SAN— SCH 


Sanctuary  (The). —  A  secluded  inlet  on 
the  Shrewsbury  shore  of  Lake  Quinsigamond, 
north  of  the  causeway,  the  narrow  entrance  to 
which  is  known  as  Cold  Spring.  The  name 
was  applied  by  T.  W.  Higginson. 

Saturday  Spectator. —  A  weekly  paper, 
the  first  number  of  which  appeared  June  4th, 
1892.  The  pubHcation  was  suspended  after  a 
few  issues. 

Savings  Banks. — See  Banks. 

Scales  (Public). — Public  scales  are  located 
in  Lincoln  and  Webster  squares,  on  Mason 
street,  at  the  corner  of  Tufts,  and  on  Franklin 
street.  Weighers  are  appointed  annually  by 
the  mayor  and  aldermen,  and  receive  half  the 
fees. 

Scalpintown. —  A  name  formerly  applied 
to  the  locality  at  the  lower  end  of  Gold  street, 
or  across  the  railroad  from  the  lower  end  of 
Madison  street.  In  police  circles  the  name 
has  an  especial  significance  in  bringing  to 
mind  former  desperate  struggles  with  the 
rough  element  of  that  region. 

Scavenger  Department.  —  House  offal, 
swill  and  other  refuse,  is  collected  by  teams 
from  the  City  Farm.  The  effects  of  this  de- 
partment are  valued  at  $11,674,  and  the 
amount  appropriated  for  expenses  in  1892  was 
$5,000. 

Schools  (Parochial).  —  According  to  a 
statement  published  in  the  Boston  Advertiser 
of  November  12,  1889,  the  result  of  careful 
enumeration,  there  are  in  Massachusetts 
39,301  pupils  in  parochial  schools,  as  against 
178,097  in  the  public  schools  of  the  cities  and 
towns  in  which  parochial  schools  are  main- 
tained. Rev.  Fr.  Fitton,  the  first  Catholic 
priest  in  Worcester,  had  a  parochial  school  in 
1837  which  numbered  90  pupils,  and  he 
petitioned  the  town  school  committee  for  an 
appropriation  of  money  to  maintain  it.  About 
1874  a  large  school  house  was  erected  by  the 
Irish  Catholics,  and  a  parochial  school  opened. 
Five  or  six  years  later  a  French  school  was 
established.  In  1888  a  boys'  school  was 
opened  by  the  Order  of  the  Christian  Brothers 
from  Ireland,  since  relinquished.  At  present 
there  are  two  parochial  schools  in  the  city, 
namely:  St.  John's  (Irish),  with  three  houses 
and  about  1,700  pupils;  and  St.  Anne's 
(French),  with  three  houses  and  1278  pupils. 
Total  number  of  pupils  in  round  numbers, 


3,000.  About  half  of  the  French-Canadian 
children  in  the  city  attend  parochial  schools 
on  account  of  the  French  language  being 
taught. 

Schools,  Private. — There  are  several  ex- 
cellent private  schools  in  Worcester.  The 
following  are  well  known :  Mrs.  Morgan's 
School  and  Kindergarten,  in  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
building;  Mr.  John  W.  Dalzell's  School  for 
Boys,  at  66  West  street;  Mrs.  Throop's,  141 
Pleasant  street;  and  the  School  of  English 
Speech,  conducted  by  Mrs.  Cutter,  at  34 
Front  street.  The  Commercial  Colleges  of 
E.  C.  A.  Becker  at  492  Main  street  and  A. 
H.  Hinman  at  44  Front  furnish  excellent 
business  training  for  both  sexes. 

Schools  and  School  Houses. — The  pres- 
ent number  of  pupils  in  the  public  schools  of 
Worcester  is  11,991;  and  about  425  teachers 
are  employed.  Number  of  school  houses,  55; 
number  of  rooms,  350.  There  are  340  schools, 
including  evening  schools.  There  are  two 
high  schools,  the  English  and  the  classical. 
Amount  appropriated  for  the  support  of 
schools  in  1892,  $300,000,  and  $32,700  addi- 
tional for  the  construction  of  new  houses. 
Value  of  school  houses  and  lots,  $1,181,885, 
and  of  other  school  property,  $183,360. 
Drawing,  music  and  bookkeeping  are  taught  by 
special  instructors.  The  public  schools  are 
under  the  control  and  direction  of  a  committee 
of  twenty-four — three  from  each  ward;  and 
the  mayor  is  ex -officio  chairman  of  the  Board. 
One-third  of  the  committee  retire  annually,, 
and  are  replaced  by  those  newly  elected.  The 
superintendent  of  schools  is  the  agent  of  the 
School  Committee,  and  is  subject  to  their 
direction,  all  matters  of  importance  being 
determined  by  vote  of  the  Board.  There  is- 
also  a  secretary  whose  duty  it  is  to  keep  a 
record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  meetings, 
compile  statistics,  etc. 

Promotions  in  the  schools  are  now  made  in 
accordance  with  an  original  plan  adopted  six 
or  eight  years  ago.  Promotion  in  all  the 
classes  is  made  by  the  teacher  with  the  advice 
and  approval  of  the  principal.  It  depends- 
upon  the  work  and  progress  of  the  pupil  for  a 
stated  period.  Written  examinations  are  held 
in  all  the  grades  several  times  during  the 
year;  the  result  of  these  may  influence,  but  it 
does  not  determine  promotion,  which  rests 
not  as  formerly  upon  a  single  examination, 
for  which  the  pupil  has  been  crammed.    It  is- 


SCH— 


96 


the  average  of  a  pupil  during  the  year,  and 
not  a  final  test,  that  ensures  his  advance. 
This  plan  was  discussed  at  a  recent  meeting  of 
the  New  England  School  Superintendents' 
Association,  and  adopted  by  them  as  advisa- 
ble; and  the  plan  has  been  substantially 
adopted  in  several  of  the  large  western  cities. 
The  division  of  the  schools  into  classes  has 
obviated  to  a  great  extent  the  tendency  to 
mechanical  work  common  to  the  graded  sys- 
tem, and  gives  greater  opportunity  for  individ- 
ual teaching.  Worcester  schools  were  the 
first  in  which  drawing  was  taught,  and  this  is 
the  foundation  of  all  the  much  discussed  man- 
ual training  of  to-day.  Kindergartens  have 
the  present  year  been  established  in  connec- 
tion with  the  lower  grade  schools. 

The  evening  schools  are  maintained  yearly 
from  November  i  to  March  i.  The  last  re- 
port of  the  supervisor  for  the  term  ending 
March  i,  1892,  shows  an  average  attendance 
of  471  at  a  cost  to  the  city  of  $7,300.  "The 
large  immigration  of  foreign  workmen  of  dif- 
ferent nationalities  and  language,  who  with 
their  families  are  becoming  citizens,  creates  a 
greater  need  for  this  kind  of  schools  than 
would  exist  with  a  homogeneous  population. 
But  beyond  this  need,  these  schools  are  highly 
useful  for  those  boys  and  girls  who  are 
obliged  to  leave  school  at  an  early  age  in 
order  to  contribute  to  the  family  support  by 
their  work.  There  are  many  cases  of  a 
father  and  daughter,  or  son,  attending  togeth- 
er," and  sometimes  a  husband  and  wife. 
"The  Legislature  of  1888  passed  an  act  com- 
pelling the  attendance  of  all  minors  who  are 
unable  to  read  and  write  in  English."  Of 
foreign  nationalities,  the  Swedes  supplied  the 
largest  number  of  pupils  in  the  evening 
schools — 221;  Canadians,  173;  Hebrews,  88; 
Armenians,  86;  Irish,  79.  Of  the  245  born 
in  the  United  States  more  or  less  were  of 
foreign  blood. 

On  the  4th  of  April,  1726,  the  selectmen  of 
Worcester  covenanted  and  agreed  "with  Mr. 
Jonas  Rice  to  be  ye  Schoole  master  for  sd 
Town  of  Worcester  and  teach  such  children 
&  youth  as  any  of  ye  Inhabitants  shall  send  to 
him  to  read  and  write  as  ye  law  directs." 
This  is  the  first  record  of  the  employment  of  a 
schoolmaster  in  Worcester.  In  1 73 1  it  was 
"voted  that  a  suitable  number  of  Schoole 
Dames,  not  exceeding  five,  be  provided  by  ye 
Selectmen  at  ye  charge  of  ye  Town  for  ye 
teaching  of  small  Childrin  to  read."    In  1730 


a  motion  to  build  a  school  house  was  voted 
down;  but  in  1733  it  was  voted  to  build  one 
"in  ye  center  of  ye  south  half  of  ye  Town." 
Action,  however,  appears  to  have  been  de- 
ferred until  1739,  when  it  was  voted  "that  ye 
school  house  be  built  or  set  up  between  ye 
court  house  and  the  Bridg  below  ye  fulling 
mill."  This  spot  was  in  the  present  Lincoln 
square,  about  where  the  iron  railing  of  Court 
Hill  ends.  It  was  in  this  building  that  John 
Adams,  afterwards  famous  as  a  signer  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  and  vice-presi- 
dent and  president  of  the  United  States  taught 
from  1755  to  1758.  While  in  Worcester  the 
future  "L'olossus"  of  the  Revolution  penned 
the  following  in  his  journal :  "But  I  have  no 
books,  no  time,  no  funds.  I  must  therefore 
be  contented  to  live  and  die  an  ignorant, 
obscure  fellow  !" 

It  is  the  intention  to  erect  a  monument  on 
the  site  of  this  first  school  house. 

In  1728  Benjamin  Flagg  was  employed  as 
schoolmaster.  He  was  succeeded  by  Richard 
Rogers,  who  continued  to  instruct  the  youth 
of  the  town  for  eight  years.  The  town  was 
early  divided  into  quarters  or  squadrons, 
synonymous  to  the  modern  school  districts, 
and  in  1740  ;i^ioo  was  granted  for  the  support 
of  schools,  one-half  to  be  appropriated  for  the 
centre  and  the  other  half  divided  among  the 
quarters,  "provided  the  body  of  the  town 
keep  a  grammar  school  the  whole  year,  and 
save  the  town  'from  presentment,  and  the 
skirts  do  in  the  whole  have  twelve  months' 
schooling  of  a  writing  master." 

In  1766  the  representative  to  the  General 
Court  was  instructed  to  endeavor  that  the  law 
requiring  a  Latin  Granimar  school  be  repealed, 
and  that  not  more  than  one  such  school  be 
kept  in  a  county."  After  the  Revolution,  in 
1785  to  1788,  the  town  was  presented  by  the 
grand  jury  for  the  neglect  of  its  grammar 
school,  and  when  it  was  maintained,  it  ap- 
pears to  have  traveled  around  the  centre,  in 
the  circle  of  districts,  until  1808,  when  it  be- 
came stationary. 

In  1800  school  houses  were  built  in  the 
several  districts  under  the  direction  of  a  com- 
mittee, one  in  each  quarter,  as  follows:  In 
Tatnuck  and  Jones'  quarter  at  an  expense  of 
$270  each;  in  Burbank's  and  Baird's  quarters 
and  at  Fiske's  corner  and  Burncoat  Plain,  at 
$247  each;  in  Gates'  quarter  at  $225;  and  in 
Thaxter's  quarter  at  $202. 

The  school  tax  at  different  periods  is  given 


97 


sen— SCO 


below:  1727,  £\6  los.;  1730,  £2^;  1740, 
;^ioo;  1750,  £a6  ios.;  1760,  £-JS;  1770, 
£^6  i6s.;  1780,  ;i^3,ooo  in  Continental  mon- 
ey. In  1835,  the  amount  raised  for  schools 
by  tax  was  $5,500. 

The  names  of  some  of  the  early  school- 
masters were  James  Wyman,  1732;  Samuel 
Boutelle,  Nathaniel  Williams,  1733;  Samuel 
Marsh,  1738;  James  Durant,  1739;  James 
Varney,  1744;  Henry  Gardner,  1752;  John 
Young,  1757;  William  Crawford,  1758;  Mi- 
cah  Lawrence,  1760.  Eunice  Day  was  the 
schoolma'am  of  her  time,  officiating  for  some 
fifty  years  in  that  capacity.     She  died  in  1828. 

In  later  years  several  distinguished  names 
appear  on  the  roll  of  Worcester  teachers, 
among  them  Thaddeus  M.  Harris,  Jacob 
Bigelow,  Jonathan  Going,  Calvin  Park  and 
others. 

In  the  early  years  of  the  present  century 
public  instruction  seems  to  have  been  neglect- 
ed, and  no  regular  order  or  system  was  ob- 
served in  the  maintenance  of  schools,  and 
particularly  in  Worcester  they  fell  below  the 
common  standard.  Several  gentlemen  inter- 
ested themselves  to  bring  about  a  change  for 
the  better,  foremost  among  them  Hon.  Joseph 
Allen,  Rev.  Aaron  Bancroft,  Jonathan  Going, 
Samuel  ISI.  Burnside  (author  of  the  school 
law  of  1827),  Levi  Lincoln,  Otis  Corbett  and 
Samuel  Jennison.  The  recommendations 
urged  by  them  were  adopted,  and  in  1823  the 
first  Board  of  Overseers  of  the  Centre  District 
was  elected.  In  1824  authority  was  obtained 
from  the  Legislature  to  bring  the  steady  sup- 
port of  taxation  to  maintain  the  schools.  Ten 
permanent  schools  were  arranged  in  regular 
gradation  and  kept  through  the  year.  Of 
the  lowest  grade,  the  infant  schools  were 
first  opened  in  1830.  Next  higher  were  the 
North  and  South  Primary  schools,  the  Boys' 
English  schools  and  the  Female  School. 
Highest  was  the  Female  high  school  and  the 
Latin  grammar  school.  An  African  school 
for  children  of  color  was  established  in  1828. 
This  was  substantially  the  system  that  re- 
mained for  the  next  twenty  years.  See  the 
article  on  the  High  School.  Many  of  the 
above  facts  are  from  Lincoln's  History. 

Schoolmasters'  Club  (The).—  A  club 
composed  of  the  grammar  school  masters  of 
the  city  and  Mr.  Charles  F.  Adams,  a  teacher 
at  the  Normal  School.  Joseph  Jackson  is 
president.    The  purpose  of  the  club  is  mutual 


improvement  in  school  work  and  management, 
and  several  pamphlets  have  been  printed  to 
elucidate  methods  of  teaching.  The  super- 
intendent of  schools  and  the  principals  of 
the  high  and  normal  schools  are  honorary 
members  of  the  club. 

School  Superintendents. — The  ordinance 
authorizing  the  School  Board  to  appoint  a 
superintendent  of  public  schools  passed  the 
City  Council  in  November,  1856.  Previous  to 
this  time  the  School  Board  had  the  direct 
supervision  of  the  schools  through  its  individ- 
ual members,  who  were  paid  one  dollar  for 
each  visit  made;  and  it  was  thought  that  the 
appointment  of  a  superintendent  at  a  stated 
salary  would  save  money  to  the  city.  In 
December,  1856,  Rev.  George  Bushnell,  who 
had  been  pastor  of  the  Salem  Street  Congre- 
gational Church,  was  elected  superintendent, 
and  entered  upon  his  duties  at  the  beginning 
of  1857.  Contrary  to  the  general  expectation 
the  expenses  of  the  schools  that  year  were 
considerably  increased,  and  some  opposition 
to  the  continuance  of  the  office  of  superin- 
tendent (in  which  the  mayor,  Isaac  Davis, 
joined)  was  manifested  in  the  committee,  and 
in  consequence  Mr,  Bushnell  resigned  in 
May,  1858.  After  a  year,  during  which  the 
Board  again  had  the  direct  charge  of  the 
schools.  Rev.  John  Davis  Edmands  Jones, 
formerly  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church, 
was  elected  superintendent,  and  held  the 
office  from  May,  1859,  to  some  time  in  1865. 
Samuel  V.  Stone  was  acting  superintendent 
for  a  few  months  until  the  election  of  P. 
Bernard  Chenoweth,  w^ho  served  from  1865 
to  1868.  He  was  succeeded  by  Albert  Pres- 
cott  Marble,  who  has  continued  in  office  to 
the  present  time.  Previous  to  his  service  as 
superintendent  Mr.  Marble  was  principal  of 
the  Worcester  Academy,  and  master  of  the 
Dix  street  school.  In  his  present  position  he 
has  gained  an  extended  reputation,  and  re- 
ceived high  honors.  In  188 1  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Philosophy  was  conferred  on  him 
by  Colby  University,  and  in  1888  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  National  Educational 
Association.  Dr.  Marble  is  the  author  of 
various  pamphlets,  lectures  and  magazine  ar- 
ticles, mostly  on  educational  topics. 

Scotch. —  According  to  a  competent  au- 
thority there  were  in  Worcester  in  1889  from 
five  to  six  hundred  natives  of  Scotland.  The 
number  at  present  cannot  be  definitely  ascer- 


SEC— SEW 


98 


tained,  but  the  Scotch  have  undoubtedly  in- 
creased as  other  nationalities.  The  Sons  of 
Scotia  is  an  active  social  organization  which 
meets  at  St.  George's  Hall. 

Second  Advent  Church. — See  Adventists. 

Secret  Societies.  —  See  under  the  titles 
Masonic  Societies ;  Odd  Fellozvs  ;  Knights  of 
Pythias :  and  others  in  the  Dictionary. 

Senatorial  Districts  (State). — There  are 
forty  senatorial  districts  in  the  Common- 
wealth. The  First  Worcester  District  com- 
prises Wards  i,  4,  5,  6,  7  and  8  of  the  city 
of  Worcester.  The  Fourth  Worcester  District, 
Wards  2  and  3  of  the  city  of  Worcester,  the 
city  of  Fitchburg,  and  the  towns  of  Holden, 
Lancaster,  Leominster,  Lunenburg,  Princeton, 
Sterling,  West  Boylston  and  Westminster. 

Senators  (United  States)  from  Wor- 
cester.— John  Davis  was  elected  a  United 
States  senator  in  1835  and  served  till  1841 ;  was 
reelected  in  1845,  and  retired  in  1853.  George 
F.  Hoar,  elected  in  1877,  is  now  serving  his 
third  term.  Levi  Lincoln,  governor  from 
1825  to  1834,  would  have  been  chosen  a 
senator  in  1827  had  he  not  positively  de- 
clined in  favor  of  Daniel  Webster,  which 
action  opened  to  the  latter  the  opportunity  to 
make  his  famous  anti-nullification  speech  in 
reply  to  Hayne. 

Sheriffs. — Following  is  a  list  of  the  sheriffs 
of  Worcester  county,  from  its  incorporation 
in  1 73 1  to  the  present  time: 

Daniel  Gookin  was  the  first  sheriff,  and 
died  in  office  in  June,  1743.  He  was  a 
grandson  of  the  famous  General  Gookin. 
Benjamin  Flagg  held  the  office  from  1743  to 
1 75 1,  and  was  succeeded  by  John  Chandler, 
who  served  until  1762.  Gardner  Chandler 
was  the  incumbent  until  the  Revolution  began 
in  1775.  Simeon  Dwight  of  Western  was 
sheriff  for  three  years  till  1778,  and  was  fol- 
lowed by  William  Greenleaf,  who  in  1788 
was  impeached  and  removed  for  misconduct 
and  maladministration,  principally  financial 
delinquencies.  His  trial  was  held  in  Faneuil 
Hall,  Boston.  The  next  in  order  was  John 
Sprague  of  Lancaster,  to  T792.  Dwight 
Foster  of  Brookfield,  who  was  afterwards 
member  of  Congress  and  United  States  sena- 
tor, served  one  year,  and  was  succeeded  by 
William  Caldwell  of  Rutland.  The  latter 
resigned  in  1805  and  died  soon  after.  Thom- 


as Walter  Ward  of  Shrewsbury,  a  son  of  Gen. 
Artemas  Ward,  was  sheriff  from  1805  to  1824. 
Calvin  Willard  held  the  office  twenty  years  to 
1844,  and  resigned,  it  is  said,  •  rather  than 
hang  Thomas  Barrett,  his  experience  in  ex- 
ecuting the  law  on  Horace  Carter  in  1825 
having  unpleasantly  affected  him.  John  W. 
Lincoln  served  from  1844  to  1851.  He  was 
noted  for  his  strict  construction  of  the  law. 
Col.  James  Estabrook  was  the  next  incum- 
bent, and  was  succeeded  in  1854  by  George 
W.  Richardson.  By  change  of  the  law,  the 
sheriff  after  this  date  was  chosen  by  popular 
vote,  and  John  S.  C.  Knowlton  was  elected 
in  1856,  and  continued  in  office  from  1857 
until  his  death  in  1871.  Augustus  B.  R. 
Sprague  was  Mr.  Knowlton's  successor,  and 
served  to  January,  1891.  Samuel  D.  Nye 
was  in  office  the  next  two  years,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Robert  H.  Chamberlain  in  Jan- 
uary, 1893. 

Sewerage. — There  were  in  Worcester  at 
the  beginning  of  1892  80.94  miles  of  sewers, 
which  had  cost  $2,782,296  63.  The  con- 
struction of  the  present  system  of  sewerage 
was  begun  in  1867,  under  powers  given  by  a 
special  act  of  the  Legislature  passed  in 
March,  1867,  and  accepted  by  vote  of  the 
citizens  April  16  of  the  same  year.  Under 
this  act  the  city  acquired  the  right  to  appro- 
priate certain  water  courses  recommended  in 
a  report  of  a  special  committee  appointed  to 
consider  the  matter,  made  to  the  City  Council 
in  Oct.,  1866.  These  "main  channels"  com- 
prised the  following :  Mill  Brook,  Grove 
street  to  Green  street,  9420  in  its  circuitous 
path,  or  8,437  feet  in  a  more  direct  line. 
This  it  was  calculated  would  drain  1,552 
acres  in  the  city;  and  its  water-shed  north  of 
Grove  street  was  computed  at  5,024  acres. 
Lincoln  Brook,  13,556  in  length,  rising  north 
of  Highland  street,  and  flowing  generally 
south  to  New  Worcester.  This  is  the  natural 
outlet  for  the  sewerage  in  the  western  part  of 
the  city.  Austin  Street  Brook,  about  2,818 
feet  in  length,  rising  in  Clinton  street,  and 
flowing  southeast  to  Mill  Brook  below  Fox's 
Mills.  Hermitage  Brook,  5,090  feet  in  length, 
rising  in  the  northerly  part  of  the  city,  and 
flowing  parallel  with  Hanover  street  to  Laurel 
street,  with  a  water-shed  of  400  acres.  Pied- 
mont Brook,  4,677  feet  in  length,  rising  near 
Pleasant  street,  between  Piedmont  and  Sever 
streets,  and  flowing  to  Mill   Brook,  below 


99 


SHR— SOL 


Fox's  Mills.  Pine  Meadow  Brook,  4,356 
feet  in  length,  rising,  near  Shrewsbury  street, 
and  entering  Mill  Brook  near  Water  street. 
The  walling  of  Mill  Brook,  as  the  main  sewer, 
was  commenced  at  Green  street  in  May,  1867, 
and  was  substantially  completed  to  Lincoln 
square  in  1870, — 2,238  feet  opened  and  3,669 
feet  arched.  The  first  sewers  were  laid  in  the 
streets  in  August,  1867.  The  expense  of  the 
main  sewer  was  included  in  the  general  tax, 
and  the  estates  of  abutters  were  assessed  to 
pay  for  the  street  sewers,  a  method  that 
caused  much  dissatisfaction  and  grumbling. 
At  first  the  estates  were  assessed  according  to 
the  number  of  square  feet,  but  now  the  as- 
sessment is  for  lineal  feet  of  sewer.  The 
system  of  sewers  has  been  extended  from 
year  to  year,  over  five  miles  being  laid  in 
1888.  Some  twelve  years  ago  the  pollution  of 
the  stream  below  Quinsigamond  Village  by 
the  sewage  of  the  city  began  to  cause  com- 
plaint in  Millbury  and  other  places  on  the 
Blackstone  river,  and  after  several  years' 
agitation  of  the  subject,  the  Legislature  in 
June,  1886,  passed  an  act  requiring  the  city 
of  Worcester  to  purify  its  sewage  within  four 
years  (by  June,  1890)  by  some  method  not 
specified,  before  discharging  it  beyond  city 
limits.  In  1888  the  Joint  Standing  Committee 
recommended  the  construction  of  an  "outfall 
sewer,"  from  the  end  of  the  present  sewer  at 
Quinsigamond  Village  to  the  land  selected 
for  the  final  treatment  of  the  sewage  before 
passing  it  into  the  stream  below.  The  purifi- 
cation works  have  attracted  much  attention, 
and  undoubtedly  much  of  the  evil  has  been 
remedied,  but  whether  in  a  degree  equal  to 
the  large  amount  of  money  expended  remains 
to  be  seen. 

Shrewsbury. — A  town  adjoining  Worces- 
ter on  the  east,  and  five  miles  distant.  It 
was  incorporated  in  1727.  There  is  no  rail- 
road in  the  town.  Population  in  1885,  1,450; 
in  1890,  1,449. 

Sidewalks.— The  first  brick  sidewalk  in 
Worcester  was  laid  front  of  the  Blackstone 
Hotel,  corner  Main  and  Thomas  streets,  by 
Ezra  B.  Lovell.  In  1828  the  owners  of  real 
estate  on  the  east  side  of  Main  street  agreed 
to  lay  a  brick  sidewalk  from  the  jail  at  Lin- 
coln square  to  the  Town  House.  One-half 
was  completed  by  the  first  of  September.  The 
average  width  was  over  ten  feet,  and  the 
whole  expense  was  about  $4,000.    The  town 


appropriated  the  same  year  $1,600  towards 
improving  Main  street,  in  paving  gutters,  etc. 

The  sidewalks  of  Worcester  are  generally 
of  brick,  though  concrete  is  used  to  some 
extent.  On  Main  and  Front  streets  granite 
slabs  have  been  placed  in  front  of  a  few  of 
the  modern  built  blocks,  and  the  space,  under 
the  sidewalk  excavated  and  utilized  for  storing 
coal,  etc. 

The  Worcester  city  ordinances  require  that 
snow  which  ceases  to  fall  before  6  a.  m.  shall 
be  removed  before  noon  of  the  same  day;  and 
if  it  ceases  to  fall  before  4  p.  m.  it  shall  be 
removed  within  four  hours.  Neglect  subjects 
the  owner  or  occupant  to  arrest  and  fine. 

Single  Tax  League. — The  doctrines  of 
Henry  George  have  received  some  considera- 
tion in  Worcester,  and  a  Single  Tax  League 
has  been  organized.  Thomas  J.  Hastings, 
treasurer  of  the  Cooperative  Banks,  was  one 
of  the  prime  movers,  and.  will  undoubtedly 
give  information  to  inquirers. 

Sinking  Fund. — Established  by  an  ordi- 
nance passed  July  24,  1871.  The  purpose  of 
this  fund  is  to  provide  for  the  payment  of  the 
city  debt;  $30,000  is  appropriated  annually 
from  balances  in  the  treasury,  money  received 
from  sales  of  real  estate  belonging  to  the  city 
and  certain  other  monies  to  be  applied 
towards  the  reduction  of  the  city  debt. 
Amount  of  the  sinking  fund  Nov.  30,  1892, 
was  $1,407,882.94,  leaving  the  net  debt  of 
the  city  $2,857,718.    See  City  Debt. 

Small-pox  Hospital.  —  The  Small-pox 
Hospital  has  for  some  years  been  located  on 
the  Poor  Farm.  A  new  building  has  recently 
been  erected  at  a  safe  distance  north  of  the 
Almshouse  for  use  as  a  pest  house.  There 
were  seven  cases  of  small-pox  in  Worcester 
during  the  year  1888. 

Soldiers'  Monument. — The  first  action 
towards  the  erection  of  a  Soldiers'  Monument 
was  taken  by  the  City  Council  in  1866,  in  the 
appointment  of  a  committee,  which  cooperat- 
ed with  a  citizens'  committee  of  25,  chosen  at 
a  public  meeting  held  in  Mechanics  Hall, 
Feb.  10,  1867.  Hon.  James  B.  Blake,  the 
mayor,  was  made  chairman  of  this  committee, 
and  Hon.  George  W.  Richardson,  treasurer. 
The  members  actively  canvassed  the  city,  and 
in  September  a  fund  of  $11,242  was  reported 
as  the  result  of  the  subscriptions.    A  new 


SON— SPY 


lOO 


committee  was  chosen  to  select  a  site  and  a 
design,  and  carry  out  the  purpose  in  the  erec- 
tion of  a  monument.  Mayor  Blake,  noted 
for  his  advocacy  of  lavish  expenditure,  favored 
the  acceptance  of  a  design  of  an  arch,  pre- 
pared by  Messrs.  Gambril  &  Richardson  of 
New  York,  pretentiously  set  forth  as  similar 
in  character  to  the  "Arc  de  Triomphe  de 
I'Etoile,  at  Paris."  The  arch  was  to  be 
placed  at  the  intersection  of  the  principal 
paths  on  the  Common,  or  perhaps  over  Main 
street,  at  a  cost  of  $90,000.  This  proposi- 
tion was  rejected  by  popular  vote  in  Decem- 
ber, 1868.  Nothing  further  was  done  till 
September,  1871,  and  in  the  meantime  Mayor 
Blake  died,  and  Mr.  George  Crompton  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  committee,  which 
proceeded  to  definite  action,  and  employed 
Mr.  Randolph  Rogers  to  prepare  a  design  for 
a  monument.  He  in  due  time  offered  one 
which  met  the  approval  of  the  committee,  and 
was  accepted  by  vote  of  members  of  the 
Grand  Army  Post.  This  design  was  for  a 
monument  52  feet  in  height,  of  granite  and 
bronze,  nearly  like  the  one  erected,  but  the 
plan  was  changed  somewhat,  so  that  the 
monument  as  it  stands  is  65  feet  high.  The 
funds  had  by  this  time  accumulated  to 
$15,000;  and  the  city  was  asked  to  appro- 
priate $35,000  to  meet  the  whole  cost, 
$50,000,  which  was  done.  The  monument 
was  completed  and  dedicated  July  15,  1874. 
The  occasion  was  appropriately  observed  by  a 
military  celebration,  and  the  procession, 
under  command  of  Gen.  Josiah  Pickett,  in- 
cluded the  City  Government  and  guests, 
veterans  of  the  war,  nearly  all  the  Grand 
Army  Posts  in  the  county,  with  numerous 
societies  and  lodges,  and  the  Fire  Department. 
The  old  State  Guard  paraded  for  the  last 
time.  At  the  monument  addresses  were 
made  by  George  Crompton,  Esq.,  ex-Gov. 
Bullock,  Gen.  Devens  and  Mayor  Edward  L. 
Davis;  and  Hon.  Benjamin  F.  Thomas  read 
an  original  poem.  Vice-President  Wilson 
and  Gen.  Burnside  were  present;  $7,000 
was  voted  by  the  City  Council  to  defray  the 
expenses  of  the  dedication.  The  design  of 
the  monument  is  generally  satisfactory,  but  its 
location  is  unfortunate,  planted  in  the  swale 
at  the  lower  end  of  the  Common.  It  is, 
however,  in  full  view  in  coming  up  Front 
street,  though  the  Goddess  of  Peace  turns  her 
back  to  the  stranger  as  he  enters  the  city. 
The  center  of  the  Common  would  have  fur- 
nished a  much  better  site. 


Sons  of  Veterans. — See  Grajtd  Ar??iy. 

South  Ledge. — The  granite  ledge  which 
crops  out  near  Quinsigamond  Village.  A 
quarry  is  open  on  Ballard  street,  and  is  owned 
by  John  S.  Ballard  &  Co. 

South  Worcester. — The  locality  south  of 
the  Boston  &  Albany  Railroad,  extending 
from  Quinsigamond  avenue  to  New  Worcester. 
The  junction  is  now  known  as  the  South 
Worcester  Station. 

Sovereigns  of  Industry. — This  order  is 
now  practically  dead,  though  in  a  few  locali- 
ties organizations  are  nominally  in  existence. 
Active  work  ceased  in  Worcester  several 
years  ago.  The  Sovereigns'  Cooperative 
Grocery  Store  (See  Co-operation)  was  estab- 
lished under  the  auspices  of  the  order,  but 
of  late  years  had  no  connection  with  it.  In 
1878  the  following  Councils  were  active  in 
Worcester:  Citizens  Council,  No.  2;  Harjjiony 
Council,  No.  29,  and  Webster  Square  Councily 
No.  54.    See  under  Co-operation. 

Spiritualists. — The  Worcester  Association 
of  vSpiritualists  was  organized  in  1879,  and 
holds  meetings  at  Continental  Hall  Sundays, 
except  during  July  and  August.  A  g>'mna- 
sium  is  maintained  by  the  society.  Wood- 
bury C.  Smith  is  president. 

There  are  many  Spiritualists  in  Worcester 
who  do  not  openly  avow  themselves  as  such, 
some  of  whom  occupy  a  high  social  position. 
The  belief  in  Spiritual  doctrines  appears  to 
have  increased  in  a  great  measure  during  the 
past  decade,  and  has  even  penetrated  into 
churches  of  all  denominations.  Spiritualist 
meetings  were  held  in  Worcester  more  than 
thirty  years  ago. 

Sportsmen's  Club. — The  Worcester 
Sportsmen's  Club  was  organized  in  1874. 

Spy  (The). — The  Massachusetts  Spy  was 
established  in  Boston  in  1770  by  Isaiah 
Thomas,  and  at  once  became  the  leading 
organ  of  the  patriot  cause.  Just  before  the 
battle  of  Lexington  it  was  removed  by  the 
proprietor  to  Worcester,  he  having  the  aid  of 
Gen.  Joseph  Warren,  Col.  Timothy  Bigelow 
and  others  in  getting  his  types  and  press  out 
of  Boston.  After  a  suspension  of  three  weeks, 
it  re-appeared  on  the  3d  of  May,  1775,  and  a 
copy  of  the  impression  of  that  date  in  the 
library  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society 
bears  Mr.  Thomas's  certificate  that  it  was  the 


lOI 


SPY— 


first  thing  ever  printed  in  Worcester,  In 
1776  Mr.  Thomas  resigned  the  paper  into  the 
hands  of  David  Bigelow  and  WilUam  Stearns, 
and  the  next  year  they  were  succeeded  by 
Anthony  Haswell;  but  the  founder  of  the 
paper  resumed  its  management  in  1778.  In 
1786,  in  consequence  of  the  stamp  duty  im- 
posed on  newspapers,  the  Spy  publication  was 
suspended,  and  the  Worcester  Magazine,  in 
octavo  form,  appeared  in  its  stead  until  April 
3,  1788,  when  the  original  form  and  name 
were  restored.  Isaiah  Thomas  and  son  pub- 
lished the  paper  in  1799,  and  two  or  three 
years  later  the  senior  Thomas  retired  from 
business,  and  Isaiah  Thomas,  Jr.,  was  the 
nominal  owner  and  publisher  for  the  next  ten 
years.  William  Sheldon,  a  native  of  England, 
edited  the  Spy  in  1809-10,  and  during  the 
period  of  the  troubles  and  war  with  Great 
Britain  the  paper  was  intensely  Federal  in 
tone,  and  bitterly  hostile  to  the  government 
at  Washington.  In  1810  James  EUiott,  for- 
merly a  member  of  Congress,  and  "a  Phila- 
delphia lawyer,"  came  to  Worcester,  and 
opened  an  office  for  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession. October  17  of  that  year  the  Spy  was 
leased  to  him  for  a  term  of  years,  and  his 
name  placed  at  the  head  of  its  columns  as 
editor  and  proprietor.  But  his  Federalism 
was  of  too  mild  a  type  to  suit  this  community 
at  that  time,  and  Thomas  was  induced  to 
rescind  the  agreement,  taking  the  paper  into 
his  own  hands  again  in  February,  181 1.  Isaac 
Sturtevant  published  the  Spy  from  Aug.  12, 
181 2,  and  was  succeeded  by  William  Man- 
ning in  Oct.,  1814.  The  office  was  then  in 
Lincoln  square  (then  called  the  Public 
square),  but  in  December  was  removed  to 
its  original  location  on  Court  Hill.  John 
Davis,  afterwards  governor  andU.  S.  senator, 
edited  the  Spy  for  a  short  time  just  after  his 
graduation  from  college.  In  18 19  William 
Manning  and  George  A.  Trumbull  purchased 
the  Spy  property  of  Isaiah  Thomas,  senior, 
and  in  December,  1820,  the  office  was  re- 
moved to  the  corner  of  Main  and  Thomas 
streets.  In  Jan.,  1822,  Manning  and  Trum- 
bull dissolved,  and  William  Manning  and  his 
son,  Samuel  B.,  continued  until  the  following 
July,  when  the  son  withdrew.  The  fortunes 
of  the  Spy  were  now  failing,  and  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  its  destiny  was  uncertain.  Fol- 
lowing the  course  of  its  party  out  of  the 
intensity  of  Federalism,  through  the  Era  of 
Good  Feeling,  and  into  the  vacuity  that  came 


after,  its  supporters  fell  away,  one  by  one, 
simply  through  lack  of  interest,  and  the  paper 
was  well  nigh  stranded.  Geo.  A.  Trumbull 
came  into  possession  again  Aug.  13,  1823, 
and  soon  after  a  company  was  formed,  or 
perhaps  its  creditors  took  possession,  for  in 
November  Charles  Griffin  began  to  print  the 
Spy  "for  the  proprietors,"  and  the  office  was 
removed  to  the  brick  building  opposite  the 
Central  Church  in  June,  1824.  John  Milton 
Earle  and  Anthony  Chase  with  others  were 
interested  at  this  time  in  the  ownership.  In 
1827  Samuel  H.  Colton  was  associated  with 
the  others,  and  the  paper  was  published  by 
"S.  H.  Colton  &  Co."  Pecuniary  troubles 
continued  to  threaten  its  existence,  and  in 
1829  it  was  advertised  for  sale  by  Simeon 
Burt,  who  appears  to  have  been  one  of  the 
"proprietors"  before  mentioned.  The  office 
was  removed  to  the  opposite  side  of  Main 
street  in  1831.  John  Milton  Earle  took 
charge  of  the  publication  in  1835,  and  con- 
tinued to  edit  and  publish  the  paper  until  his 
failure  in  1858.  Thomas  Drew  was  associ- 
ated with  him  as  partner  from  1 850.  July  24, 
1845,  the  Daily  Spy  was  first  issued,  and 
soon  overbalanced  the  weekly  in  importance. 
Mr.  Earle  was  a  Quaker,  and  introduced  the 
form  of  expression  in  dating  the  weekly  as 
First  Month,  Second  Month,  etc.,  instead  of 
January,  February,  etc.  In  politics  he  was  a 
Whig,  but  influenced  by  the  brothers  George 
and  Charles  Allen,  changed  his  paper  into  an 
organ  of  the  Free  Soil  element  in  1848,  after 
he  had  announced  his  intention  of  supporting 
the  Whigs.  Probably  this  course  did  not 
contribute  to  the  pecuniary  advantage  of 
the  Spy.  At  all  events,  it  was  afterwards 
evident  that  Mr.  Earle  was  not  a  successful 
financier,  though  a  man  of  the  purest  princi- 
ples and  high  abilities  as  an  editor.  In  busi- 
ness management  his  partner,  Mr.  Drew, 
was  no  better,  and  matters  went  from  bad  to 
worse,  till  in  1858  the  liabilities  of  the  estab- 
lishment in  excess  of  its  assets  compelled  a 
refuge  in  insolvency.  In  October  of  that  year 
the  property  of  the  Spy  was  purchased  of  the 
creditors  by  Foss  &  Farnum,  the  former  one 
of  the  publishers  of  the  Woonsocket  Patriot  in 
Rhode  Island.  The  office  and  types  were 
removed  from  the  Butman  Block  to  the 
"Printers'  Exchange,"  the  building  which 
stands  on  the  west  corner  of  Foster  and 
Waldo  streets,  where  the  forms  were  set,  and 
for  a  year  or  more  taken  daily  in  a  hand-cart 


8 


S  PV— STO 


1 02 


or  on  a  sled  back  to  the  old  building  to  be 
printed. 

The  Spy  supported  Charles  Allen  for  Con- 
gress in  1848,  and  as  long  as  he  remained 
there;  and  in  1852  advocated  the  election  of 
Alexander  DeWitt  as  a  candidate  of  the  Free 
Democracy.  It  did  not  countenance  the 
Know-Nothing  movement,  but  trusting  in  the 
well-known  anti-slavery  principles  of  Col. 
DeWitt  acquiesced  in  his  accepting  the  nom- 
ination of  that  party  in' 1854.  In  1856, 
however,  when  he  attempted  to  run  against  a 
pronounced  Republican,  it  resolutely  de- 
nounced him.  From  that  time  the  Spy  has 
unreservedly  sustained  the  principles  of  the 
Republican  party. 

The  connection  of  Foss  &  Farnum  with  the 
Spy  was  only  of  about  four  months'  duration; 
and  on  the  i8th  of  March,  1858,  the  paper 
passed  into  the  possession  of  John  D.  Bald- 
win, who  associated  with  himself  in  its  man- 
agement his  two  sons,  John  S.  and  Charles 
C,  and  it  has  been  conducted  by  them  to  the 
present  time,  the  two  brothers  continuing 
after  the  death  of  their  father  in  July,  1883. 
The  office  was  moved  back  to  Butman  Block 
in  Jan.,  i860,  and  remained  there  till  the 
completion  of  the  Spy  Building,  opposite  the 
City  Hall,  in  1867.  In  July,  1888,  a  radical 
change  was  made  in  the  form  of  the  paper 
from  a  four  to  an  eight  page  issue;  and  at 
this  time  the  publication  of  the  Sunday  Spy 
began,  the  first  number  appearing  July  22. 
Hon.  John  D.  Baldwin  was  the  editor  of  the 
Spy  until  his  death.  Delano  A.  Goddard  was 
assistant  editor  from  1859  to  1868,  and  was 
succeeded  by  J.  Evarts  Greene,  who  is  now 
postmaster.  The  Spy  is  the  fourth  oldest 
newspaper  in  the  country. 

Squantum  Festivals.  —  Social  and  con- 
vivial gatherings  held  at  Long  Pond  yearly 
about  the  period  1820  to  1830,  by  certain 
citizens  of  Worcester  distinguished  by  their 
epicurean  propensities  and  love  of  good  fellow- 
ship. 

Squares  (Public). — The  most  important 
are  mentioned  below : 

Adams  Squaj'e,  junction  of  Lincoln  and 
Burncoat  streets. 

Armory  Square,  front  of  Armory,  between 
Salisbury  and  Grove  streets. 

Elm  Square,  see  Grafton  square. 

Franklin  Square,  junction  of  Main  and 
Southbridge  streets. 


Grafton  Square,  junction  of  Grafton,  Orient 
and  Hamilton  streets. 

Grant  Square,  bounded  by  Harrington  av- 
enue, Mt.  Vernon  place,  Windsor  and  Mt. 
Vernon  streets. 

Hamilton  Square,  bounded  by  Prescott, 
Otis  and  Lexington  streets. 

Lincoln  Square,  where  Main,  Highland, 
Salisbury,  Lincoln,  Belmont,  Summer  and 
Union  streets  center, 

Stearns  Square,  junction  of  Southbridge 
and  College  streets. 

IVashington  Square,  east  end  of  Front 
street,  at  Union  Passenger  Station. 

Webster  Square,  at  New  Worcester. 

See  the  different  titles  in  the  Dictionary. 

Stages. — A  Paxton  stage  leaves  18  Me- 
chanic street  at  4.25  P.  M.  The  Shrewsbury 
stage  leaves  24  Front  street  at  10.30  A.  M. 
and  5  P.  M.  daily. 

The  Marlborough  stage,  which  had  been 
run  over  the  route  for  more  than  one  hundred 
years,  was  discontinued  in  the  fall  of  1888. 

Star  and  Crescent  (Order  of  the). — Su- 
preme Council  meets  quarterly.  Io7iia  Lodge 
was  organized  in  1888. 

State  Guard. — In  May,  1861,  the  Home 
Guards  were  organized,  consisting  of  the  hon- 
orary and  past  members  of  the  Worcester 
Light  Infantry.  This  company  was  composed 
mostly  of  elderly  men,  and  performed  escort 
duty,  attended  soldiers'  funerals,  etc.  until 
June  17,  1863,  when  it  was  reorganized  as 
the  State  Guard,  and  continued  as  an  active 
company  until  1874,  its  last  public  appearance 
being  at  the  dedication  of  the  Soldiers'  Monu- 
ment July  15  of  that  year. 

Stationary  Engineers. —  Worcester  Asso- 
ciation, No.  4,  was  organized  in  1882,  and 
meets  every  Thursday  evening  at  302  Main 
street. 

Stearns  Square. — The  terminus  of  the 
street  railway  at  South  Worcester,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  College  and  Southbridge  streets. 

Stenographers'  Association  (VVorcester 
County). — Organized  in  1887. 

Stocks  and  Pillory. — See  under  Whip- 
ping Post. 

Stone  House  Hill. — A  hill  some  distance 
north  of  the  village  of  Tatnuck,  to  which  cer- 
tain Tories  retired  before  the  Revolution,  and 
erected  a  small  stone  fort. 


103 


STO— STR 


Storage. — The  upper  story  of  Crompton's 
Block,  on  Mechanic  street,  is  used  exclusively 
for  storage  purposes,  and  is  divided  into  pens 
w^hich  can  be  hired  for  a  small  sum  each 
per  month.  The  Worcester  Storage  Co.  has 
a  fire-proof  building  at  29  Gold  street  court, 
for  the  safe  keeping  of  furniture,  merchandise 
and  other  property,  and  the  Metropolitan 
Storage  Warerooms  are  located  at  6  Barton 
place. 

Street  Guide  :— 

Abbott,  Pleasant  to  Tufts. 
Adams,  Shrewsbury  to  Belmont. 
iEtna,  Providence  to  Cutler. 
Agate  avenue,  from  Lake  avenue  south. 
Agawam,  from  1022  Main  street. 
Agricultural,  Elm  to  Sunnyside. 
Aitchison,  Shrewsbury  to  Plantation. 
Albany,  Muskeego  to  Putnam  lane. 
Albert,  from  Grand. 
Alden,  Castle  to  Oread  place. 
Allen,  Main  to  Mt.  Pleasant. 
Alpine,  from  Vernon. 
Alvarado  avenue,  from  Belmont. 
Ames,  from  Vernon. 
Anna,  Locust  avenue  to  Coburn  avenue. 
Anne,  from  Taft. 
Apricot,  from  Leicester. 
Ararat,  Brooks  to  Brattle. 
Arch,  Summer  to  Carroll. 
Arlington,  Columbia  to  Winthrop. 
Armandale,  Leicester  to  Apricot. 
Armory,  Southgate  to  Grand. 
Arthur,  from  Union  avenue. 
Ascension,  Bloomingdale  to  Orient. 
Ash,  Green  to  Washington. 
Ash  avenue,  Houghton  to  Grafton. 
Ashland,  Pleasant  to  Elm. 
Ashton,  Sturges  to  Lincoln  avenue. 
Assonet,  from  Plymouth. 
Asylum,  Mulberry  to  Summer. 
Auburn,  Kendall  to  Catharine. 
Austin,  Main  to  Dewey. 
Autumn,  from  Baker. 
Bailey,  from  Pleasant. 
Baker,  from  Lake, 
i     Ball,  from  Baker. 

I     Ballard,  Millbury  to  Quinsigamond  Village. 
Bancroft,  from  Kingsbury. 
Barber  avenue,  from  North  avenue. 
Barbour,  Hollywood  to  Dewey. 
Barclay,  Grafton  to  Union  avenue. 
Batchelder,  Union  avenue  to  Jefferson. 
Bates,  from  Lyon. 


Bath,  from  Abbott. 

Beacon,  Southbridge  to  Kilby. 

Beaver,  Main  to  Park  avenue. 

Beech,  Winter  to  Pond. 

Belknap,  Washington. to  Plymouth. 

Bellevue,  Pleasant  to  Bluff. 

Belmont,  from  Lincoln  square  east. 

Belvidere  avenue,  from  Burncoat. 

Benefit,  from  Main  east. 

Berkeley,  Eastern  avenue  to  Shamrocks 

Bigelow,  Lafayette  to  Endicott. 

Birch,  Shirley  to  Beaver. 

Bismark,  Fountain  to  Clayton. 

Blackstone,  Exchange  to  Bridge. 

Blake,  Harrison  to  Columbia. 

Bleeker,  Orient  to  Plantation. 

Blithewood  avenue,  Millbury  ave.  to  Grafton. 

Bloomingdale  road,  from  Grafton. 

Blossom,  Russell  to  Hudson. 

Bluff,  King  to  Mason. 

Bowdoin,  Harvard  to  West. 

Boyce,  from  Webster. 

Boyden,  from  Southbridge. 

Boylston,  from  Lincoln. 

Boynton,  Highland  to  Salisbury. 

Bradford,  May  to  Parker. 

Bradley,  from  Brooks  avenue. 

Bradley,  Green  to  Gold. 

Branch,  Orient  to  Wall. 

Brattle,  from  Holden. 

Bremer,  Dryden  to  Whittier. 

Briden,  from  Garden. 

Bridge,  Front  to  Summer. 

Brigham,  from  Piedmont. 

Brittan,  from  Lincoln  avenue. 

Brooks,  from  West  Boylston  to  Maiden. 

Brooks  avenue,  from  West  Boylston. 

Brown,  Beech  to  Grace. 

Brussels,  from  Crompton. 

Bryant,  Bremer  to  Hemans. 

Buffum,  Mill  to  Goes. 

Burgess,  from  Lakeside  avenue. 

Burncoat,  from  Lincoln. 

Burnett,  from  Ludlow. 

Burt,  from  Grafton. 

Burton,  from  Millbury. 

Butler,  from  Ludlow. 

Byron,  North  to  Millbrook. 

Cairo,  College  to  Boyden. 

Cambridge,  Main  to  Millbury. 

Camp,  from  Southgate. 

Canal,  from  Front. 

Canterbury,  Hammond  to  Cambridge. 
■Carbon,  from  Belmont. 
Carlstad,  from  Whipple. 


STR— 

Carlton,  Front  to  Mechanic. 
Caroline,  Grafton  to  Plantation. 
Carpenter,  Pond  to  Harrison. 
Carroll,  Glen  to  Prospect. 
Castle,  Main  to  Ely. 
Cataract,  Mower  to  Olean. 
Catharine,  Lincoln  to  Rodney. 
Cedar,  Chestnut  to  Agricultural. 
Cemetery  road.  Grove  to  Prescott. 
Central,  Main  to  Summer. 
Central  avenue,  from  Brooks. 
Chadwick,  from  Grove. 
Chandler,  Main  to  Pleasant. 
Channing,  Kendall  to  Green  lane. 
Chapin,  /Etna  to  Union  avenue. 
Charles,  Summer  to  Blackstone. 
Charlotte,  Woodland  to  Park  avenue. 
Charlton,  Main  to  Beacon. 
Chatham,  Main  to  Newbury. 
Cheever,  Chelsea  to  Woodward. 
Chelsea,  Cainbridge  to  Southbridge. 
Cheney,  from  Leicester. 
Cherry,  Canal  to  Vine. 
Chester,  from  Holden. 
Chestnut,  Pleasant  to  Bowdoin. 
Chrome,  Orient  to  Plantation. 
Church,  Front  to  Mechanic. 
Circuit,  from  Lake  avenue. 
City  View,  from  College. 
Clapp,  Washburn  to  Kansas. 
Claremont,  Main  to  Woodland. 
Clarence,  Chadwick  to  Grove. 
Clark,  Burncoat  to  Mountain. 
Clarkson,  Coral  to  Barclay. 
Clayton,  Kendall  to  Belmont. 
Clemence,  Norfolk  to  Orient. 
Clement,  Main  to  Beaver, 
Cliff,  Millbury  to  Granite. 
Clifton,  May  to  Charlotte. 
Clinton,  Pleasant  to  Chatham. 
Clover,  from  Heard. 
Coburn  avenue,  from  Belmont. 
Coes,  from  Park  avenue. 
College,  from  Southbridge. 
Colton,  Southbridge  to  Lawrence. 
Columbia,  Water  to  Arlington. 
Concord,  Grove  to  Prescott. 
Congress,  Crown  to  Newbury. 
Cora,  from  Lakeside  avenue. 
Coral,  Grafton  to  ^tna. 
Cottage,  West  to  Fruit. 
Court,  from  Court  Hill. 
Crescent,  Garden  to  Sackville. 
Cristy,  from  Grand. 
Crompton,  Southbridge  to  Woodward. 


104 

Cross,  Shrewsbury  to  East  W^orcester. 
Crown,  Pleasant  to  Austin. 
Crystal,  from  Main. 
Curtis,  from  Leicester. 
Gushing,  Lincoln  to  Paine. 
Cutler,  Grafton  to  Union  avenue. 
Cypress,  Exchange  to  Foster. 
Dale,  Brigham  to  Jaques  avenue. 
Daley,  from  Hemans. 
Davis,  Piedmont  to  Queen. 
Dean,  Highland  to  Salisbury. 
Decatur,  Hollywood  to  Page. 
Denny,  Dix  to  Highland. 
Dewey,  Pleasant  to  May. 
Diamond,  from  Millbury. 
Division,  Orient  to  Plantation. 
Dix,  Harvard  to  North  Ashland. 
Dorrance,  Cambridge  to  Mitchell. 
Douglas,  Grand  to  Cambridge. 
Dover,  from  Highland. 
Downing,  Main  to  Park  avenue. 
Dryden,  Edgeworth  to  Hemans. 
Dudley  avenue.  West  Boylston  to  Mount  ave. 
Dupont,  Hamilton  to  Chrome. 
D wight,  from  Cambridge. 
Earle,  Edward  to  Elizabeth. 
East  Central,  Summer  to  Shrewsbury. 
East  Shelby,  from  Eastern  avenue. 
East  Worcester,  from  Shrewsbury. 
Eastern  avenue.  East  Central  to  Catharine. 
Eden,  Sudbury  to  George. 
Edgeworth,  Milton  to  Byron. 
Edward,  Belmont  to  Laurel. 
Ekman,  from  Carlstad. 
Elizabeth,  Belmont  to  Reservoir. 
Elliott,  Carroll  to  Merrifield. 
Ellsworth,  Millbury  to  Quinsigamond  avenue. 
Elm,  Main  to  Park  avenue. 
Elmer,  Lake  to  Ball. 
Elmwood,  from  Apricot. 
Ely,  Davis  to  Castle. 
Endicott,  Millbury  to  Vernon. 
Essex,  from  South  Irving. 
Esther,  Millbury  to  Vernon. 
Eureka,  from  Leicester. 
'  Everard,  from  Belmont. 

Everett,  Cedar  to  William.  ' 

Evers,  from  Hope  avenue. 

Exchange,  Main  to  Summer. 

Fairbank,  from  Ames. 

Fairfield,  from  Park  avenue. 

Fairview  avenue,  from  Plantation. 

Fales,  from  West  Boylston. 

Faraday,  Grove  to  Salisbury. 

Farwell,  Elizabeth  to  Eastern  avenue. 


ST 


Fern,  from  Park  avenue. 

Flagg,  Salisbury  to  Pleasant. 

Florence,  May  to  Beaver. 

Fobes,  Seward  to  Marshall. 

Ford,  East  Central  to  Gage. 

Forest,  Salisbury  to  Grove. 

Forest  avenue,  Lincoln  to  Windsor. 

Foster,  Main  to  Summer. 

Foundry,  Vine  to  Canal. 

Fountain,  Arch  to  Bismark. 

Fowler,  from  Mill. 

Fox,  Water  to  Jefferson. 

Foyle,  Millbury  to  Ward. 

Francis,  from  West  Boylston. 

Franklin,  Trumbull  square  to  Grafton. 

Frederick,  Lincoln  to  Crescent. 

Freeland,  Main  to  Tirrell. 

Fremont,  from  Cambridge. 

Front,  Main  to  Washington  square. 

Fruit,  Pleasant  to  John. 

Fulton,  Summer  to  Millbury. 

Gage,  Eastern  avenue  to  East  Shelby. 

Garden,  Lincoln  to  Prescott. 

Gardner,  Main  to  Southgate. 

Garfield,  from  Cambridge. 

Gas,  from  Southbridge. 

Gates,  Main  to  Illinois. 

Gates  lane,  Leicester  to  Mill. 

Geneva,  from  Chandler. 

George,  Main  to  Harvard. 

Germain,  from  Highland. 

Gertrude  avenue,  from  Main. 

Gilman,  from  Lincoln. 

Glen,  Orchard  to  Edward. 

Glenwood,  Benefit  to  Hammond. 

Goddard,  Green  to  Winter. 

Gold,  Green  to  Sargent. 

Goulding,  Dix  to  Highland. 

Grace,  Winter  to  Pond. 

Grafton,  from  Washington  square. 

Grand,  from  Main. 

Granite,  Winthrop  to  Millbury. 

Green,  from  Trumbull  square. 

Green  lane,  from  Lincoln. 

Greendale  avenue,  from  West  Boylston. 

Greenwood,  from  Millbury. 

Greenwood  avenue,  from  Plantation. 

Grosvenor,  Lafayette  to  Lamartine. 

Grove,  from  Salisbury. 

Hacker,  Cambridge  to  Southgate. 

Hadwen  avenue,  June  to  Hadwen  lane. 

Hadwen  lane.  Pleasant  to  May. 

Hale,  Grafton  to  Plantation. 

Hall,  from  Sunnyside. 

Hamburg,  Ludlow  to  Heard. 


Hamilton,  Grafton  to  Plantation. 

Hammond,  Main  to  Southbridge. 

Hancock,  Main  to  Hollis. 

Hanover,  Belmont  to  Prospect. 

Harding,  Franklin  to  Lafayette. 

Harlem,  Millbury  to  Perry  avenue. 

Harlow,  Lincoln  to  Crescent. 

Harrington,  from  Millbury  avenue. 

Harrington  avenue,  Lincoln  to  Channing. 

Harrison,  Green  to  Barclay. 

Harvard,  Sudbury  to  Highland. 

Hathaway,  Gardner  to  Wyman. 

Hawkins,  Norfolk  to  Orient. 

Hawley,  Pleasant  to  Austin. 

Hawthorn,  Main  to  Woodland. 

Heard,  from  Stafford. 

Hemans,  Dryden  to  Whittier. 

Henchman,  Lincoln  to  Crescent. 

Henry,  Shrewsbury  to  East  Worcester. 

Henshaw,  from  Leicester. 

Hermitage  avenue,  from  Channing. 

Hermon,  Main  to  Southbridge. 

Heywood,  Winthrop  to  Millbury. 

Hibernia,  Front  to  Mechanic. 

High,  Austin  to  Pleasant. 

Highland,  from  Lincoln  square. 

Hill,  Shrewsbury  to  East  Central. 

Hillside  avenue,  from  Bloomingdale  road. 

Plillside,  from  Vernon. 

Hiscox,  Fairfield  to  Fern. 

Holden,  from  Grove. 

Hollis,  Kilby  to  Gates. 

Hollywood,  Kingsbury  to  Oberlin. 

Holmes,  from  Cambridge. 

Home,  Wachusett  to  North  Ashland. 

Homer,  from  Park  avenue. 

Homestead  avenue,  from  Southbridge. 

Hooper,  Belmont  to  Kendall. 

Hope  avenue,  Webster  to  Southbridge. 

Horner,  Downing  to  Shirley. 

Houchin  avenue,  Chatham  to  Austin. 

Houghton,  Grafton  to  Heywood. 

Howard,  Summer  to  Blackstone. 

Howard  lane,  from  Fowler. 

Howe,  from  Sever. 

Howe  avenue,  at  Tatnuck. 

Hudson,  Pleasant  to  Elm. 

Hunt,  from  Shrewsbury. 

Illinois,  Grand  to  Richards. 

Ingalls,  Vernon  to  Fox. 

Institute  road,  formerly  Jo  Bill  road. 

Irving,  Pleasant  to  Chandler. 

Jackson,  Main  to  Southbridge. 

Jacques,  from  Webster. 

Jaques  avenue.  King  to  Wellington. 


STR— 


106 


James,  from  Stafford. 

Jefferson,  Vernon  to  Providence. 

Jerome,  from  Ward. 

Jo  Bill  road,  Salisbury  to  Park  avenue,  now 

Institute  road. 
John,  Harvard  to  Sever. 
June,  Pleasant  to  May. 
Kansas,  Sherman  to  Southbridge. 
Keen,  from  Ludlow. 
Keese,  from  Grafton. 
Kendall,  Lincoln  to  Rodney. 
Kilby,  Main  to  Tainter. 
King,  Main  to  Chandler. 
Kingsbury,  May  to  Mason. 
Knox,  from  Webster. 
Lafayette,  Millbury  to  Southbridge. 
Lagrange,  from  Main. 
Lake,  Leicester  to  Mill. 

Lake  avenue,  bordering  Lake  Quinsigamond. 

Lakeside  avenue,  Lovell  to  Mill. 

Lamartine,  Millbury  to  Lafayette. 

Lancaster,  Dix  to  Salisbury, 

Langdon,  Lafayette  to  Lamartine. 

Larch,  Piedmont  to  Winslow. 

Larkin,  Shrewsbury  to  East  Worcester. 

Laurel,  Summer  to  Eastern  avenue. 

Lawn,  from  Orient. 

Lawrence,  Kansas  to  Colton. 

Lazelle,  from  Millbrook. 

Ledge,  Water  to  Waverly. 

Lee,  Park  avenue  to  Sunnyside. 

Leicester,  from  Webster  square. 

Leonard,  Hollis  to  Illinois. 

Lewis,  Southbridge  to  Princeton. 

Lexington,  Grove  to  Prescott. 

Liberty,  Belmont  to  Arch. 

Lily,  North  Ashland  to  Pink. 

Lincoln,  from  Lincoln  square. 

Lincoln  avenue,  from  Lincoln  street. 

Linden,  Pleasant  to  Elm. 

Linwood  place,  Lincoln  to  Fountain. 

Liscomb,  Shrewsbury  to  Belmont. 

Litchfield,  Canterbury  to  Hacker. 

Locust  avenue,  from  Belmont. 

Lodi,  Lamartine  to  Lafayette. 

Loudon,  Main  to  Woodland. 

Lovell,  Chandler  to  Webster  square. 

Lowell,  Main  to  Freeland. 

Ludlow,  from  Leicester. 

Lunelle,  Lafayette  to  Lamartine. 

Lyford,  from  Paine. 

Lyman,  from  Webster. 

Lynn,  Salem  to  Orange. 

Lyon,  Shrewsbury  to  East  Worcester. 

Madison,  from  Main. 


Main,  Lincoln  square  to  Webster  square. 

Maiden,  from  West  Boylston. 

Malvern  road,  from  Southbridge. 

Manchester,  Union  to  Bridge. 

Mann,  Chandler  to  May. 

Maple,  Main  to  Walnut. 

Maple  avenue,  at  Tatnuck. 

Marble,  Main  to  Beaver. 

Market,  Main  to  Summer. 

Marshall,  from  Shrewsbury. 

Marston  way,  Fruit  to  Sever. 

Mason,  Pleasant  to  May. 

Maud,  from  Bath. 

Maxwell,  from  Millbury. 

May,  Main  to  Pleasant. 

Mayfield,  from  May. 

May  wood,  Main  to  Lovell, 

Meade,  Lafayette  to  Lamartine. 

Mechanic,  Main  to  Washington  square. 

Melrose,  Burncoat  to  Lincoln. 

Melville,  Burncoat  to  Paine. 

Mendon,  Grafton  to  Union  avenue. 

Merrick,  Pleasant  to  Austin. 

Merrifield,  Belmont  to  East  Shelby. 

Milk,  from  Franklin. 

Mill,  Leicester  to  Tatnuck  village. 

Milbrook,  Burncoat  to  West  Boylston. 

Millbury,  from  Green. 

Millbury  avenue,  from  Grafton. 

Milton,  North  to  Millbrook. 

Minthorne,  from  Lovell. 

Mitchell,  Pitt  to  Dorrance. 

Mohawk  avenue,  Clover  to  Keen. 

Montague,  Leicester  to  Barker. 

Montreal,  from  Wall. 

Moreland,  Pleasant  to  Salisbury. 

Morse,  from  Lovell. 

Mott,  Coral  to  Barclay. 

Mount  avenue,  from  Brooks. 

Mount  Pleasant,  Benefit  to  Allen. 

Mount  Vernon,  Westminster  to  Channing. 

Mountain,  northeast  corner  of  Worcester, 

Mower,  from  Tatnuck, 

Mulberry,  Shrewsbury  to  Shelby. 

Murray  avenue,  Wellington  to  Dale. 

Muskeego,  Shrewsbury  to  Albany. 

Myrtle,  Main  to  Orange. 

Nashua,  Crescent  to  Byron. 

Nebraska,  from  Putnam  lane. 

Newbury,  Pleasant  to  Chandler. 

Newport,  Edward  to  Liberty. 

New  York,  from  West  Fremont. 

Nixon,  Mountain  to  West  Boylston. 

Norfolk,  from  Bloomingdale  road. 

Normal,  Prospect  to  Eastern  avenue. 


107 


STR— 


North,  from  Grove- 
North  avenue,  from  Burncoat  to  Odd  Fellows' 
Home. 

North  Ashland,  William  to  Highland. 

North  Foster,  Foster  to  Union. 

North  Merrick,  Pleasant  to  Cedar. 

Norton,  Lincoln  to  Paine. 

Norwich,  Foster  to  Mechanic. 

Norwood,  Main  to  Woodland. 

Oak,  Elm  to  Cedar. 

Oak  avenue,  Belmont  to  Catharine. 

Oakham,  from  Montreal. 

Oakland,  from  Webster. 

Oberlin,  Woodland  to  Lawrence. 

Olean,  from  Mower. 

Oliver,  Beaver  to  Park  avenue. 

Orange,  Park  to  Madison. 

Orchard,  Arch  to  Bismark. 

Orchard  avenue,  Central  ave.  to  Mount  ave. 

Oread,  Main  to  Beacon. 

Orient,  from  Grafton. 

O'Rourke,  from  Cambridge. 

Oswald,  Stebbins  to  Perry. 

Otis,  from  Prescott. 

Outfall  avenue,  at  Quinsigamond  Village. 

Oxford,  Chandler  to  Pleasant. 

Page,  Kingsbury  to  Barbour. 

Paine,  Frederick  to  Burncoat. 

Pakachoag,  Crompton  to  Brussels. 

Palfrey,  Bloomingdale  road  to  Greenwood  ave. 

Palmer,  Liberty  to  Edward. 

Park,  Main  to  Trumbull  square. 

Park  avenue,  Grove  to  Mill. 

Parker,  Page  to  Winfield. 

Parker  avenue,  from  Mountain. 

Partelow  avenue,  from  Highland. 

Patch,  Elizabeth  to  Eastern  avenue. 

Pattison,  Vernon  to  Providence. 

Pearl,  Main  to  Chestnut. 

Pembroke,  Florence  to  Park  avenue. 

Penn  avenue,  Grafton  to  Union  avenue. 

Perkins,  Lincoln  to  Paine. 

Perry,  Quinsigamond  Village. 

Perry  avenue,  Endicott  to  Suffield. 

Phillips,  Bloomingdale  road  to  Greenwood  ave. 

Piedmont,  Main  to  Pleasant. 

Pierpont,  Bloomingdale  road  to  Greenwood  av. 

Pine,  from  Jamesville  square. 

Pink,  Highland  to  Lily. 

Pitt,  Cambridge  to  Mitchell. 

Plane,  from  Union  avenue. 

Plantation,  Grafton  to  Lincoln. 

Plantation  avenue,  from  Plantation. 

Pleasant,  Main  to  Tatnuck. 

Plum,  Shrewsbury  to  East  Worcester. 


Plymouth,  Green  to  Orange. 

Pond,  Green  to  Water. 

Portland,  Park  to  Madison. 

Prentice,  Shrewsbury  to  Belmont. 

Prentice,  Clover  to  Keen. 

Prescott,  from  Lincoln  square. 

Preston,  Brigham  to  Jaques  avenue. 

Princeton,  from  Southbridge. 

Prioulx,  from  Hemans. 

Prospect,  Summer  to  East  Shelby. 

Providence,  Grafton  to  Winthrop. 

Putnam,  Shrewsbury  to  Belmont. 

Putnam  lane,  Shrewsbury  to  Bloomingdale  rd. 

Queen,  Austin  to  Kingsbury. 

Quincy,  Chatham  to  Austin. 

Quinsigamond  ave.,  Southbridge  to  Millbury. 

Raymond,  from  Maxwell. 

Reservoir,  Edward  to  Eastern  avenue. 

Rice,  from  Mountain. 

Rice,  Shrewsbury  to  Putnam  lane. 

Richards,  Main  to  Cambridge. 

Richland,  Millbury  to  Vernon. 

Ridgely,  from  Wildey  avenue. 

Riley,  from  Kansas. 

Ripley,  Main  to  Tainter. 

Riverside,  from  Southbridge. 

Rock  avenue,  from  Melville. 

Rodney,  Belmont  to  Catharine. 

Roxbury,  from  Whipple. 

Russell,  Austin  to  Elm. 

Sackville,  from  Crescent. 

Salem,  Park  to  Southbridge. 

Salisbury,  from  Lincoln  square. 

Sargent,  Southbridge  to  Lamartine. 

School,  Main  to  Summer. 

Scott,  Lafayette  to  Lamartine. 

Sever,  Pleasant  to  Highland. 

Seward,  from  Shrewsbury. 

Seymore,  Millbury  to  Perry  avenue. 

Shale,  from  Lawn. 

Shamrock,  from  East  Central  to  Berkeley. 

Shattuck,  from  Lincoln. 

Shelby,  Carroll  to  Eastern  avenue. 

Shepard,  King  to  Kingsbury. 

Sherbrook  avenue,  from  Lake  avenue. 

Sheridan,  Cambridge  to  Sherman. 

Sherman,  from  Dorrance. 

Shirley,  Park  avenue  to  Horner. 

Shrewsbury,  Washington  square  to  Belmont. 

Sigel,  Millbury  to  Quinsigamond  avenue. 

Sigourney,  North  to  Edgeworth. 

Silver,  May  to  Claremont. 

Smith  lane,  from  Holden. 

South  Crystal,  Cambridge  to  Canterbury. 

South  Harlem,  Harlem  to  Whitney. 


STR— 


1 08 


South  Irving,  Chandler  to  WelHngton. 

Southbridge,  from  FrankHn  square. 

Southgate,  Southbridge  to  Litchfield. 

Spring,  Front  to  Mechanic. 

Spruce,  Green  to  Washington. 

Stafford,  from  Leicester. 

State,  Court  Hill  to  Harvard. 

Stebbins,  from  Millbury. 

Steele,  from  Whipple. 

Stockholm,  Whipple  to  Tatman. 

Stone,  Ward  to  Perry  avenue. 

Stowell,  from  Heywood. 

Sturges,  from  Lincoln. 

Sudbury,  Main  to  Chestnut. 

Sufiield,  from  Vernon. 

Suffolk,  Bloomingdale  road  to  Wall, 

Summer,  Lincoln  square  to  Washington 

Summit,  from  Gold. 

Summit  avenue,  from  West  Boylston. 

Sunny  Side,  from  Park  avenue. 

Sutton  lare,  from  Cambridge. 

Sutton,  Lake  to  Ball. 

Sutton  road,  Cambridge  to  Sutton  lane. 

Sycamore,  Main  to  Beacon. 

Taft,  from  Cambridge. 

Tainter,  Benefit  to  Grand. 

Tatman,  Greenwood  to  Stockholm. 

Taylor,  from  Millbury. 

Taylor,  at  Quinsigamond  Village. 

Temple,  Green  to  Grafton. 

Thayer,  from  Ripley. 

Thenius,  Stebbins  to  Perry. 

Thomas,  Main  to  Summer. 

Thorne,  Wall  to  Plantation. 

Tirrell,  Main  to  Freeland. 

Townsend,  Russell  to  Hudson. 

Tremont,  Front  to  Mechanic. 

Trumbull,  Front  to  Trumbull  square. 

Tuckerman,  Institute  road  to  Salisbury. 

Tufts,  Mason  to  Winfield. 

Union,  Lincoln  square  to  Mechanic. 

Union  avenue.  Ward  to  Grafton. 

Upland,  from  Greenwood. 

Upsala,  from  Vernon. 

Uxbridge,  from  Lincoln  avenue. 

Vale,  yEtna  to  Union  avenue. 

Valley,  Castle  to  Oread  place. 

Vernon,  Green  to  Quinsigamond  Village, 

View,  from  Vernon. 

Vine,  Front  to  PVanklin. 

Vinton,  from  Lincoln. 

Wabash  avenue,  from  Granite. 

Wachusett,  Home  to  Salisbury. 

Wade,  Millbury  to  Ward. 

Waile,  from  Shrewsbury. 


Waldo,  Exchange  to  Foster. 
Wall,  Grafton  to  Norfolk, 
Walnut,  Main  to  Chestnut, 
Ward,  Vernon  to  Millbury, 
Warden,  Shrewsbury  to  Plantation. 
Warren,  Front  to  Cherry. 
Washburn,  Southbridge  to  Cambridge. 
Washington,  Park  to  Lafayette. 
Water,  Grafton  to  Green. 
Waverley,  Providence  to  Grafton. 
Wayne,  Leicester  to  Baker. 
Webster,  from  Webster  square. 
Wellington,  Main  to  Chandler. 
Wells,  from  Plantation. 
Wesby,  John  to  Home. 
West,  Pleasant  to  Salisbury, 
sq.   West  Boylston,  from  Park  avenue. 
West  Fremont,  from  W-ebster. 
West  Oberlin,  from  Park  avenue. 
Westminster,  Catharine  to  Mt.  Vernon. 
Whipple,  at  Quinsigamond  Village, 
White,  Baker  to  Gates  lane, 
Wildey  avenue,  from  West  Boylston, 
Whitney,  from  Millbury, 
Whittier,  from  Edgeworth, 
Wigwam  avenue,  Lake  av.  to  Coburn  av. 
Wiliard,  at  Tatnuck. 
William,  Chestnut  to  Sever. 
Willis,  Bremer  to  Hemans. 
Wilson,  from  Seward. 
Windsor,  from  Catharine. 
Winfield,  Tufts  to  May. 
Winona,  from  Shrewsbury. 
Winslow,  Pleasant  to  Austin. 
Winter,  Green  to  Grafton. 
Winthrop,  from  Vernon. 
Woodbine,  Maywood  to  Beaver, 
Woodland,  King  to  Maywood, 
Woodlawn  avenue,  from  Brittan, 
Woodside,  from  Perry  avenue. 
Woodward,  from  Cambridge, 
Worth,  Millbury  to  Ward, 
Wyman,  Main  to  Tainter. 

Streets  and  Street  Names. — There  are 
some  650  streets  in  Worcester — 150  miles  of 
public  and  60  miles  of  private  streets.  They 
are  quite  generally  curbed,  and  a  large  pro- 
portion paved  or  macadamized.  The  appro- 
priation for  the  Highway  Department  in  1892 
was  $110,000. 

Main  street  is  probably  the  oldest  highway 
in  the  city.  It  was  used  in  1674,  and  con- 
stantly from  1 713.  The  Jo  Bill  road  was  a 
traveled  path  two  hundred  years  ago.  Front 


log 


STR— 


street,  part  of  Summer  street,  Lincoln  street, 
Salisbury,  Pleasant,  Green  and  Grafton  streets 
were  other  early  roads.    Plantation  street  was 
in  use  at  the  time  the  place  .was  called  Quin- 
sigamond   Plantations,  and   perpetuates  the 
name.    Front  street  was  legally  laid  out  March 
15,  1785.    Of  the  other  streets  running  from 
Main  street.  Mechanic  street  was  opened  in 
1787,  as  a  way  to  the  new  burying  ground, 
and  for  many  years  did  not  continue  beyond 
it;  Thomas  street  was  opened  and  -given  to 
the  town  in  1806  by  Isaiah  Thomas;  School 
street  was  laid  out  by  Geer  Terry  about  18 14, 
and  was  at  first  called  Terry  street.    April  4, 
1 8 14,  the  town  voted  "to  authorize  the  select- 
men to  name  such  streets  leading  from  the 
Centre  street  as  they  might  judge  proper,  and 
to  place  posts  and  boards  with  the  names 
thereon    at    the   corners  thereof."    At  this 
time  the  following  names  were  probably  given 
or  confirmed:    Main,   Front,   Pleasant,  Me- 
chanic, Thomas,  School  and  Back  (now  Sum- 
mer) streets.      In  town  meeting  May  3,  1824, 
it  was  "voted  that  the  street  from  Abraham 
Lincoln's    store    to  Broken-up  Hill  until  it 
comes  to  Barber's  road  at  the  guide-post,  be 
called  Salisbury  street."    On  the  map  of  the 
village  published  by  Clarendon  Harris  in  July, 
1829,  the  names  of  only  fifteen  streets  appear, 
viz.,  Salisbury,  Main,  School,  Thomas,  Cen- 
tral,  Mechanic,   Front,    Summer,  Franklin, 
Grafton,  Green,  Water,  South  (now  Park), 
Church  (now  Salem  square),   and  Pleasant. 
Lincoln  and  Washington  squares  had  been 
named;  and  part  of  Pearl  and  Lincoln  .streets 
and  all  of  the  present  Market  street  were  en- 
graved on  the  map,  but  the  names  were  not 
affixed.      Between   1830  and   1840  quite  a 
number  of  new  streets  were  opened,  among 
them  Foster,  Elm   and    Exchange  (at  first 
called  Market)  in  the  centre  of  the  town.  The 
names  of  more  than  sixty  appear  on  the  map 
published  with  the  first  directory  in  1844;  and 
there  was  a  rapid  increase  after  this  date.  The 
town  government  appears  to  have  had  little  to 
do  with  naming  streets,  and  comparatively 
few  were  officially  designated,  unless  the  ac- 
ceptance of  them  with  names  already  given 
may  be  considered  a  legal  sanction.    In  Jan- 
uary, 1849,  ^fter  Worcester  became  a  city, 
Mr.  Henry  J.  Howland,  publisher  of  the  Di- 
rectory, requested  the  City  Council  to  estab- 
lish names  for   such    highways   and  public 
streets  as  had  not  received  them,  for  the  bet- 
ter convenience  of  locating  the  inhabitants. 


particularly  those  living  outside  the  centre 
district.  This  petition  was  referred  to  the 
committee  on  highways,  who  reported  in  Jan- 
uary, 1850,  recommending  the  appointment  of 
a  special  committee  of  one  citizen  from  each 
of  the  old  highway  districts  (12  in  number)  to 
report  suitable  names  for  all  the  highways  and 
streets  within  the  limits  of  the  city,  subject  to 
revision  by  the  mayor  and  aldermen.  Mr. 
Howland  was  made  chairman  of  this  com- 
mittee. The  report  is  recorded  on  page  51, 
Vol.  I.  of  the  Records  of  Streets,  in  the  city 
clerk's  office.  Some  70  names  were  given  or 
confirmed  by  this  committee.  In  February, 
1871,  a  joint  special  committee  of  the  two 
branches  of  the  City  Council  was  appointed  to 
provide  for  renumbering  the  streets,  and  to 
supply  names  where  they  were  wanting.  About 
thirty  names  were  confirmed  at  this  time. 

With  the  exception  of  occasional  official 
recognition,  the  nomenclature  of  the  greater 
portion  appears  to  have  been  left  to  individual 
fancy,  and  names  were  and  are  applied  by 
private  parties  without  special  authority. 
More  or  less  confusion  has  resulted,  and  in 
several  cases  a  name  has  been  attached  to  two 
or  more  streets  at  the  same  time,  thereby 
leading  strangers  'widely  astray.  There  have 
been  three  Waldo  streets,  and  there  are  two 
Taylor  streets  at  the  present  time.  A  large 
number  of  family  and  private  names  have 
been  applied,  in  some  cases  by  irresponsible 
and  transient  persons,  who  seized  the  oppor- 
tunity to  gain  a  little  glory  for  themselves  and 
those  connected  with  them,  at  the  expense  of 
the  community.  A  great  many  absurd  and 
inappropriate  names  appear,  in  violation  of 
good  taste  and  common  sense.  Some  rule 
should  be  established  by  the  City  Government 
for  the  proper  naming  of  streets,  and  some 
evidence  required  as  to  the  respectability  and 
fitness  of  the  titles  proposed.  Of  some  of  the 
reasons  given  for  applying  certain  names  the 
least  said  the  soonest  mended. 

The  investigation  of  the  origin  of  street  and 
other  names  of  any  particular  place  leads  to 
many  curious  and  interesting  facts  of  local 
history.  An  analysis  of  these  names  exhibits 
to  a  certain  degree  the  tastes  and  tendency  of 
mind  in  the  people  for  a  long  period.  In 
Worcester,  family  names  have  been  used  in 
large  proportion.  Of  illustrious  names  we 
have  a  few,  such  as  Washington,  Franklin, 
Lafayette  and  Wellington.  In  opening  streets 
at  the  north  end,  Hon.   Stephen  Salisbury 


STR— 


no 


gave  the  Revolutionary  names  of  Concord, 
Lexington,  Prescott,  Hancock  and  Otis.  Of 
the  presidents  besides  Washington,  we  find 
the  names  of  Adams,  Jefferson,  Madison, 
Jackson,  Harrison,  Lincoln,  Grant  and  Gar- 
field; of  statesmen  and  generals,  Hamilton, 
Clinton,  Webster,  Everett,  Wilson,  Seward, 
Bismark,  Scott,  Fremont,  Meade,  Sherman, 
Sheridan  and  Sigel.  Mr.  David  S.  Messinger 
in  laying  out  Fairmont  gave  literary  names  to 
the  streets  there,  and  we  have  Milton,  Dry- 
den,  Edgeworth,  Bremer,  Hemans,  Byron, 
Bryant,  Willis  and  Whittier.  Lamartine, 
Palfrey,  Pierpont,  Lowell  and  Waverley  are  of 
this  class  given  by  others.  Mr.  Messinger 
also  named  William  and  Elizabeth  streets  after 
his  children.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that 
the  names  of  the  early  settlers  of  the  town  are 
not  perpetuated  in  more  instances.  Hench- 
man and  Curtis  are  the  only  ones  that  occur 
at  present  writing.  Indian  names  scarcely 
appear.  To  Gov.  Lincoln  we  are  indebted 
for  such  names  as  Elm,  Maple,  Chestnut, 
Cedar,  Walnut,  Linden  and  Oak.  These  are 
always  in  good  taste,  as  are  Woodland,  Birch, 
Maywood  and  Hawthorn,  named,  by  Mr. 
Henry  H.  Chamberlin.  The  trees  are  well 
represented  in  Worcester  street  names;  the 
fruits  in  Plum,  Apricot,  Mulberry,  Cherry  and 
Orange,  and  with  these  belong  Vine,  Fruit 
and  Orchard.  We  find  the  four  seasons  in 
Spring,  Summer,  Autumn  and  Winter,  and 
the  months  in  May  and  June;  the  precious 
metals  in  Gold  and  Silver;  and  the  gems  in 
Pearl,  Agate  and  Diamond.  Milk  and  Water 
are  in  suspicious  proximity.  Such  names  as 
Gas,  Chrome,  Bath  and  Carbon,  as  well  as 
many  others,  are  absurdities  when  applied  to 
streets. 

Many  street  names  are  self-explanatory, 
as,  for  instance,  the  highways  leading  to 
several  of  the  adjacent  or  other  towns,  such 
as  Boylston,  West  Boylston,  Holden,  Leices- 
ter, Stafford,  Southbridge,  Millbury,  Grafton 
and  Shrewsbury.  The  situation  of  many  gives 
the  cue  to  their  names,  as  High,  Prospect, 
Vale,  Valley,  Cliff,  Crown,  Ascension,  and 
several  others.  In  the  following  list  of  some 
200  streets  the  result  of  the  writer's  inquiries 
is  given  so/ar  as  the  origin  or  source  of  the 
name  is  concerned.  Other  interesting  partic- 
ulars have  been  gathered,  but  cannot  be  pre- 
sented in  the  limited  space  afforded  by  the 
Dictionary.  The  compiler  will  gladly  re- 
ceive corrections  from  those  who  possess 
.authentic  information. 


Abbott — Ebenezer  E.  Abbott. 

Adams — Adams  family. 

Aitchison — George  C  Aitchison. 

Albert— Charles  Albert  Allen. 

Alden — John  Alden. 

Alvarado  avenue — Alvarado  A.  Coburn. 

Anna— Wife  of  C.  C.  Coburn. 

Anne — Wife  of  Patrick  O'Rourke. 

Ararat — Mount  Ararat. 

Ashland — Home  of  Henry  Clay. 

Assonet — Named  by  Job  Lawton,  who  was 

born  in  Assonet,  a  place  near  Plymouth. 

Job's  wife's  name  was  Patience. 
Asylum — Insane  Asylum. 
Austin — Rev.  Samuel  Austin. 
Bailey — Silas  Bailey. 
Baker — Warren  Baker. 
Ballard— John  S.  Ballard. 
Barbour — William  C.  Barbour. 
Barclay — Barclay,  the  Quaker. 
Beach — Henry  J.  Howland  says  he  named  it 

for  the  tree,  and  that  it  should  be  spelled 

Beech.     Others  say  named  for  Lucius 

Beach. 

Beacon — Beacon  street  in  Boston.    Named  by 

Col.  James  Estabrook. 
Bellevue — Named  by  George  Jaques. 
Belmont — Suggested  by  Bell  pond. 
Benefit — Benefit  to  Worcester   Academy  by 

sale  of  the  land. 
Berkeley — Berkeley,  the  Quaker. 
Blackstone — Blackstone  canal. 
Blake — James  B.  Blake,  mayor. 
Blithewood — Named  by  Rev.  J.  F.  Burbank 

for  a  place  in  England. 
Boynton — John  Boynton. 
Bradley — Osgood  Bradley. 
Brown — Albert  Brown. 
Camp — Camp  Scott. 

Caroline — Caroline,  wife  of  Fred.  Greenleaf, 
hero  of  one  of  Rev.  E.  E.  Hale's  novels. 

Carpenter — Anthony  E.  Carpenter. 

Castle — From  the  Oread. 

Catharine — Wife  of  Ebenezer  Harrington. 

Chadwick — Chadwick  family. 

Chandler — Chandler  family. 

Channing — William  EUery  Channing. 

Chapin — Henry  Chapin. 

Charlotte— Wife  of  H.  H.  Chamberhn. 

Cheever — Rev.  Henry  T.  Cheever. 

Church —  Formerly  Salem  square  was  called 
Church  street  and  the  name  remained 
with  the  continuation.  j 

Clark— William  L.  Clark.  1 

Clarkson — Clarkson,  the  Quaker.  I 

Clinton — Dewitt  CHnton.  I 


1 1 1 


STR— 


■Colton — Samuel  H.  Colton. 

Crescent — Former  course  of  the  street, 

■Cristy — Cristy  Weyer. 

Crompton — George  Crompton. 

Crown — Crown  of  the  hill. 

Crystal — Crystal  Lake  in  Illinois. 

Curtis — Albert  Curtis. 

Gushing — Paine  family  name. 

Cutler — From  a  resident. 

Davis — Isaac  Davis. 

Dean — Salisbury  family  name. 

Decatur — Decatur  C.  Tourtelotte. 

Dewey — Francis  H.  Dewey. 

Dix— Dr.  Elijah  Dix. 

Dorrance — Dorrance  S.  Goddard. 

Douglas — This  street  was  named  by  William 
G.  Maynard,  who  renumbered  the  streets 
in  1 87 1.  It  was  peopled  with  negroes 
and  Irish,  who  could  not  agree  upon  a 
name.  The  negroes  were  told  that  Fred- 
erick Douglass  was  honored,  and  the 
Irish  that  it  had  reference  to  Stephen  A. 
Douglas,  Democratic  candidate  for  the 
presidency,  so  both  factions  were  satis- 
fied. 

Downing — A.  J.  Downing,  eminent  horticul- 
turist. 

E?Ld}^^^^"^^^'^^^- 

Ellsworth — Ellsworth,  the  martyr. 

Ely — Lyman  A.  Ely. 

Everett — Edward  Everett. 

Exchange — Central  Exchange. 

Earwell — Simeon   Farwell,  who  bought  the 

first  lot. 
Foster — Foster  family. 

Fountain — From  the  "Water  Cure"  formerly 

near  there. 
Fowler — Ezekiel  Fowler. 
Fox — Fox  family. 

Francis  }  ^^^^'^^^  Fales  Kneeland. 

Frederick — Frederick  W.  Paine. 

Freeland — Named  in  Yxq^-soU  times  by  H.  H. 

Chamberlin  and  Henry  Chapin. 
Fremont — John  C.  Fremont. 
Garden — Garden  of  Wm.  Lincoln. 
Gardner — Named  by  James  H.  Wall  for  the 

Know-Nothing  governor. 
Gas — Gas  W^orks. 
Gates — Simon  S.  Gates. 
George — Gen.  George  Hobbs. 
Glen — Its  situation. 
Goulding — Goulding  family. 
Grace — Grace  of  the  Lord. 


Grant — The  general  and  president. 
Hacker — W.  E.  Hacker. 
Hale— Rev.  E.  E.  Hale. 
Hammond — Sargent  family  name. 
Harrington  Ave. — Ebenezer  Harrington. 
Harrison — Named  by  John  F,  Pond  for  the 

president  in  1841. 
Hathaway — Dr.  John  G.  Hathaway. 
Hawkins — D.  A.  Hawkins. 
Hawley — Wm.  Dickinson's  first  wife's  family 

name. 

Henchman — Henchman,  early  settler. 

Henry — Walter  Henry. 

High — Its  situation. 

Holmes  )  ^.^^  „  , 
p.^^        >  Pitt  Holmes. 

Houchin — T.  W.  Houchin. 

Hudson — Chas.  Hudson,  member  of  Congress. 

Illinois — Named  by  S.  S.  Gates,  former  resi- 
dent, who  went  to  Illinois. 

Jackson — President  Jackson. 

Jo  Bill — Joseph  Bill,  who  lived  there  in  1750. 

John — Dr.  Jolui  Green. 

Kansas — Named  in  "Kansas"  times. 

Keese — Timothy  Keese  Earle. 

Kendall — Joseph  G.  Kendall. 

Kilby — Kilby  street  in  Boston.    Named  by 
Col.  James  Estabrook. 

King — Family  name  of  Mrs.  S.  H.  Colton. 

Kingsbury — Family  name   of   Rev.  George 
Allen's  mother. 

Lagrange — Home  of  Lafayette, 
f  Lamartine — Eminent  Frenchman. 
I  Langdon — Name  in  Whittier's  "Stanzas  for 
I         the  Times." 


Lafayette — Eminent  Frenchman. 


I  Lunelle — Lunelle  Sargent  who  lived  there. 
[  Lodi — Bridge  of  Lodi. 
These  were  named  by  the  late  Perry  Thayer, 
who  laid  out  the  triangle  on  the  Island, 
and  desired  to  comprise  all  the  names 
under  one  letter  in  the  alphabet. 
Lawrence — Amos  A.  Lawrence,  Kansas  bene- 
factor. 
Lewis — Lewis  Chapin. 
Liberty — Peopled  by  negroes. 
Lincoln — Lincoln  family. 
Liscomb — N.  S.  Liscomb. 
Loudon— Eminent  English  landscape  gardener. 
Lovell — Lovell  family. 
Lowell — James  Russell  Lowell,  the  poet. 
Madison — President  Madison. 
Mason — Joseph  Mason. 

Mendon — Named  by  John  F.  Pond  in  com- 
pliment to  Henry  Chapin. 


STR— 


112 


Merrick — Mrs.  D.  Waldo  Lincoln's  family 
name. 

Merrifield — Merrifield  family. 
Mott — Lucretia  Mott. 
Mower — Mower  family. 

Mulberry — First  planted  with  mulberry  trees 

during  the  silk-worm  excitement. 
Nashua — Nashua  Railroad. 
Newbury — Newbury  street  in  Portland,  Me. 
Newport — Native  place  of  Mrs.  Edward  Earle. 
Normal — Normal  School. 
Norwich — Norwich  Railroad  in  the  old  Foster 

street  station. 
Norwood — Henry  Ward  Beecher's  novel. 
Oberlin — Oberhn  College. 
Oliver — Oliver  H.  Blood. 
Oread — Oread  Institute. 
Oxford — Oxford  street  in  New  York. 
Paine — Paine  family. 
Palfrey — John  G.  Palfrey. 
Palmer — Jonas  G.  Palmer.  , 
Parker — Mrs.  Joseph  Mason's  family  name. 
Patch — From  a  resident  there. 
Pattison— Dr.  R.  E.  Pattison. 
Penn  Ave. — William  Penn. 
Perkins — Paine  family  name. 
Piedmont — "Foot  of  the  Mountain."  Named 

by  George  Jaques. 
Pierpont — Rev.  John  Pierpont. 
Plymouth — Probably  named  by  Job  Lawton 

(  See  Assonet). 
Portland — Portland  in  Maine, 
Prioulx — M.  Prioulx,  who  opened  it. 
Queen — Named  by  S.   H.  Colton   to  mate 

King  street,  which  see. 
Reservoir — From  the  old  reservoir  recently 

demolished. 
Richards — Richards  family. 
Ripley — John  C.  Ripley. 
Robinson  PI. — Dr.  Jeremiah  Robinson. 
Russell — James  W.  Russell. 
Sargent — Sargent  Card  Clothing  Co. 

W?nfield}^°'^  g^"^^^^- 
Seward — William  H.  Seward. 
Shepard — Timothy  Shepard  Stone. 
Sheridan 


Sherman  )^ — For  the  generals. 
Sigel 

Stafford — Turnpike  to  Stafford  Springs. 
Sturgis — Paine  family  name. 
Tatman — Tatman  family. 
Taylor — President  Taylor. 

Taylor  (at  Quinsigamond  Village) — Ransom 
C.  Taylor. 


Temple — The  church  there. 
Thayer — Charles  D.  Thayer. 
Thenius — Moritz  Thenius. 
Thomas — Isaiah  Thomas. 
Trumbull — George  A.  Trumbull. 
Tuckerman — Salisbury  family  name. 
Union — Named  soon  after  Webster's  reply  to 
Hayne. 

Uxbridge — Named  by  John  F.  Pond  in  com- 
pliment to  Henry  Chapin. 
Valley — Its  situation. 

Wachusett — The  mountain  can  be  seen  here. 
Waldo— Daniel  Waldo. 
Warden — Warden  family. 

Wellington  —  Probably    named    by  George 

Jaques  for  the  duke. 
Wesby — Joseph  S.  Wesby. 
Whipple — Franklin  Whipple. 
Wilmot — Wilmot  proviso. 
Wilson — Henry  Wilson,  senator. 
W^inslow — Lincoln  family  name. 

Mr.  Charles  A.  Chase  has  given  some  as- 
sistance in  the  compilation  of  the  above  list. 

The  following  list  of  discarded  and  trans- 
erred  street  names  will  be  of  interest  in  this 
connection : 

Discarded  Names. 
Ann,  now  Kendall 

Back,  "  Summer 

Berkeley,  "  Wade 

Bliss,  "      West  (norfh  part) 

Border,  "  Tufts 

Corbett,  "    Chatham  (east  end) 

Columbian  avenue,  "  Exchange  (east  end) 
Culvert,  "       Laurel  (west  end) 

Fuller,  "  Hanover 

Hanover  (in  part),  "  Clayton 
Holley,  "       South  Russell  ( ?) 

Holbrook, 

Hos  ital  "  r  East  Central 

^      '  \  Jaques  avenue 

Lynde,  "         Clayton  (nearly) 

Middle,  "  Union 

Newton,  "  Park  avenue 

Olive,  "  Discontinued. 

Palma,  "  Russell 

Pratt,  "  Park  avenue 

Prince,  "  Jaques  avenue 

Queen  (part),  "  Kingsbury 

Quigley  road,  "  Park  avenue 

Salem  (part),  "  Church 

Silk,  "  Dix 

Short,  "  Carlton 

South,  "  Park 

Terry,  *'  School 


"3 


STR— 


Grant, 
Greenwood, 


Leicester, 
Market, 
Oak, 
Pine, 
Russell, 
Silver, 
Spruce 


Turnpike,  now  Belmont 

Upton,  *'  Barclay 

Uxbridge,  "  Penn  avenue 

Vernant,  "  Hanover 

Westborough,  " 

Wilmot,  "  Eastern  avenue 

Transferred. 
Auburn,  now  Silver 

Clifton,  "  Hollywood 

Cliff,  "  Orient 

Cross,  *'  Spring 

Division,  *'  Chatham 

Essex,  "  South  Irving 

East,  "  Eastern  avenue 

Forest,  "  Woodland 

Goddard,  Grand 
Goulding,  Liberty 

Richland 
Grosvenor 
Houghton 
Patch 

Hancock,  formerly  fi-om  Lexington  to  Gard- 
ner. 

Jaques,  now  Piedmont  (north  end) 

Larch,  formerly,       now  discontinued. 

Hermon 
Exchange  (west  end) 
Maple  (west  part) 
Shrewsbury 
Reservoir 
Bowdoin 
Oxford  (south  end) 
Taylor,  formerly  from  Main,  now  discontinued. 
Waldo,  now  Boynton. 

White,  formerly  from  Chandler,  now  discon- 
tinued. 

Information  Wanted. 

Persons  having  definite  knowledge  of  the 
origin  of  the  following  names,  or  other 
particulars  relating  to  the  laying  out  of  the 
streets,  are  requested  to  communicate  with  the 
compiler  of  the  Dictionary. 


Agawam. 

Allen. 

Armandale. 

Auburn. 

Ball. 

Batchelder. 

Belknap. 

Bismark. 

Bleeker. 

Brattle. 

Brigham. 


Brighton. 

Buffum. 

Burgess. 

Burncoat. 

Butler. 

Carlton. 

Carroll. 

Channing. 

Charles. 

Chester. 

Claremont, 


Cora. 

Moreland. 

Coral . 

ivit,  1  leasani. 

Cottage . 

Nixon. 

Daley. 

i\orioiK. 

Hilmwooa . 

Oakland . 

Endicott. 

Olean . 

Essex. 

Orchard. 

Fairview  avenue. 

Orient. 

r  oyie. 

Oswald. 

Gertrude  avenue. 

Page. 

Goddard. 

Parker  avenue. 

ooia. 

Parlin  place. 

VJl  CCllLlctlC  clVCllUC 

Phillinc 

"P]\7mnntV» 
X  1  y  iiivjLiiii . 

Groton  place. 

Prentice . 

Hall. 

-i  I llil^C LUll . 

X  XdlllUUltl. 

"Pntn  ii  m 

Hanover. 

JKiiey . 

Harlem. 

Roxbury . 

lldlllb  CUUIL. 

Oc y  lilUl  C . 

Woo  rA 

fiearu. 

oneiDy . 

Heywood. 

Shirley. 

Mill 

Smith  court. 

Hillside  avenue. 

Smith  lane. 

Hollywood . 

Stebbins. 

Suffiplrl 

OUlllClU  . 

rioulinan  place. 

oUtiOlK, 

Ploward. 

Sunny  Side. 

Howe . 

Swan  court. 

Hunt. 

i  aiL. 

Ingalls. 

Towne's  court. 

Irving. 

Townsend. 

James. 

Tremont. 

Jerome. 

Tnftc 
1  UllS. 

Ivd-llC  3  CULIIL. 

Vale. 

Kneeland  court. 

Vernon . 

Lancaster. 

Wabash  avenue. 

Larkin. 

vv  aae . 

Laurel. 

Wall. 

ijayarcl  place. 

\A/a\7Prlpv 

i^ee. 

Wayne. 

i-«itcnneia. 

w  eiis. 

Ludlow. 

^A/'est  minster. 

Lyman. 

w  nite. 

^^hitney . 

JMancnester . 

"Wilson . 

Marshall. 

Windsor. 

Melrose. 

Winthrop. 

Mitchell. 

Woodworth  court. 

Montague. 

Worth. 

Montreal. 

Street  Railway 

Railroad  Company 


— The  Worcester  Horse 
was  chartered  in  i86i, 


STR— 


114 


with  the  following  corporators:  Albert  Cur- 
tis, Frederick  W.  Paine,  Loring  Goes,  William 
H.  Hey  wood,  Joseph  Sargent,  John  C.  Mason 
and  James  H.  Wall.  The  capital  stock  was 
$100,000.  James  B.  Blake  (afterwards 
mayor),  who  had  been  the  prime  mover  in 
the  undertaking,  was  elected  president;  and 
the  following  constituted  the  first  board  of 
directors:  Albert  Curtis,  Geo.  W.  Richard- 
son, Joseph  Sargent,  Draper  Ruggles,  Geo. 
W.  Bentley,  Henry  Chapin,  William  Cross, 
Edward  Earle,  with  Charles  B.  Whiting  as 
treasurer  and  clerk.  Tracks  were  laid 
through  Lincoln  street  from  Harrington 
avenue;  Main  street  from  Lincoln  square  to 
New  Worcester;  Front  and  Grafton  streets  to 
the  railroad  station;  and  Pleasant  street  as 
far  as  West  street.  The  Lincoln,  Main  and 
Front  street  lines  were  opened  for  use  Septem- 
ber I,  1863;  the  Pleasant  street  branch  on 
the  3d  of  November.  The  railroad  did  not 
prosper  under  Mr.  Blake's  management,  and 
after  a  time  the  corporation  failed,  and  the 
property  was  sold  under  the  hammer.  The 
stockholders  lost  their  investments,  several 
as  much  as  $5,000  each.  The  Pleasant  street 
tracks  were  finally  taken  up,  as  that  line  has 
not  paid  from  the  first.  Henry  Chapin  made 
some  efforts  to  reorganize  and  reestablish  the 
company  on  a  sound  basis,  but  without  satis- 
factory results. 

In  1869,  Augustus  Seeley  of  New  York 
bought  the  property  and  franchise  of  the 
company  for  (it  is  said)  $30,000.  For  the 
next  twelve  years  cars  were  run  over  the 
limited  routes,  hardly  to  the  convenience  of 
the  public,  and  the  fare  was  stiffly  maintained 
at  seven  cents  on  the  main  line.  Persons 
changing  from  the  Main  street  to  the  Front 
street  cars  were  obliged  to  pay  five  cents 
more,  making  twelve  cents  to  the  Union 
station.  In  1881,  a  reduction  to  five  cents 
was  compelled  by  the  introduction  of  herdics, 
and  this  year  the  track  was  extended  to 
Adams  square,  the  residents  along  the  new 
line  contributing  quite  a  sum  to  indemnify  the 
company  for  the  risk  and  sacrifice.  In  1885, 
a  new  company  suddenly  appeared  and  gained 
a  franchise  that  considerably  more  than 
doubled  the  miles  of  track.  Hon.  Charles  B. 
Pratt  was  president  of  the  new  corporation, 
known  as  the  Citizen's.  During  the  summer 
of  1886  tracks  were  laid  in  Pleasant,  .South - 
bridge,  Salisbury,  Grove,  Trumbull,  Green, 
Millbury  and  other  streets.    In  the  mean  time 


the  two  companies  consolidated,  and  the  new- 
management  began  to  afford  faciHties  more  in 
character  with  the  requirements  of  the  citizens. 
The  following  routes  are  now  travelled,  and 
others  are  to  be  opened: 

Adams  square,  Lincoln  and  Main  streets,  to- 
Webster  square. 

Chadwick  square.  Grove,  Salisbury,  Main 
and  Southbridge  streets  to  Auburn  square. 

Lincoln  square.  Main,  Pleasant,  West^ 
Cedar  and  Agricultural  streets  to  Elm  Park. 

Lincoln  square,  Main  and  Pleasant  streets 
to  Park  avenue. 

Lincoln  square.  Main,  Front,  Trumbull, 
Green  and  Millbury  streets,  to  Quinsigamond 
Village. 

Lincoln  square,  Main,  Front  streets,  Wash- 
ington square,  Grafton  street  to  Grafton 
square. 

Union  station  to  Lincoln  square. 
"         "     "  Park  avenue. 

"      "  Elm  Park. 
"         "     "  New  Worcester. 
Lincoln   square,  Salisbury,    Boynton  and 
Highland  streets,  to  Elm  Park. 

Chandler  street  to  Park  avenue  from  Lin- 
coln square  or  Union  depot. 

Laurel  Hill  and  Grant  square,  via  Thomas, 
Summer,  Laurel,  Belmont  and  Hanover 
streets. 

The  cars  may  be  distinguished  by  the  color 
as  follows:  Main  street,  straw;  Grafton  street 
and  Union  station,  north,  blue  plaid;  Union 
station,  south,  red  plaid;  Chadwick  square, 
red;  West  Side,  Elm  Park  and  Park  avenue, 
blue;  Chandler  street,  light  green;  Quinsiga- 
mond, dark  green. 

The  stock  of  the  Worcester  Consolidat- 
ed Street  Railway  Company  was  purchased 
in  November,  1892,  by  the  Worcester  Trac- 
tion Company,  a  New  Jersey  corporation. 
This  company  has  a  capital  of  $3,000,000, 
with  $2,000,000  preferred.  Much  dissatisfac- 
tion has  been  expressed,  publicly  and  otherwise, 
that  a  foreign  corporation  should  obtain  a 
valuable  franchise  in  Worcester  for  nothing, 
but  the  public  wall  undoubtedly  be  well  served 
by  the  new  company. 

The  North  End  Street  Railw^ay  Com- 
pany operates  a  line  from  Foster  street 
through  Summer  and  Lincoln  streets  to  Green- 
dale,  find  is  to  be  continued  to  Clinton. 

The  Worcester  &  Shrewsbury  Rail- 
road  maintains  a  short  electric  line  from 


115 


ST  R— TAB 


Norwich  street  through  Foster  street  to  Wash- 
ington square. 

The  Worcester,  Leicester  &  Spencer 
Electric  road  (to  be  extended  to  South- 
bridge)  was  opened  in  189 1,  and  the  Worces- 
ter &  MiLLBURY  Hne  in  1892.  Cars  of  the 
former  leave  Salem  square  at  convenient  in- 
tervals, and  the  terminus  of  the  Millbury  road 
is  at  the  corner  of  Main  and  Park  streets. 

Proposals  have  been  issued  to  form  a  cor- 
poration to  be  known  as  the  State  Central 
Street  Railway  Company^  to  extend  lines  to 
Shrewsbury,  Northborough,  Marlborough, 
Westborough,  Grafton,  Auburn,  Oxford  and 
Webster. 

Sumner  Club. — See  High  School  Societies. 

Sunday  Papers. — The  Sunday  news  pa- 
pers published  in  Worcester  are  the  Sunday 
Telegram^  the  first  number  of  which  was  dated 
November  30,  1884.  The  Sunday  Spy  first 
appeared  July  22,  1888.  See  the  Spy  and 
Telegram,  in  the  DICTIONARY.  The  Sunday 
editions  of  the  Boston  Herald  and  Globe  pub- 
lish Worcester  letters.  The  correspondent  of 
the  former  is  John  Perley  Munroe,  and  that  of 
the  latter  Eugene  M.  Moriarty. 

Sunny  Side. — The  locality  at  the  end  of  the 
Jo  Bill  road,  on  the  southern  slope  of  Prospect 
Hill.  A  pleasant  settlement  is  built  here,  in 
view  from  Elm  Park. 

Swedenborgians. — A  few  persons  belong- 
ing to  this  sect  began  to  hold  meetings  in 
Worcester  some  fifteen  years  ago,  which  were 
discontinued  some  time  before  1880.  About 
a  year  ago  another  attempt  was  made  to  es- 
tablish a  church  here,  and  meetings  have  since 
been  held  in  the  Walker  building. 

Swedes  or  Scandinavians. — There  are 
about  10,000  to  12,000  Scandinavians  (which 
includes  Swedes,  Norwegians,  Finns,  etc.,)  in 
Worcester — nearly  as  many  as  Boston  has. 
There  are  six  Swedish  churches — one  Lu- 
theran, two  Methodist,  two  Baptist,  and  two 
Congregational;  several  mutual  benefit  and 
temperance  societies;  three  cooperative 
grocery  stores,  and  several  private  stores.  One 
paper — weekly — Skandinavia,  was  established 
in  1886.  It  is  Republican  in  politics.  The 
first  Swedes  in  Worcester  came  in  1868,  and 
found  employment  at  the  Washburn  &  Moen 
Wire  Works.    Since  that  time  a  large  number 


of  other  foreigners  have  been  supplanted  at 
that  establishment  by  Scandinavians;  and  the 
latter  have  come  to  be  a  valualile  and  desira- 
ble element  among  our  citizens.  There  is  a 
large  Swedish  settlement  ^it  Quinsigamond 
Village.  As  a  rule  Scandinavians  are  indus- 
trious, frugal  and  quiet  in  their  habits,  gener- 
ally can  read  and  write  in  their  own  language, 
and  soon  learn  English.  They  have  little 
jealousy  of  wealth,  and  are  not  given  to  use- 
less or  clamorous  agitation  which  has  sO' 
wasted  the  strength  and  destroyed  the  re- 
sources of  others;  consequently  they  are 
prosperous  to  a  remarkable  degree;  a  very- 
large  proportion  own  their  homes,  and  have 
become  permanent  citizens.  The  respect  for 
law  and  religion  is  inherent  in  them  and  they 
are  little  given  to  disorder  or  intemperance, 
though  the  latter  is  an  occasional  fault;  the 
Finns,  who  are  not,  properly,  Scandinavians, 
though  classed  with  them,  furnish  the  most 
examples.  It  is,  however,  comparatively  sel- 
dom that  a  Swede  or  Norwegian  comes  before 
a  court,  and  the  newspapers  recognize  this 
fact  by  generally  announcing  the  transgression 
in  headlines  as  something  remarkable. 
Minnesota  is  the  Swedish  center  in  America, 
but  representatives  of  the  race  are  widely 
scattered  through  the  country.  An  eflfort, 
which  promises  good  success,  is  now  being 
made  to  people  the  deserted  farms  of  northern 
New  England  with  Swedes.  The  first  Swed- 
ish Directory  in  this  country  was  printed  by 
the  publishers  of  this  Dictionary;  and  the 
Swedish  almanac  was  also  issued  from  their 
office. 

Tabernacle  Church. — The  church  formed 
by  the  supporters  of  the  Rev.  Wm.  M.  Parry, 
who  followed  him  from  the  Old  South  Church 
in  1874.  It  worshipped  in  Mechanics  Hall. 
This  church  was  recognized  by  a  Congrega- 
tional Council,  but  that  body  refused  to  install 
Mr.  Parry  as  pastor,  and  the  ceremony  was 
carried  out  by  lay  members  of  the  church. 
After  Mr.  Parry's  death  in  1879,  the  church 
ceased  to  exist.  A  fine  monument  in  memory 
of  their  pastor  has  been  erected  at  Hope  Cem- 
etery by  members  of  the  Tabernacle  Church. 
It  is  of  white  marble  in  the  form  of  a  reading 
desk  with  the  open  Book,  and  below  is  a 
profile  likeness  in  bas-relief,  and  the  inscrip- 
tion: "Rev.  William  Meredith  Parry,  LL.  D., 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature  of 
London." 


.TAI— TEL 


ii6 


Tailors'  Union,  No.  17. — Was  organized 
in  1863. 

Tannery. — The  "Old  Tannery,"  promi- 
nently mentioned  in  the  business  history  of 
the  town  from  about  1800  to  1825  or  later, 
was  situated  back  of  the  Exchange  Hotel, 
down  Market  street,  and  the  vats  in  the 
meadow  are  remembered  by  some  now  living. 

Tariff  Reform  League  (Worcester 
County). — The  Worcester  County  Tariff  Re- 
form League  was  organized  Nov.   30,  1889. 

Tatnuck. — A  village  in  the  north  west  part 
of  the  city,  three  miles  from  the  center.  The 
name  Tataesset  was  applied  by  the  Indians  to 
the  western  range  of  hills  in  the  town,  and 
was  corrupted  in  Tatnick  or  Tatnuck.  There 
is  a  school  house  and  hall  here.  The  Tatnuck 
Benevolent,  Charitable  and  Literary  Associa- 
tion is  an  active  body,  as  is  also  the  Tatnuck 
Farmers'  Club. 

Tatnuck  Brook. — This  brook  rises  in 
Paxton  and  flows  south  to  New  Worcester, 
where  it  joins  other  streams  to  form  Middle 
river.  It  is  an  important  contributor  to  the 
water  supply  of  the  city.  Beaver  Brook  is  a 
tributary  of  Tatnuck  Brook. 

Technical  School. — See  Polytechnic  In- 
stitute. 

Telegram  (Worcester  Daily  and  Sun- 
day).— Published  by  the  Telegram  Newspaper 
Co.,  at  386  Main  street.  The  Telegram  was 
established  as  a  Sunday  paper  on  the  30th  of 
November,  1884,  by  Austin  P.  Cristy,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Worcester  County  Bar.  The  first 
daily  edition  appeared  May  19,  1886.  This 
paper  has  been  very  successful,  and  has  a  much 
larger  circulation  than  any  other  newspaper 
printed  in  Worcester.  Lord  &  Thomas'  and 
Rowell's  Registers  give  the  average  circulation 
for  1892,  of  the  Sunday  as  12,750,  of  the 
Daily  as  10,238,  and  the  same  percentage  of 
increase  in  circulation  has  been  maintained 
each  year  from  the  beginning.  The  Telegram 
is  a  lively  sheet,  of  inquisitive  tendencies,  and 
is  prolific  in  news.  It  is  ultra  Republican  and 
Protection  in  poHtics,  and  has  always  advo- 
cated the  cause  of  temperance. 

Telegraph. — The  operation  of  the  mag- 
netic telegraph  was  first  exhibited  in  Worces- 
ter at  Brinley  Hall,  on  the  evening  of  Decem- 


ber 9,  1845,  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Strong,  manager  of 
the  Springfield  telegraph  station.  A  charge 
of  25  cents  was  made  at  the  door.  The  line 
of  the  New  York  &  New  England  Telegraph 
Company  was  completed  at  that  time  between 
New  York  and  Springfield,  and  the  next 
season  (1846)  was  carried  through  to  Boston. 
In  July,  1846,  citizens  importuned  the  man- 
agers to  establish  a  station  in  Worcester,  but 
they  demanded  $1,500,  and  it  was  probably 
more  than  a  year  later  that  an  office  was 
opened  here.  The  first  place  occupied  was  a 
room  in  the  building  on  Norwich  street,  where 
the  paint  and  oil  store  of  G.  H.  Clark  &  Co. 
now  is.  Mr.  Strong  of  the  Springfield  station 
was  appointed  manager.  In  1850  or  '51  the 
office  was  removed  to  Warren  block  on  Pearl 
street,  upstairs;  and  in  1858  again  removed 
to  the  Insurance  building  on  Main  street, 
opposite  Elm  street. 

The  N.  Y.  &  N.  E.,  American,  Franklin 
and  other  telegraph  companies  were  consoli- 
dated with  the  Western  Union,  and  successive 
managers  of  the  main  office  here  under  the 
different  companies  have  been  Horatio  N. 
Williams,  1853;  John  G.  Tobey,  1861,  and 
Edwin  W.  Bradford,  1863  to  the  present  time. 
The  latter  has  been  connected  with  the  tele- 
graph service  in  this  city  thirty-five  years.  The 
Western  Union  Company  removed  to  the  Spy 
building  (442-444  Main  street)  in  1872, 
where  it  still  remains.  There  are  branch 
offices  at  the  Bay  State  House  and  the  Union 
Station.  The  American  Co.  had  an  office 
here  in  1859-60;  the  Franklin  for  several 
years  (about  1867- 1 878);  the  Atlantic  & 
Pacific,  1880-1881;  American  Rapid,  1881- 
1884;  Mutual  Union,  188 1- 1889;  Bankers 
&  Merchants',  1884;  United  Lines,  1885- 
1888;  and  the  Postal  Telegraph-Cable  Co. 
The  office  of  the  latter  is  at  20  Pleasant  street. 

Taliaferro  P.  Shaffner,  the  eminent  teleg- 
rapher, was  in  Worcester  more  or  less  from 
1857  to  i860,  and  wrote  some  portions  of  his 
large  "Telegraph  Manual"  here,  receiving 
assistance  in  the  translation  of  foreign  lan- 
guages from  George  Jaques.  After  the  failure 
of  the  first  Atlantic  cable,  Mr.  Shaffner  pro- 
jected a  line  from  Labrador  to  Greenland, 
continuing  to  Iceland,  Faroe  Islands,  Norway 
and  Scotland.  A  vessel  was  fitted  out  at 
Boston  to  explore  the  route  and  take  sound- 
ings, and  the  principal  expense  of  the  under- 
taking was  paid  by  Daniel  R.  Pratt  (a  broth- 
er-in-law of  Mr.  Shaffner),  who  built  the 


117 


TEL— TEM 


mansion  on  Wellington  street  afterwards  the 
residence  of  George  Gill.  Samuel  H.  Putnam, 
the  bookseller,  and  Henry  M.  Sorell,  the 
well-known  Worcester  hackman,  accompanied 
Mr.  Shaffner  on  this  voyage,  leaving  Boston 
in  August,  1859,  and  landing  in  Glasgow  in 
November. 

Telephone  Service. — The  Worcester  Tel- 
ephone Exchange  was  opened  at  425  Main 
street  in  1879,  and  a  large  number  of  instru- 
ments were  soon  in  use.  The  Exchange  was 
removed  to  44  Front  street  in  1888.  The 
present  number  of  subscribers  in  the  city  is 
1,060.  The  Long  Distance  Telephone  Co. 
has  an  office  at  434  Main  street. 

The  Worcester  Telephone  Exchange  ranks 
second  in  size  of  the  exchanges  of  the  New 
England  Telephone  Company,  according  to 
the  report  of  1892.  In  1886  the  exchange 
was  seventh  in  rank. 

The  report  of  last  year's  work  in  the  Wor- 
cester district,  which  includes,  besides  Wor- 
cester, the  towns  of  Clinton,  Spencer,  Webster, 
Westboro  and  Southbridge,  shows  that  there 
are  1209  subscribers,  who  sent  in  2,280,000 
calls  during  the  year,  an  average  of  six  calls 
per  subscriber  for  each  working  day.  There 
were  sent  out  and  received  from  these  ex- 
changes 1 10,382  toll  messages.  Within  the 
district  there  are  7456  poles,  carrying  867 
miles  of  open  wires  and  239  miles  of  single 
wires  in  cables,  an  increase  of  250  poles,  102 
miles  of  open  wires  and  58  miles  of  cable 
wires  during  the  year.  There  are  now  over 
150  subscribers  using  the  long-distance  instru- 
ments, and  it  is  probable  the  growing  demand 
for  this  class  of  service  on  account  of  troubles 
resulting  from  the  electric  railways  will  neces- 
sitate nearly  double  the  present  wire  mileage 
within  two  years.  Arrangements  are  now  be- 
ing made  for  a  large  increase  of  line  and  cen- 
tral office  facilities  at  once. 

While  the  system  in  Worcester  has  had  a 
more  rapid  development  than  any  other  city 
excepting  Boston,  and  its  wire  mileage  is  next 
to  that  of  Boston,  it  is  now  nearly  the  only  city 
of  size  in  New  England  in  which  the  telephone 
company  has  no  underground  wires.  Under- 
ground conduits  are  now  used  in  Boston,  Cam- 
bridge, Charlestown,  Somerville,  Lowell, 
Lawrence,  Salem,  Portland  and  Springfield. 
The  fact  that  the  telephone  company  has  been 
allowed  by  the  various  city  governments, 
after  careful  investigation,  to  place  its  standard 


system  of  conduits,  seems  to  make  some  agree- 
ment between  the  city  and  the  telephone 
people  the  more  important. 

About  35  people  are  employed  in  and  about 
the  exchange  in  the  winter,  and  in  the  sum- 
mer the  force  is  increased  to  from  50  to  60 
persons. 

In  1 89 1  the  number  of  calls  was  2,041,440. 
There  were  138  miles  of  pole  line,  551  miles 
of  wire  out  of  cables  and  4I  miles  of  cables, 
containing  240  miles  single  copper  wire. 

There  were  31,260  paid  messages  sent  to 
and  30,196  messages  received  from  other  ex- 
changes. 

Temperance  Societies. — Foremost  among 
the  temperance  societies  is  the  Reforin  Club, 
which  was  organized  in  1876,  and  has  been 
the  means  of  rescuing  many  from  the  curse  of 
intemperance.  The  hall  is  at  98  Front  street. 
The  Worcester  Temperance  Club  was  sub- 
stantially on  the  same  plan.  Of  temperance 
societies  proper,  \heWashingtonia>i  Division, 
No.  lyb,  was  organized  in  1865,  the  Sons  of 
Temperance,  Anchor  Division,  No.  56,  or- 
ganized 1882;  Worcester  Temple  of  Honor, 
N'o.  ji;  Kata??ia  Lodge,  I.  O.  G.  T.,  N'o.  J3  ; 
Worcester  Distrikt  Teitipel,  No.  j,  and 
jViagara  Lodge,  No.  j,  0.  of  T.  There  is  a 
Mutual  Relief  Association  of  the  Sons  and 
Daughters  of  Temperance.  The  Irish  tem- 
perance societies  are  the  Father  Mathe^v,  St. 
John's  Guild  and  St.  Stephen'' s  Lyceum;  (see 
Lrish  Societies).  The  First  Woman's  Tem- 
perance Union  was  organized  in  1876,  and 
meets  at  the  Second  Baptist  Church;  and  the 
Second  W.  C.  T.  U.,  formed  in  1878,  meets 
in  the  Burnside  building.  The  Worcester 
Central  Temperance  League  was  organized  ia 
1887,  and  is  composed  of  the  pastors  and  del- 
egates from  the  churches  and  temperance 
societies  in  the  city.  Its  objects  are  to  enforce 
the  law  against  saloons,  and  to  cultivate  total 
abstinence  principles.  The  rooms  are  in  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  building. 

Temporary  Home  and  Day  Nursery. — 

Established  in  1883  as  the  Day  Nursery  and 
Kindergarten,  for  the  benefit  of  the  children 
of  the  poor,  and  of  mothers  who  are  obliged 
to  work  out  at  day  labor.  Children  can  be 
left  during  the  day,  and  will  be  properly  cared 
for.  A  fee  of  ten  cents  a  day  is  charged  for 
each  child.  The  home  is  at  1 76  Southbridge 
street.    It  is  incorporated. 


9 


TEN— THE 


ii8 


Tenders'  Union. — Meets  at  98  Front 
street. 

Tennis  Clubs. — There  are  two  tennis 
clubs  in  Worcester — the  Woodlaivn  and  the 
Winslo7u. 

Theatres  and  Theatricals.  —  The  first 
'dramatic  entertainment  in  Worcester  by  pro- 
fessional talent  took  place  in  the  year  1797, 
as  appears  by  the  following  announcement  in 
the  Massachusetts  Spy: 

"Theatrical.  For  a  few  nights  only, 
Mr.  Hogg,  late  of  the  Boston  Theatre,  re- 
spectfully informs  the  Ladies  and  Gentlemen 
of  Worcester  and  vicinity,  that  the  Hall  over 
the  School  Room  is  fitted  up  for  the  purpose 
of  representing  some  select  and  most  admired 
Dramatic  Pieces.  On  Wednesday  evening, 
June  21,  1797,  will  be  performed  a  favorite 
musical  entertainment,  called  The  Waterttian. 
'By  particular  desire,  Collins''  Ode  on  the 
Passions.  To  which  will  be  added  for  the 
■second  time,  a  dramatic  romance  in  one  act, 
•called  The  Oracle^  or  Daphne  and  Admintor. 
The  whole  to  conclude  with  a  Pas  de  Deux. 
The  doors  to  be  open  at  half  past  six,  and  the 
performance  to  commence  precisely  at  half 
past  seven.  Tickets  to  be  had  at  the  Worces- 
ter bookstore,  at  the  bookstore  of  Isaiah 
Thomas,  Jun.,  and  of  Mr.  Hogg,  at  the 
house  of  Capt.  Heywood.  Front  seats  3-9. 
Back  seats  2-3." 

On  the  28th  of  June,  the  play  of  "Like 
Master,  Like  Man,"  was  given. 

More  than  twenty  years  passed  before  the 
people  of  Worcester  had  another  opportunity 
of  witnessing  anything  like  a  theatrical  enter- 
tainment. William  Charles  White,  an  actor 
and  play-writer  of  some  note,  resided  in  the 
town  some  years  between  1797  and  1818,  the 
year  of  his  death.  What  influence  he  had  in 
cultivating  a  taste  for  the  drama  in  the  minds  of 
his  friends  and  neighbors  cannot  now  be  deter- 
mined, but  we  are  told  by  one  who  knew  him 
that  he  was  a  man  of  free  and  elegant  man- 
ners, and  was  often  surrounded  by  those  who 
were  charmed  by  the  magic  of  his  voice,  and 
the  vigor  of  his  understanding.  But,  however 
strong  the  craving,  the  opportunities  for 
gratification  in  those  days  were  few,  especially 
in  a  country  village  like  Worcester.  We 
have  contemporary  testimony  that  the  study 
of  Shakespeare  was  one  of  the  recreations  of 
a  small  circle  of  cultivated  minds  gathered  in 


the  town  in  the  first  years  of  the  century,  com- 
prising such  names  as  Allen,  Lincoln,  Bangs, 
Bancroft,  Blake,  White  and  others.  The 
drama  itself,  however,  had  to  be  viewed  and 
enjoyed  elsewhere. 

On  the  24th  of  April,  1820,  a  "Rational 
Entertainment"  was  given  at  Eager's  Hall  by 
Mr.  Bernard,  Mr.  Jones  and  Mrs.  Young 
from  the  Boston  Theatre,  under  the  title 
"Be  Merry,  Be  Wise;  or  the  World  as  it 
Goes,"  with  songs,  dancing,  recitations,  etc. 
Eager's  Hall  was  in  the  Brick  Hotel  at  the 
corner  of  Main  and  Mechanic  streets,  where 
the  Walker  building  now  stands.  Most  of 
the  hotels  or  taverns  in  those  days  had  halls 
for  dancing,  lectures  and  such  entertainments 
and  exhibitions  as  came  along.  Mr.  Blan- 
chard's  "Olympic  Theatre"  was  advertised  at 
Howe  &  White's  (successors  of  Eager)  Hotel 
in  September,  1821.  Mrs.  Blanchard  and  her 
three  children  took  part  in  this  exhibition. 

It  appears  that  there  was  a  strong  sentiment 
in  the  town  between  1830  and  1850  against 
all  entertainments  of  the  lighter  nature,  and 
this  was  evidently  inculcated  and  emphasized 
by  John  Milton  Earle,  the  editor  of  the  Spy, 
who  was  not  sparing  in  his  denunciation  of 
such  "fooleries"  which  encouraged  "idleness, 
cruelty  and  vice."  For  quite  a  number  of 
years  no  circuses  or  theatricals  were  allowed 
in  the  town.  About  the  time  Worcester  be- 
came a  city,  the  gates  were  occasionally 
opened,  but  it  was  some  time  after  this  before 
dramatic  performances  were  allowed  to  be 
given  without  protest.  Brinley  Hall  was  used 
fifty  years  ago  for  most  of  the  entertainments 
of  this  character,  until  in  1850  the  new 
Flagg's  Hall,  in  the  block  which  was  burned 
in  January,  1854,  took  a  large  share  of  them. 
This  hall  was  provided  with  scenery  and  other 
stage  appurtenances.  Among  the  celebrities 
who  appeared  here  were  Geo.  L.  Fox,  Mrs. 
Barrett,  Denman  Thompson  and  Yankee 
Locke.  There  was  no  "theatre"  in  Worces- 
ter until  the  completion  of  the  one  erected  by 
William  Piper,  in  1856-7,  which  is  now  known 
as  the  "Front  Street  Opera  House."  This  was 
first  opened  on  the  9th  of  February,  1857,  the 
play  "Ingomar"  being  given  by  a  select  com- 
pany under  the  management  of  Wyzeman 
Marshall.  This  theatre  was  closed  Nov.  27, 
1867,  remodelled  for  business  uses,  and  was 
known  for  the  next  twenty  years  as  the  "Front 
Street  Exchange."  Again  altered  and  re- 
stored, it  was  re-opened  a^s  a  theatre  in  the  fall 


119 


THE— TOW 


of  1888,  Many  actors  of  merit,  and  some 
eminent  ones  appeared  in  this  building  during 
its  first  years,  among  whom  were  Edwin 
Forrest,  John  E.  Owens,  Mrs.  Barrow,  John 
(lilbert,  Charlotte  Thompson,  Rose  Eytinge, 
Wm.  E.  Burton,  J.  W.  Wallack,  Charlotte 
Cushman,  McKean  Buchanan,  Wm.  Warren, 
Laura  Keane  and  Matilda  Heron.  John 
Wilkes  Booth,  the  assassin  of  Lincoln,  played 
here  in  1863.  Charles  C.  D.  Wilkinson 
managed  the  theatre  for  one  season. 

Music  Hall,  known  after  1873  the 
''Worcester  Theatre,"  was  opened  March  9, 
1869.  A  history  of  this  building  is  given 
under  the  title  Mtisic  Hall  in  the  Dictionary. 
Of  the  celebrities  who  have  appeared  here,  the 
following  are  now  remembered:  Charles  R. 
Thorne,  John  E.  Owens,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Barney  Williams,  Mrs.  J.  B.  Booth,  Wyzeman 
Marshall,  Lester  Wallack,  Joseph  Jefferson, 
Edwin  Booth,  Barry  Sullivan,  Anna  Dickin- 
son, James  E.  Murdock  (readings),  Charles 
Fechter,  Henry  Irving,  E.  A.  Sothern,  Salvini, 
Sarah  Bernhardt,  Mrs.  Langtry,  Lawrence 
Barrett  and  others.  This  building  was  burned 
May  16,  1889. 

The  New  Worcester  Theatre,  Exchange 
street,  on  the  site  of  the  one  destroyed  by  fire, 
is  one  of  the  most  elegant  houses  of  entertain- 
ment in  New  England.  First  class  plays  are 
presented  by  the  best  talent.  Rock  & 
Brooks  are  the  present  managers. 

Theatrical  performances  have  also  been 
given  in  Mechanics  Hall,  in  the  Rink  in 
Bigelow  Garden,  and  in  various  other  places. 
Bristol's  Dime  Museum,  located  in  Washburn 
Hall  for  several  winters,  combined  dramatic 
exhibitions  with  other  attractions.  Private 
theatricals  have  been  rendered  by  amateur 
talent  on  several  occasions;  the  efforts  of  the 
Quinsigamond  Boat  Club  in  producing  such 
travesties  as  "Romeo  and  Juliet,"  "Lord  Bate- 
man,"  and  the  "Talisman"  are  deserving  of 
praise. 

Edmund  Kean,  one  of  the  greatest  lights 
of  the  English  stage,  passed  through  Worces- 
ter on  the  20th  of  December,  1825,  to  Boston, 
where  he  attempted  to  play  on  the  evening  of 
the  2ist,  but  was  prevented  by  riotous  demon- 
strations. He  returned  to  this  town  well 
armed  on  the  22d,  remained  over  night,  and 
departed  for  New  York  on  the  23d. 

Theological  Library. — See  Allen  Library. 

Thief  Detecting  Society.— T/^^  Worces- 
ter Association  for  Mutual  Aid  in  Detecting 


77^^>z/^5  was  formed  Nov.  16,  1795,  ^rid  the 
organization  is  still  maintained. 

Times  (Worcester  Daily).— An  evening 
paper  established  Sept.  i,  1879,  as  a  one 
cent  issue.  The  price  was  advanced  to  two 
cents.  It  was  Democratic  in  politics,  and 
claimed  to  be  the  organ  of  the  workingmen. 
After  more  than  ten  years'  publication  the 
paper  was  purchased  by  the  Prohibitionists, 
who  failed  to  make  a  success,  and  suspended 
its  issue. 

Toboggan  Club.— The  Worcester  To- 
boggan Club  was  organized  in  1886.  The 
slide  is  at  the  Eyrie,  Lake  Quinsigamond. 

Tower  Hill. — The  elevation  on  the  Shrews- 
bury side  of  Lake  Quinsigamond,  north  of  the 
causeway,  offered  to  the  Natural  History 
Society  in  1890  by  Thomas  H.  Dodge,  Esq., 
for  a  girls'  camp. 

Town  Clerks  of  Worcester. — Following 
is  a  list  of  town  clerks  from  1722  to  1848: 


1722. 

Jonas  Rice. 

1723- 

Benjamin  Flagg, 

1724. 

Jonas  Rice. 

1729. 

Zephaniah  Rice. 

1730. 

Benjamin  Flagg. 

1731- 

Jonas  Rice. 

1753- 

Daniel  Heywood. 

1754. 

Timothy  Paine. 

1764. 

John  Chandler. 

1768. 

Clark  Chandler. 

1775- 

Nathan  Baldwin. 

1778. 

William  Stearns. 

1780. 

Nathaniel  Heywood. 

1780. 

Joseph  Allen. 

1781. 

Daniel  Goulding. 

1783- 

William  G.  Maccarty. 

1783- 

Daniel  Goulding. 

1787. 

Theophilus  Wheeler. 

1792. 

Daniel  Goulding. 

1796. 

Leonard  Worcester,  pro  tern. 

1797. 

Daniel  Goulding. 

1800. 

Oliver  Fiske. 

1803. 

Daniel  Goulding. 

1808. 

Enoch  Flagg. 

1816. 

Levi  Heywood. 

1818. 

Benjamin  Chapin. 

1833- 

Samuel  Jennison. 

1836. 

Charles  A.  Hamilton,  who  was  the 

last   town  clerk  to  1848,  and  also  the  first 

city  elerk. 

Previous  to  1787  the  town  clerk  was  also 
clerk  of  the  First  Parish — -in  fact  the  distinction 
between  the  Town  and  Parish  was  not  made 


TOW— TYP 


120 


until  after  the  incorporation  of  the  Second 
Parish.  See  under  Old  South  Church  for  a 
list  of  clerks  of  the  First  Parish  from  1787  to 
the  present  time.    See  also  the  title  City  Clerk. 

Traders'  Protective  League.  —  Was 
formed  in  1892. 

Tramps. — The  number  of  tramps  or  lodgers 
accommodated  at  the  police  station  in  1891 
was  5,146. 

Trinity  Methodist-Episcopal  Church. — 

The  first  incorporated  body  of  Methodists  in 
Worcester  was  organized  February  8,  1834, 
under  the  name  of  The  Methodist- Episcopal 
Society  in  the  Towjt  of  Worcester.  Previous 
to  the  above  date  there  had  been  class  meet- 
ings and  preaching  to  some  extent  for  several 
years.  Joseph  A.  Merrill  was  the  first  minis- 
ter of  the  new  society,  and  he  was,  within  a 
short  time,  succeeded  by  George  Pickering. 
The  Town  Hall  was  the  first  place  of  worship. 
A  lot  at  the  corner  of  Front  and  Spring  streets 
was  offered  for  $600  as  a  site  for  a  building, 
but  funds  were  lacking  and  the  purchase  was 
not  made.  In  1836  Samuel  R.  Jackson  gave 
a  piece  of  land  on  Exchange  street  (the  east 
end  of  which  was  then  called  Columbian 
avenue,  and  the  west  end  at  Main  street. 
Market  street  ;  the  central  portion  not  being 
open  for  travel)  at  the  southeast  corner  of 
Union  street,  and  a  meeting  house  was  built  at 
a  cost  of  $4, 1 50.  It  was  dedicated  and  opened 
for  service  March  8,  1837.  The  situation  was 
unfavorable,  and  the  approaches,  especially  in 
winter  and  wet  weather,  not  pleasant  or  con- 
venient, causing  Father  Taylor  on  one  occa- 
sion to  inquire,  '*  Why  didn't  you  build  your 
meeting  house  in  a  cow-yard  and  done  with 
it  ?  "  February  19,  1844,  this  structure  was 
burned,  and  in  1845  a  new  church  was  erected 
on  Park  street,  south  of  the  Common.  This 
was  of  brick,  72  feet  long  and  50  feet  wide, 
and  cost  rather  more  than  $10,000.  After 
twenty-five  years'  occupation  this  property  was 
sold  to  the  French  Catholics  for  $32,700. 
(See  Catholic  Churches.)  In  1870,  the 
Methodists  purchased  for  $25,000  the  estate 
of  Thomas  H.  Dodge,  at  the  corner  of  Main 
and  Chandler  streets,  and  erected  the  edifice 
known  as  Trinity  Church.  The  corner  stone 
was  laid  July  12,  1870,  and  the  church  dedi- 
cated April  25,  1871.  It  cost  about  $75,000 
in  addition  to  the  land.  The  clock  and  bell 
in  the  tower  were  given  by  citizens  of  Worces- 


ter of  various  religious  denominations.  The 
early  history  of  this  church  is  given  by  Alfred 
S.  Roe  in  his  paper  on  "The  Beginnings  of 
Methodism  in  Worcester,"  printed  in  the 
Proceedings  of  The  Worcester  Society  of 
Antiquity  for  1888. 

Trowbridgeville. — A  village  on  Webster 
street,  near  the  Auburn  line. 

Truant  School. — A  school  for  truants  was 
established  at  the  City  Farm  in  1863,  and  the 
whole  number  sentenced  previous  to  December 
I,  1888,  was  416;  43  were  sentenced  in  1 891. 
"The  aim  of  this  school  is  not  to  reform 
criminals,  but  to  repress  the  tendency  to  crime 
to  which  truancy  leads.  Hence  commitments 
are  made  for  no  cause  but  truancy." 

Trumbull  Square.— Where  Trumbull, 
Franklin,  Green  and  Park  streets  meet.  On 
the  north  side  of  the  square  is  the  Trumbull 
mansion,  which  was  formerly  the  County 
Court  House,  erected  in  175 1.  It  was  moved 
to  its  present  location  from  Court  Hill  in  1801, 
and  the  present  brick  court  house  was  built  in 
its  place  in  1802. 

Trust  Funds. — The  total  amount  of  trust 
funds  held  by  the  city  for  specific  purposes 
November  10,  1891,  was  $302,136.72.  A 
list  of  these  funds  is  here  given,  with  the  date 
of  foundation  and  the  amount  of  each : 

Name.  Date.  Amount. 

Bullock  High  School  Fund,  i860  $  1,534.45 
Hope  Cemetery,  1863  22,838.67. 

Green  Library,  1868  47,516.77 

Lake  Park,  1884  

Dewey  Charity,  1889  2,000.00 

Bancroft  Endowment,         1885  10,278.54 

CITY  HOSPITAL  FUNDS. 

Jaques,  1874  194,558.48 

Curtis,  1876  1,051.86 

Shaw,  1877  2,000.00 

Tenny,  1881  5,000.00 

Salisbury,  1884  3,896.25 

Sargent,  1886  513-94 

Knowles,  1887  8,121.11 

Typewriting  in  Worcester. — Mrs.  Edna 
I.  Tyler  established  the  first  public  type- 
writing office  in  Worcester  on  March  4th, 
1885,  in  Clark's  Main  street  block.  After  re- 
maining there  nearly  six  months,  she  removed 
to  the  Walker  building,  where  tier  head- 
quarters now  are,  with  a  branch  oflice  in  the 
new  Five  Cents  Savings  Bank  building.  Mrs. 


I2J 


TYP— UNI 


Tyler  was  the  first  teacher  of  stenography  in 
this  city,  and  has  been  president  of  the  Wor- 
cester County  Stenographers'  Association. 
She  is  at  present,  by  special  appointment, 
assistant  to  the  stenographer  of  the  Superior 
Court. 

Typewriter  (The  First).  —  The  first 
typewriter  was  invented  by  Charles  Thurber 
of  Worcester  in  1843,  identical 
machine  made  under  his  direction  is  now  in 
the  possession  of  The  Worcester  Society  of 
Antiquity,  presented  by  Herbert  R.  Cum- 
mings.  A  writer  in  the  Charleston  News  and 
Courier  says:  "I  saw  a  few  days  ago  a 
model  of  the  first  writing  machine  made  in 
this  country.  It  is  a  really  amusing  affair  in 
its  very  clumsiness.  It  consists  of  a  wheel 
about  a  foot  in  diameter,  which  turns  hori- 
zontally upon  a  central  pivot;  the  rim  of  the 
wheel  is  bored  with  twenty-five  holes,  in  each 
of  which  is  a  rod  bearing  at  the  top  a  glass 
letter  and  at  the  bottom  a  similar  letter  of 
steel.  The  paper  sheet  is  so  arranged  that  the 
line  to  be  printed  is  under  the  rim  of  this 
wheel,  and  the  letter  wanted  is  swung  into 
place  by  turning  the  wheel;  when  in  place  a 
rod  bearing  it  is  depressed  until  the  steel  type 
or  letter  touches  the  paper.  I  should  say  that 
even  the  fastest  operator  could  not  write  more 
than  half  as  fast  as  a  man  with  a  pen.  Yet  it 
was  a  writing  machme,  and  Thurber  succeeded 
in  getting  people  to  invest  $15,000  in  this 
curious  device."  There  are  no  less  than  fifty 
different  kinds  of  typewriters  at  the  present 
time.  The  above  facts  are  from  the  Phono- 
graphic Magazine. 

Typographical  Union. — Worcester  Typo- 
graphical Union,  No.  165,  was  instituted  in 
1873. 

Typothetae  (Worcester). — An  organiza- 
tion of  master  printers,  organized  May  30, 
1890,  and  which  embraces  in  its  membership 
all  the  principal  job  printing  offices  in  the  city. 
The  local  society  holds  membership  in  the 
United  Typothetae  of  America,  which  has 
branches  in  all  cities  of  importance  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  its  object  being 
'*  to  cultivate  a  just  and  friendly  spirit  among 
the  craft,  for  exchanging  information  and  for 
protecting  and  assisting  each  other  when 
necessary."  Monthly  meetings  are  held  at 
the  offices  of  members. 


Underwriters  (Board  of).— The  Wor- 
cester Board  of  Underwriters  .was  organized 
in  1883. 

Union  Church. — The  Third  Congregational 
Trinitarian  Church  in  Worcester,  formed  in 
1836.  The  first  edifice,  at  the  present  loca- 
tion on  Front  street,  was  dedicated  July  6, 
1836.  It  was  of  brick,  90  feet  in  length  and 
54  in  width.  Granite  steps  extended  nearly 
across  the  front.  The  house  was  twice  re- 
modeled inside,  and  was  entirely  rebuilt  in 
1880.  The  names  of  the  pastors  of  this  church 
appear  under  the  title  Ministers  in  the 
Dictionary. 

Union  for  Concerted  Moral  Effort,  or 

the  U.  C.  ME  Club. — An  organization  of 
similar  character  as  the  Tee-To-Tum  clubs  of 
London  and  New  York.  The  history  of  these 
clubs  has  been  marked  by  phenomenal  growth 
and  success.  The  name  originated  in  London. 
It  has  no  philological  significance,  being  simply 
a  "name  to  conjure  with,"  the  happy  and 
haphazard  invention  of  a  Mr.  Buchanan  of 
London,  who  had  in  mind  the  name  of  a  cer- 
tain kind  of  tea  he  was  then  laboring  to  put 
upon  the  market.  He  conceived  the  idea  of 
organizing  clubs  of  workingmen  who  should 
be  privileged  to  buy  their  tea  at  prices  surpris- 
ingly cheap.  Soon  tea  was  sold  to  non-mem- 
bers of  the  clubs  at  prices  but  slightly  in  ad- 
vance of  those  at  which  club  men  got  it.  To- 
day there  are  nearly  a  dozen  such  clubs  in 
London  with  memberships  varying  from  500 
to  1000. 

The  privileges  of  these  clubs  are,  besides 
the  best  of  food  cooked  in  the  best  manner,  at 
prices  for  which  non-members  can  hardly  get 
the  raw  materials,  billiards  and  other  games, 
concerts  and  a  pavilion  for  dancing,  and  all  at 
an  extremely  moderate  price.  Dancing  has 
not  been  condemned  by  the  religious  people 
of  Great  Britain.  The  clubs  are  uncompromis- 
ing on  the  question  of  beverages.  Nothing 
alcoholic  is  permitted.  It.  should  be  stated 
that  the  clubs  have  no  connection  with  the 
famous  Toynbee  Hall. 

Charles  James  Wills  opened  a  Tee-To-Tum 
in  New  York  lately  with  the  marked  success 
which  seems  to  have  followed  this  movement 
everywhere.  The  supplies  of  food  provided 
gave  out  soon  after  the  club  opened,  and  the 
popularity  of  the  club,  on  a  scale  much  larger 
than  was  anticipated,  was  assured  from  the 


UNI— 


122 


Start.  The  New  York  club  does  not  contem- 
plate concert  or  dancing  halls,  but  is  consider- 
ing billiard  tables  and  a  cigar  counter.  Mr. 
Wills  feels  reasonably  sure  the  patrons  of  the 
Tee-To-Tum  Club  will  smoke,  and  he  sees  no 
good  reason  why  the  club  should  not  sell  a 
really  good  cigar  for  five  cents,  instead  of 
leaving  the  members  to  pay  that  amount  for 
dried  cabbage  leaf.  The  New  York  club  pro- 
fesses two  objects:  To  furnish  nutritious  food 
at  a  cost  for  which,  ordinarily,  one  could  pur- 
chase only  the  raw  materials,  and  at  the  same 
lime  educate  and  wean  its  patrons  away  from 
unnutritious  food. 

Another  arrangement  which  the  New  York 
club  plans  is  the  refunding,  at  the  end  of  a 
year,  of  5  per  cent,  of  the  purchases.  Each 
family  that  is  a  regular  customer,  makes  in  the 
shape  of  a  bank  account.  A  coal  club  is  pro- 
posed. Its  members  will  be  charged  twenty- 
five  cents  a  week,  which  will  entitle  them  to 
coal  enough  for  a  week,  with  a  box  to  put  it 
in.  The  same  5  per  cent,  rebate,  in  the  form 
of  a  bank  account  at  the  end  of  the  year,  is 
proposed. 

The  subject  of  the  formation  of  a  U.  C.  ME 
Club  in  Worcester  was  introduced  by  Walter 
Vrooman  in  August,  1892.  The  purpose  was 
approved  by  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  and  other  or- 
ganizations,and  Mr.  H.  H.  Bigelow  having 
tendered  the  free  use  of  the  Rink,  the  club 
was  established  there  in  September,  with  a 
great  variety  of  attractions  for  the  class  it  was 
intended  to  benefit.  The  nature  of  some  of 
these  attractions  was  considered  too  secular 
and  worldly  by  a  portion  of  the  religious 
people,  and  the  club  did  not  receive  the  sup- 
port of  the  evangelical  societies  of  the  city. 
After  a  trial  of  two  or  three  months  the  move- 
ment was  admitted  to  be  a  failure,  and  the 
Rink  was  closed.  A  financial  deficit  of  some 
magnitude  remained,  which  was  the  cause  of 
annoyance  and  unpleasant  consequences  to  the 
founder,  whose  good  intentions  received  little 
praise  or  reward.  Probably  the  "universal 
brotherhood"  idea  which  was  prominent  in  the 
Worcester  movement,  was  one  of  the  principal 
causes  of  the  failure,  as  distinctions  and  differ- 
ences among  mankind  and  all  nature  seem  to 
be  the  results  of  the  development  from  the 
lowest  to  the  higher  organizations,  and  all  at- 
tempts to  reduce  to  sameness  operate  against 
an  inevitable  law. 

Union  iPassenger  Station.— See  Rail- 
road Stations. 


Union  Hill. — The  elevation  nearly  south 
of  the  Union  Passenger  Station,  to  the  summit 
of  which  Providence  street  is  the  leading 
avenue.  At  the  top  of  the  hill  are  located  the 
grounds  and  buildings  of  the  Worcester 
Academy.  Union  Hill  is  the  northern  end  of 
the  high  ridge  known  as  Sagatabscot  Hill 
(which  see).  Mahy  years  ago  real  estate 
operations  were  begun  here  by  David  T. 
Brigham,  who  opened  and  kept  for  a  time  the 
Worcester  House  on  Main  street,  (See  Old 
Hotels. )  A  few  years  after  Brigham's  venture 
John  Y .  Pond  came  into  possession  of  a  large 
tract  on  Union  Hill  and  laid  out  many  streets 
and  made  other  improvements. 

Unitarian  Churches.— The  first  Unitarian 
or  Second  Congregational  Church  in  Worces- 
ter was  formed  in  March,  1785  ;  and  the 
parish  was  incorporated  November  13,  1787. 
"  After  this  act  of  the  Legislature,  the  First 
Parish  had  a  legal  existence  separate  from  the 
municipal  incorporation,  and  the  support  of 
worship  was  provided  for,  not  by  a  general 
meeting  of  the  inhabitants,  but  in  parochial 
meetings.  The  Second  Parish  was  the  first 
example  of  a  poll  parish  in  any  inland  town  of 
the  Commonwealth,  and  it  was  regarded  as  a 
bold  innovation  on  the  usages  of  the  times." 
Aaron  Bancroft  was  the  first  minister  till  1839. 
(See  Ministers.^  The  church  worshipped 
seven  years  in  the  Court  House,  and  occupied 
its  own  house  on  Summer  street,  January  i, 
1792,  and  continued  there  till  1829.  This 
building  was  afterwards  used  for  many  years 
as  a  school  house,  and  has  within  a  year  or 
two  been  sold  by  the  city.  A  new  church 
building  was  erected  on  Court  Hill  in  1828-9, 
and  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1849.  The 
present  structure,  built  on  the  same  site,  was 
dedicated  March  26,  185 1.  It  cost  about 
$25,000. 

The  Second  Unitarian  Church,  known  as 
the  CJinrch  of  the  Cnity,  was  organized  in 
1845.  The  name  was  suggested  by  J.  Henry 
Hill.  The  house  on  Elm  street  was  dedicated 
April  28,  1846.  This  has  been  altered  and 
enlarged.  Edward  Everett  Hale  was  the 
first  pastor.    (See  A/iitisters.) 

The  Sotith  Unitarian  Church,  877  Main 
street,  was  formed  in  1890. 

United  Order  of  Equity. — Brunswick 
Lodge,  No.  3,  formed  in  1889;  Worcester 
Lodge  is  more  recent. 


UNI— WAG 


United  Friends  (Order  of). — A  mutual 
benefit  order  for  assistance  in  sickness  or  mis- 
fortune, and  an  insurance  in  case  of  death. 
Harmony  Council,  No.  8,  was  organized  in 
Worcester  in  i88i. 

Universalist  Churches. — There  are  two 
Universalist  churches  in  Worcester:  The 
First,  organized  in  1 84 1,  for  many  years 
worshipped  in  the  building  at  the  corner  of 
Main  and  Foster  streets,  which  was  erected 
for  the  use  of  the  society  in  1843.  In  1865 
the  society  purchased  of  Healy  Baker  the  lot 
of  land  on  Pleasant  street,  10,800  feet,  where 
the  present  church  edifice  now  stands,  for  the 
sum  of  $6,250.  The  building  was  completed 
in  1871,  and  dedicated  June  28th  of  that 
year.  The  cost  of  the  building,  including 
organ,  furniture,  etc.,  was  $63,310.  The 
names  of  the  pastors  appear  in  the  article  on 
Ministers. 

All  Souls  Church,  Kilby  street,  was  formed 
in  1884,  and  Rev.  Frederic  W.  Bailey  was 
the  first  minister.  The  succeeding  pastor.  Rev. 
Francis  A.  Gray,  settled  in  1889  and  resigned 
in  1893. 

The  Adams  Square  Universalist  Sunday 
School  was  organized  in  1891,  and  meets  Sun- 
day afternoons  at  3.30  at  185  Lincoln  street. 

Probably  the  first  Universalist  meeting  in 
Worcester  was  held  in  the  Town  Hall,  January 
27,  1834,  when  Rev.  Lucius  R.  Paige,  the 
well-known  historian  of  Gambridge  and  Hard- 
wick,  preachjed.  October  22  of  the  same  year, 
Rev.  Thomas  Jefferson  Greenwood,  the 
Universalist  minister  of  Marlborough,  held  a 
meeting  in  the  Town  Hall. 

University. — See  Clark  University. 

University  Park. — The  public  ground  on 
Main  street,  opposite  Glark  University,  opened 
in  1887.  The  first  portion  purchased  cost 
$21,000.  In  April,  1889,  an  addition  of  five 
acres  was  added  at  an  expense  of  $40,873.30. 
Of  this,  200,377  feet  belonged  to  Alonzo 
Whitcomb,  for  which  he  was  paid  $37,500, 
or  about  1 8|  cents  per  foot.  This  piece  has 
a  frontage  on  Main  street  of  148  feet  and  runs 
back  along  Crystal  street.  11,261  feet 
between  the  Whitcomb  lot  and  Gates  street 
(known  as  the  Pickford  or  Leland  lot j  was 
also  purchased  for  $3,378.30.  Ghairman 
Edward  W.  Lincoln  of  the  Parks-Gommis- 
sioners  dissented  from  a  majority  of  his  col- 
leagues in  voting  to  purchase  the  Whitcomb 


and  Pickford  or  Leland  tracts.  The  original 
part  was  first  called  Grystal  Park  from  Grystal 
street,  which  had  its  name  from  Simon  S. 
Gates,  who  formerly  owned  the  large  farm 
through  which  the  street  was  laid  out,  and 
who  removed  to  Grystal  Lake  in  the  state  of 
Illinois.    He  also  named  Illinois  street. 

Valley  Falls. — A  village  on  Leicester 
street,  near  the  Leicester  line. 


Valuation. — The  assessed  valuation  of  Wor- 
cester, May  I,  1892,  was  $81,213,482.  The 
valuation  and  rate  of  taxation  from  1884  to 


to  1891 

are  given  below : 

YEAR. 

VALUATION. 

TAX  per  $1000. 

1884 
1885 

$50,773,475 

$16.60 

52,714,391 

18.00 

1886 

54,566,389 

18.00 

1887 

59,465,575 

17.00 

1888 

64,551,736 

16.00 

1889 

69,429,871 

16.00 

1890 

73,531,060 

15.60 

189I 

77,635,908 

14.60 

The  property  exempt  from  taxation  in  1891 
amounted  to  $3,568,900.  The  wealth  of 
Worcester  can  be  estimated  at  $125,000,000. 


Vermont   (Sons  and  Daughters  of). — 

An  association  of  natives  of  the  Green  Moun- 
tain State  and  their  families,  formed  in  1873. 
Hon.  Glark  Jillson  was  the  first  president. 

Viaduct  (The). — The  elevated  railway 
crossing  Front  and  Mechanic  streets,  near  the 
Union  Station,  which  connects  the  Boston  & 
Albany  Railroad  with  the  tracks  of  the  northern 
roads.    It  was  completed  in  1876. 

Victoria  Associates. — This  association 
was  formed  in  1888. 

Wachusett  Club.— See  Boat  Clubs. 

Wachusett  Mountain. -The  highest  eleva- 
tion of  land  in  Worcester  county,  situated  in 
the  town  of  Princeton,  near  the  Westminster 
line.  "  This  isolated  eminence  lifts  itself 
grandly  in  the  northerly  part  of  the  town  to 
the  commanding  height  of  2,480  feet  above 
sea  level.  The  ascent  to  the  summit  is  gradual, 
through  a  growth  of  timber,  diminishing  in 
size.  On  the  top  of  the  mountain  there  is  a 
good  hotel,  the  Summit  House ;  and  an  ob- 
servatory which  commands  on  every  side  a 
most  magnificent  prospect.  Almost  the  whole 
of  Massachusetts,  with  its  varied  scenery  of 


WAC— WHI 


124 


mountain,  woodland,  town  and  village,  lake 
and  river,  seems  to  spread  itself  as  on  a  map 
beneath  the  observer's  eye." 

On  the  evening  of  the  4th  of  March,  1825, 
an  immense  bonfire  was  built  on  the  summit, 
and  the  mountain  re-christened  Mount  Adains^ 
in  honor  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  who  was 
that  day  inaugurated  president  of  the  United 
States.  A  hotel  called  the  Adams  House  was 
opened  soon  after.  But  the  name  was  never 
popular,  soon  fell  into  disuse,  and  is  now  for- 
gotten, while  the  Indian  name,  which  signifies 
"Mountain  Place,"  remains. 

The  story  of  Lucy  Keyes^;  the  lost  child  of 
Wachusett  Mountain,  has  several  times  been 
written.  This  little  girl,  five  years  of  age, 
strayed  from  her  home  in  the  year  1755,  and 
although  diligent  search  was  made,  was  never 
found.  It  came  to  be  believed,  many  years 
afterwards,  that  the  child  was  murdered  by  a 
neighbor,  who  had  had  some  differences  with 
her  father,  and  that  on  his  death  bed  he  con- 
fessed the  deed.  Mr.  Francis  E.  Blake  of 
Boston  has  taken  pains  to  investigate  the 
matter  and  finds  little  foundation  for  the  idea 
of  murder.  He  has  given  the  result  of  his  re- 
search in  a  recently  printed  pamphlet. 

The  mountain  is  easy  of  access  from  Wor- 
cester by  the  Fitchburg  Railroad. 

Wards. — The  city  is  divided  into  eight 
wards,  the  boundary  lines  of  which  radiate 
from  the  center  like  the  spokes  of  a  wheel. 
The  City  Hall  is  assumed  as  the  central  point 
and  the  wards  are  situated  as  follows:  WkVd 
I,  north;  Ward  2,  northeast;  Ward  3,  east; 
Ward  4,  southeast;  Ward  5,  south;  Ward 
6,  southwest;  Ward  7,  west;  Ward  8,  north- 
west. 

For  convenience  in  voting  the  wards  are 
divided  into  precincts  or  polling  places,  and 
the  number  in  each  ward  is  here  given:  Ward 
I,  two  precincts;  Ward  2,  three;  Ward  3, 
two;  Ward  4,  two;  Ward  5,  three;  Ward  6, 
two;  Ward  7,  three;  Ward  8,  three. 

Washburn  Hall. — The  lower  audience 
room  in  Mechanics  Hall  building,  named  in 
honor  of  Ichabod  Washburn.  Its  seating 
capacity  is  552. 

Washington  Club. — The  oldest  social 
club  in  existence  in  Worcester  at  the  present 
time.  It  was  formed  at  the  Waldo  House, 
December  19,  1865,  and  for  about  twenty 
years  occupied  rooms  in  Clark's  block,  now 


known  as  the  Walker  building.  Its  present 
quarters  are  at  38  Front  street.  The  member- 
ship numbers  less  than  one  hundred.  It  has 
never  been  incorporated. 

Washington  Social  Club. — See  Irish 
Societies. 

Washington  Square. — At  the  east  end 
of  Front  street,  where  Summer,  Mechanic, 
Grafton  and  Shrewsbury  streets  center.  The 
Union  Passenger  Station  is  located  on  the  east 
side,  between  Grafton  and  Shrewsbury  streets, 
and  at  a  short  distance,  on  Shrewsbury  street, 
is  the  station  of  the  Shrewsbury  Railroad. 
Street  cars  go  from  the  square  to  points  north 
and  south  on  Main  street,  to  the  west  side 
through  Pleasant  street,  and  to  Lake  Quinsiga- 
mond.  The  square  received  its  name  about 
1828,  the  time  the  Blackstone  Canal  was 
opened. 

Waterworks. — The  cost  of  Worcester's 
water  system  has  been  to  February,  1893, 
$2,486,061.63.  There  are  three  sources  of 
supply,  Lynde  Brook  reservoir,  high  and  low 
service,  and  Holden  reservoir  (Tathuck 
Brook),  low  service.  From  the  first  there  is 
a  16-inch  main  with  a  pressure  of  160  pounds 
at  the  City  Hall.  Low  pressure  comes  from 
Hunt's  reservoir,  which  is  supplied  by  Lynde 
Brook  reservoir  by  a  16-inch  main.  Low  pres- 
sure from  Holden  reservoir  is  conveyed  by  a 
24-inch  main.  The  storage  capacity  is  as  fol- 
lows: Bell  .Pond,  30,000,000  gallons;  Lynde 
Brook  reservoir,  680,000,-000  gallons;  Hol- 
den reservoir,  900,000,000  gallons,  and  Hunt's 
on  Leicester  street,  3.000,000.  The  number 
of  miles  of  street  mains  is  127  3-4.  The  daily 
consumption  of  water  is  estimated  at  5,634,- 
365  gallons,  or  65  gallons  for  each  consumer 

Wealth. — See  Valuation. 

Weasle  Brook. — A  tributary  of  Mill  Brook 
in  the  north  part  of  the  city. 

Webster  Square. — At  New  Worcester- 
From  this  point  Main,  Leicester,  Webster  and 
Cambridge  streets  diverge.  The  square  was 
named  about  the  time  the  horse  railroad  was 
started  in  1863.  A  marble  fountain  has  been 
erected  and  other  improvements  made  within 
the  past  two  or  three  years. 

Whipping  Post. — The  stocks,  pillory  and 
whipping  post  were  familiar  objects  on  Court 
Hill  a  hundred  years  ago.    The  stocks  were  at 


125 


vvm— woR  , 


one  time  in  the  meeting-house  "under  the 
stairs."  Whipping  for  minor  offenses  was 
•common.  The  notorious  Stephen  Burroughs, 
tried  in  Worcester  in  1791,  was  sentenced  to 
receive  117  stripes  on  the  naked  back,  to 
:stand  two  hours  in  the  pillory  and  to  sit  one 
hour  on  the  gallows  with  a  rope  around  his 
neck.  He  escaped  before  all  the  punishment 
had  been  inflicted.  Oftenders  were  sometimes 
whipped  in'court  in  the  presence  of  the  judges, 
as  the  records  testify.  A  woman  was  sen- 
tenced to  receive  a  public  whipping  in  Wor- 
cester about  the  beginning  of  this  century. 
Sheriff  Caldwell,  a  humane  man,  disappointed 
the  crowd  that  had  assembled  in  expectation 
•of  witnessing  the  spectacle,  by  saying  that  the 
sentence  did  not  specify  ivhen  the  whipping 
ishould  be  administered.  After  the  gathering 
had  dispersed  he  carried  out  the  order  of  the 
court  by  laying  the  lash  lightly  the  specified 
number  of  times  over  the  shoulders  of  the  cul- 
prit, and  dismissed  her  with  the  injunction  to 
sin  no  more.  This  was  the  last  case  of  the 
kind.  Criminals  frequently  had  their  ears 
•cropped  for  offenses,  as  late  as  1790.  In  181 1 
a  man  was  exposed  in  the  pillory  on  Court 
Hill  for  blasphemy.  Whipping  appears  to  be 
a  very  efficient  method  of  reducing  crime,  yet 
it  is  spoken  of  by  a  certain  class  of  sentiment- 
alists as  "brutalizing."  The  governor  of 
Delaware,  where  whipping  is  common,  re- 
cently stated  that  criminals  rarely  appear  there 
for  punishment  a  second  time — they  either  be- 
have after  the  infliction,  or  leave  the  state. 

Wigwam  Hill, — The  high  elevation  near 
the  head  of  Lake  Quinsigamond  and  on  its 
western  shore.  The  summit  and  eastern  slope 
•of  this  hill  are  owned  by  the  Natural  History 
Society,  and  come  within  the  bounds  of  Nat- 
ural History  Park.  A  fine  view  of  the  whole 
length  of  the  lake  may  be  had  from  the  top, 
and  this  view  S.  P.  R.  Triscott  has  preserved 
in  an  oil  painting  owned  by  The  Worcester  So- 
ciety of  Antiquity. 

Winsor  Club. — A  social  club  of  young 
cnen  formed  in  1889. 

Winter  Hill.— A  high  elevation  in  the 
north  part  of  the  city. 

Woman's  Club  (Worcester). — Organ- 
ized in  1880.  The  constitution  has  the  fol- 
lowing preamble:  "We,  women  of  Worces- 
ter and  vicinity,  feeling  the  necessity  which 


the  present  and  prospective  status  of  women 
imposes  upon  us,  of  informing  ourselves  more 
fully,  not  only  upon  subjects  of  general  inter- 
est, but  also  upon  the  more  important  special 
questions  which  are  now  pressing  upon  all 
people  everywhere  for  a  just  solution,  be- 
cause involving  the  welfare  of  humanity,  do 
agree  to  form  ourselves  into  an  association  for 
the  prosecution  and  accomplishment  of  the 
above-named  purpose."  The  club  meets 
twice  each  month  for  discussion,  or  to  listen 
to  lectures  upon  subjects  of  interest  to  the 
members. 

Woman's  Suffra-ge.  —  The  Worcester 
Suffrage  League  was  organized  in  1886. 

Worcester. — "The  name  Worcester  is  said 
to  have  been  derived  from  the  Saxon  Wegera- 
ceaster,  meaning  war  castle,  and  descriptive 
of  the  military  character  of  the  place  (in  Eng- 
land) to  which  it  was  originally  applied  by  the 
martial  clans  of  remote  antiquity." — Lincoln'' s 
History. 

Worcester  History. — See  Early  History, 
and  Military  History.  A  large  portion  of  the 
Dictionary  is  devoted  to  matters  of  Worcester 
history  in  detail. 

Worcester  Indexed  Information. — The 

compiler  of  this  Dictionary  has  given  much  ef- 
fort during  the  past  fifteen  years  to  perfecting 
a  plan  for  rendering  the  original  and  particu- 
lar sources  of  Worcester  history,  and  all  mat- 
ters of  fact  relating  to  the  place,  accessible  and 
available  for  quick  reference,  by  a  system  of 
minute  indexes  in  connection  with  the  compila- 
tion and  arrangement  of  a  large  mass  of  in- 
formation and  data  in  convenient  printed  form 
comprised  in  the  following  publications : 

The  Worcester  Book,  a  Diary  of  Noteworthy 
Events  from  1667  to  1883. 

Proprietary  Records  of  Worcester,  1 667-1 788. 

Worcester  Town  Records,  1 722-1848,  in  six 
volumes.    (The  fifth  now  in  press.) 

Worcester  Births,  Marriages  and  Deaths  to 
January  i,  1849.    (Now  printing.) 

Dictionary  of  Worcester  and  its 
Vicinity. 

Worcester  Annals.    (In  preparation.) 

Worcester  Academy. — In  1832  "a  few- 
individuals  desirous  of  founding  an  institution 
for  education,  under  the  patronage  of  the  Bap- 
tist denomination,"  raised  a  fund  of  $5,000, 
and   in  November  of  that  year  "a  tract  of 


^  WOR— 


126 


twenty-nine  acres  of  land  was  purchased  at 
the  price  of  $75  the  acre,  and  another  lot  of 
thirty-one  acres  at  $65  the  acre — $4,200  in 
all — about  half  a  mile  south  of  the  village. 
Buildings  were  erected  in  1833,  and  on  the 
28th  of  February,  1834,  the  institution  was  in- 
corporated under  the  name  of  the  Wor- 
cester Manual  Labor  High  School."  The 
buildings  were  located  on  Main  street,  nearly 
opposite  the  Piedmont  Church.  The  original 
design  was  to  furnish,  in  connection  with  a 
course  of  study,  such  employment  as  w^ould 
enable  the  students  to  defray  some  part  of 
their  expenses,  but  this  was  never  successfully 
demonstrated.  The  first  principal  of  the 
school  was  Silas  Bailey;  and  Isaac  Davis  was 
the  first  president  of  the  board  of  trustees,  and 
served  in  that  capacity  for  nearly  fifty  years. 
The  first  board  of  trustees  was  composed  of 
the  following  gentlemen:  Otis  Corbett, 
secretary;  Ichabod  Washburn,  treasurer ;  Isaac 
Davis,  Rev.  Abiel  Fisher,  Joseph  White,  Rev. 
Otis  Converse,  Rev.  Frederick  A.  Willard, 
Stephen  Salisbury,  Edward  Phillips,  Samuel 
D.  Spurr,  Perley  Goddard,  Daniel  Goddard, 
Joseph  Converse  and  Joshua  T.  Everett. 
Joel  Marble  was  the  first  steward,  and  his  son, 
Manton  Marble,  the  well  known  New  York 
editor  and  politician,  was  born  at  the  school. 

Hard  pressed  for  funds  the  trustees  in  Janu- 
ary, 1837,  petitioned  the  Legislature  for  pecun- 
iary aid,  and  in  response  an  elaborate  report 
was  made  by  Hon.  Myron  Lawrence,  com- 
mending the  plan  and  purposes  of  the  school, 
but  not  recommending  an  appropriation.  For 
the  next  fifteen  years  the  school  was  main- 
tained under  great  pecuniary  difficulties.  The 
manual  labor  feature  was  gradually  aban- 
doned, and  in  1846  the  name  was  changed  t-o 
Worcester  Academy.  The  sale  of  a  portion  of  the 
land  afiforded  such  relief  that  a  new  street  laid 
through  the  tract  disposed  of  was  called  Benefit 
street.  Succeeding  principals  to  1870  were 
Nelson  Wheeler,  Eli  Thayer,  Charles  C.  Bur- 
nett, Rev.  E.  J.  Avery,  William  S.  Greene, 
Harrah  J.  Reynolds,  James  R.  Stone,  A.  P. 
S.  Stuart,  Albert  P.  Marble  and  WilHam  C. 
Poland. 

About  the  year  1850  the  trustees  disposed 
of  the  buildings  and  land  on  Main  street,  and 
in  1854  the  institution  was  removed  to  the  old 
Antiquarian  Hall  building,  at  the  corner  of 
Summer  and  Belmont  streets.  The  sale  of 
the  south  end  property  paid  for  this  building 
and    gave    a    fund   of  $25,000,    the  in- 


come of  which,  and  the  use  of  the  building, 
was  given  the  principal  in  lieu  of  a  salary.  It 
was  while  Mr.  Marble  was  in  charge  that  an 
effort  was  made,  influenced  by  Rev.  David 
Weston,  pastor  of  the  Second  Baptist  Church 
in  Worcester,  to  abolish  the  Academy  and 
give  the  entire  fund  and  proceeds  to  the  New- 
ton Theological  Institution  to  found  a  profes- 
sorship there.  The  project  was  favored  by 
the  president  and  others,  but  was  effectively 
resisted  before  the  Legislature.  In  1869  the 
old  medical  college  building  and  grounds  on 
Providence  street  were  purchased  for  $40,000, 
and  since  that  time  the  Academy  has  been  lo- 
cated at  that  place. 

The  institution  is  now  on  a  good  financial 
basis,  and  possesses  in  real  estate  and  invested 
funds  a  property  valued  at  $450,000.  Hon. 
Isaac  Davis  was  a  large  benefactor,  and  Hon. 
Joseph  H.  Walker,  who  succeeded  as  presi- 
dent, has  been  a  generous  friend,  while  many 
others  have  aided  to  bring  the  school  to  its 
present  condition.  The  Academy  is  under 
the  control  of  a  board  of  nineteen  trustees, 
and  the  faculty  numbers  eleven.  Daniel  W. 
Abercrombie  is  the  principal.  Formerly  both 
sexes  were  instructed,  but  it  is  now  a  school 
for  boys.  There  are  three  courses  of  instruc- 
tion— a  college  preparatory,  a  scientific,  and  a 
special  scientific  in  preparation  for  the  Wor- 
cester Polytechnic  Institute.  On  one  of  the 
highest  eminences  in  this  city  its  group  of 
buildings  of  fine  architectural  proportions  has 
a  commanding  view  of  the  surrounding 
country.  The  old  college  building  has  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Davis  Hall,  and  the  new 
school  building,  which  cost  over  $70,000,  and 
was  dedicated  Feb.  17,  1890,  is  known  as 
Walker  Hall.  Dexter  Hall,  the  new-  dormi- 
tory, was  opened  in  September,  1892,  and 
Adams  Hall,  used  as  a  dining  hall,  was  com- 
pleted at  the  same  time. 

Worcester  Boat  Club.— See  Boat  Clubs. 

Worcester  Agricultural  Society  (The). 

This  society  was  organized  in  181 7  and  incor- 
porated in  1818.  For  many  years  the  annual 
exhibitions  or  cattle  shows  were  held  on  the 
Common,  with  the  plowing  matches  in  Salem 
square.  These  were  great  occasions  fifty  or  sixty 
years  ago,  and  brought  together  a  large  assem- 
blage of  the  inhabitants  of  the  surrounding 
country.  Generally  some  distinguished  states- 
man or  orator  attended  and  favoredthe  gather- 


127 


WOR— 


ing  with  an  address.  In  1826  President  John 
Quincy  Adams  attended  the  cattle  show,  and 
remained  three  days  the  guest  of  Gov.  Lin- 
cohi.  In  1829  150  yoke  of  cattle  were  driven 
through  Main  street,  and  Harrison,  Gray, 
Otis  and  Edward  Everett  made  speeches  at 
the  dinner.  Sometimes,  as  in  late  years, 
other  attractions  were  secured  which  made  the 
show  the  event  of  the  year. 

In  1853  the  society  purchased  seven  acres 
of  land  on  Highland  street,  and  the  next  year 
erected  a  spacious  hall.  Later  the  tract  was 
increased  to  about  twenty-five  acres,  now 
bounded  by  Sever,  Highland,  Agricultural  and 
Cedar  streets.  These  grounds  are  still  used 
for  the  purposes  of  the  society,  though  the 
value  of  the  land  is  many  times  the  price 
given.  Probably  the  society  will  in  the  near 
future  dispose  of  this  tract  and  remove  to 
some  other  locality.  A  half  mile  track  affords 
good  accommodations  for  trotting.  Base  ball 
and  other  games  and  exhibitions  are  often 
held  here.  The  managers  of  the  New  Eng- 
land Fair  have  generally,  during  the  last  fifteen 
years,  selected  Worcester  as  their  place  of  ex- 
hibition on  account  of  the  facilities  offered 
here.  Street  cars  go  to  the  fair  grounds  from 
Main  street  or  the  Union  Station  via  Pleasant, 
West  and  Cedar  streets;  also  from  Lincoln 
square  through  Salisbury,  Boynton  and  High- 
land streets. 

The  American  "Cattle  Show,"  or  Agricul- 
tural Fair,  originated  with  Elkanah  Watson, 
and  the  first  one  held  was  in  Pittsfield,  Mass., 
in  1 8 10.  Mr.  Watson  was  the  owner  of  the 
first  pair  of  Merino  sheep  introduced  into  Mas- 
sachusetts, of  which  he  announced  a  public 
exhibition.  He  says  that  "many  farmers  and 
even  females"  were  attracted  by  the  novelty, 
and  "from  this  lucky  incident  I  reasoned  thus : 
If  two  animals  are  capable  of  exciting  so  much 
attention,  what  would  be  the  effect  of  a  dis- 
play, on  a  larger  scale,  of  different  animals?" 
The  result  was  the  Berkshire  Agricultural  So- 
ciety, and  the  first  cattle  show  in  New  Eng- 
land. Afterward  he  removed  to  New  York, 
and  organized  the  first  agricultural  society  in 
that  state. 

Worcester  Board  of  Trade. — The  orig- 
inal movement  to  form  the  present  Board  of 
Trade  began  with  the  issuing  of  a  circular  call- 
ing a  meeting  of  business  men  at  the  Bay 
State  House  on  Dec.  15,  1873, and  in  response 
a  large  number  gathered  at  that  time.  Among 


those  present  and  participating  were:  Hon. 
Edward  L.  Davis,  then  mayor-elect;  Lewis 
Barnard,  George  T.  Rice,  A.  D.  VVarner,  O. 
L.  Hatch,  Sunmer  Pratt,  L.  H.  Wells,  J.  A. 
Knowlton,  E.  H.  Knowlton,  T.  W.  Welling- 
ton, C.  B.  Pratt,  G.  Henry  Whitcomb,  Jerome 
Marble  and  Jerome  Wheelock.  A.  D.  War- 
ren called  to  order;  Hon.  Edward  L.  Davis 
was  elected  chairman  and  E.  H.  Knowltor^ 
secretary. 

In  the  discussion  the  failure  of  a  similar  ef- 
fort made  a  few  years  before  was  mentioned, 
and  it  was  hoped  that  this  effort  would  suc- 
ceed. The  meeting  finally  referred  the  whole 
subject  to  a  committee  to  report  at  a  future 
meeting,  which  was  held  in  Washburn  Hall, 
Jan.  2,  1874.  Hon.  George  M.  Rice  was  chair- 
man of  this  meeting,  and  a  constitution  was 
adopted  with  a  preamble  as  follows,  giving  the 
purpose  of  the  organization:  "To  promote 
the  business  interests  of  the  city  of  Worcester 
and  vjcinity,  and  to  secure  the  advantages 
which  the  city  offers^to  trade  and  manufactures, 
as  well  as  to  cultivate  a  more  intimate  and 
friendly  acquaintance  among  the  business 
men  of  the  city." 

The  name  adopted  was  The  Worcester Busi- 
jiess  Exchange,  and  officers  were  elected  as 
follows:  President,  Philip  L.  Moen;  vice- 
presidents,  L.  J.  Knowles,  Lewis  Barnard  and 
George  T.  Rice;  treasurer,  Charles  B.  Whit- 
ing; directors,  Sumner  Pratt,  T.  W.  Welling- 
ton, E.  L.  Davis,  George  M.  Rice,  Jerome 
Wheelock,  A.  D.  Warren,  L.  W.  Pond,  E. 
T.  Marble,  Edward  Sargent,  Edward  R. 
Fiske,  Charles  H.  Fitch,  J.  H.  Walker,  John 
D.  Chollar,  George  L.  Newton,  John  D. 
Washburn,  L.  M.  Richardson,  Mowry  Lap- 
ham,  Addison  Palmer,  C.  M.  Smith  and  Sam- 
uel Woodward.  Rooms  on  Pearl  street  were 
formally  opened  March  3,  1874.  The  occa- 
sion was  celebrated  by  a  dinner  at  the  Bay 
State  House,  at  which  President  Moen  pre- 
sided, and  speeches  were  made  by  Mayor 
Davis,  Dr.  George  B.  Loring,  Hon.  George 
F.  Verry,  Secretary  Little  of  the  Providence 
Board  of  Trade,  President  Stevens  of  the 
Concord  (N.  H.)  Board  of  Trade,  Hon.  John 
D.  Washburn,  Hon.  W.  W.  Rice  and  Hon. 
Henry  Chapin.. 

The  admission  fee  was  fixed  at  $5  and  the 
annual  dues  $3,  soon  raised  to  $10.  In  No- 
vember, 1874,  the  name  was  changed  to  the 
Worcester  Board  of  Trade.  The  Board  was 
incorporated  May  14,    1875.    In  February, 


WOR— 


28 


1877,  rooms  in  Taylor's  building  were  ded- 
icated. Succeeding  presidents  were:  Sum- 
ner Pratt,  1875;  L.  J.  Knowles,  1876-77; 
Joseph  H.  Walker,  1878.  Meetings  were 
held  in  1878,  but  no  quorum  could  be  ob- 
tained in  1879  and  1880.  The  secretary's 
records  for  the  first  period  of  the  Board's  ex- 
istence closed  March  19,  1880. 

In  the  summer  of  1891  a  number  of  gentlemen 
interested  themselves  in  a  project  for  the  form- 
ation of  a  board  of  trade,  but  on  investigat- 
ing the  matter,  found  that  the  old  charter  is- 
sued in  1875  was  still  in  force.  It  was  de- 
cided that  the  best  method  would  be  to  revive 
the  old  Board  and  unite  the  new  movement 
with  it.  A  paper  to  support  the  new  enter- 
prise was  signed  by  327  names. 

Accordingly  a  meeting  of  the  old  Board  was 
held  in  the  Common  Council  chamber  October 
15,  1891,  at  which  the  amalgamation  was  ex- 
plained, and  on  October  22,  the  327  who  had 
signed  the  agreement  to  form  a  new  organi- 
zation were  elected  members  of  the  old  body. 
November  5  at  Washburn  Hall  a  new  board  of 
directors  was  elected.  November  9,  the  new 
Board  organized  with  C.  Henry  Hutchins  as 
president  and  A.  M.  Stone  and  P.  W.  Moen 
as  vice-presidents. 

The  upper  story  of  Bank  block  on  Foster 
street,  formerly  occupied  by  the  Natural  His- 
tory Society,  was  secured  as  quarters,  and 
fitted  up  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  Board 
of  Trade,  as  "a  place  for  friendly  and  social 
meetings  of  the  business  men  '  of  Worcester." 

The  entrance  fee  is  $10,  the  annual  dues 
$5.  The  Board  has  now  a  membership  of  362. 

Worcester  Club  (The.) — Organized  in 
March,  1888,  for  social  purposes  distinctively, 
with  a  membership  of  118,  comprising  some  of 
the  most  prominent  and  highly  respected  citi- 
zens of  Worcester.  The  elegant  dwelling  of 
the  late  Hon.  Isaac  Davis,  at  59  Elm  street, 
was  purchased  and  refitted,  making  one  of  the 
best  club  houses  in  the  country,  perfect  in  its 
appointments.  The  following  board  of  officers 
was  elected:  President,  Hon.  George  F. 
Hoar;  vice-presidents,  Hon.  John  D.  Wash- 
burn, Col.  W.  S.  B.  Hopkins,  Col.  A.  George 
Bullock,  Waldo  Lincoln;  secretary,  Charles 
F.  Aldrich;  treasurer,  James  P.  Hamilton; 
directors,  L.  N.  Kinnicutt,  J.  E.  Davis,  Leon- 
ard Wheeler,  Chas.  A.  Chase,  Joseph  Sar- 
gent, F.  H.  Dewey,  W.  E.  Cutter,  R.  W. 
Greene.  The  membership  is  now  limited  to 
150.    Col.  A.  G.  Bullock  is  president. 


Worcester  Society  of  Antiquity  (The). 
This  society  was  formed  Jan.  23,  1875,  four 
persons  being  present  at  the  first  meeting. 
Samuel  E.  Staples  was  the  prime  mover.  The 
purpose  as  stated  in  the  constitution  is  "to 
foster  in  its  members  a  love  and  admiration 
for  antiquarian  research  and  archaeological  sci- 
ence, and  to  rescue  from  oblivion  such  his- 
torical matter  as  would  otherwise  be  lost." 
The  career  of  this  society  has  been  a  phe- 
nomenal one,  and  it  has  established  a  posi- 
tion as  one  of  the  most  enterprising  institutions 
in  the  country.  The  secret  of  its  success  is 
that  there  existed  in  the  minds  of  its  founders 
and  active  workers  a  definite  purpose,  which 
has  been  closely  adhered  to  in  the  past, 
and  its  practical  and  often  original  methods 
in  attaining  results  attracted  and  retained  a 
strong  corps  of  members,  who  were  actuated 
by  real  interest  and  love  of  the  work  under- 
taken. To  render  accessible  the  original 
sources  of  history  has  been  the  main  object 
of  the  society's  efforts,  and  it  entered  upon 
and  pursued  its  work  with  great  vigor  and 
success.  Enterprises  that  municipalities  have 
hesitated  to  undertake  have  been  instituted 
and  carried  on,  notwithstanding  slender 
financial  means  and  other  discourage- 
ments. The  thirteenth  volume  of  the  so- 
ciety's Collections  is  now  in  press,  the  volumes 
averaging  450  pages  each,  and  containing, 
besides  the  Proceedings  of  the  Meetings,  the 
Worcester  Proprietary  and  Town  Records, 
Inscriptions  from  the  Old  Burial  Grounds, 
Records  of  the  Court  of  Sessions,  Births, 
Deaths  and  Marriages,  etc.  The  printing 
of  the  later  Worcester  Town  Records  is  con- 
tinued under  an  arrangement  by  which  the 
city  pays  half  the  expense.  A  judicious 
and  liberal  distribution  of  the  publications 
has  been  made,  and  they  are  to  be  found  in 
the  principal  libraries  in  the  country.  The 
society  has  carried  on  and  supported  its  work 
almost  entirely  by  the  contributions  of  its  mem- 
bers, and  previous  to  1890  had  received  only 
a  few  hundred  dollars  in  the  way  of  pecuniary 
gifts.  It  now  has  a  library  of  some  15,000 
volumes,  and  a  large  and  valuable  museum. 
The  Allen  library  (see  title')  acquired  in  1884 
and  the  Downes  Collection  of  rare  books 
and  almanacs,  are  worthy  of  special  men- 
tion. A  large  proportion  of  the  general 
collection  of  books  relates  to  local  his- 
tory and  genealogy.  Over  250  meetings 
have     been     held,     and     many  interest- 


129 


WOR— Y(')U 


ing  and  valuable  papers  have  been  read, 
which  have,  with  few  exceptions,  been  printed, 
for.it  has  been  the  policy  of  the  society  from 
its  early  years  to  give  almost  complete  reports 
of  the  proceedings  in  the  printed  volumes. 
Most  of  the  papers  are  the  fruit  of  original 
research,  and  furnish  information  invaluable 
to  the  student  or  writer  of  history.  One  im- 
portant contribution  to  general  history  has 
elicited  the  commendation  of  eminent  men 
throughout  the  country. 

The  society  occupied  rooms  in  Bank  block 
on  Foster  street  from  October,  1877,  to  Novem- 
ber, 1891,  when  it  removed  to  its  new  and  ele- 
gant building  on  Salisbury  street.  October  i, 
1889,  Stephen  Salisbury,  who  bad  been  a 
good  friend  to  the  society  from  the  beginning, 
presented  the  lot  of  land  on  which  the  build- 
ing stands,  with  $5,000  as  a  nucleus  of  a 
building  fund.  Other  subscriptions  enabled 
the  society  to  begin  the  erection  of  an  edifice 
in  the  spring  of  1891.  The  building  cost  $25,- 
000.  Besides  the  library  and  museum  it  con- 
tains a  fine  auditorium,  appropriately  desig- 
nated Salisbury  Hall,  one  of  the  most  attractive 
lecture  rooms  in  the  city.  The  society  has  no 
permanent  fund,  and  relies  upon  assessments 
of  its  members  for  support. 

The  library  and  museum  are  open  to  the 
public  every  week  day  afternoon  from  i  to  5 
o'clock.  Street  cars  to  Lincoln  square  take 
the  visitor  within  a  few  steps  of  the  building. 

Year  (The  Municipal). — Under  the 
charter  of  the  city  in  1848,  the  municipal  year 
began  the  first  Monday  in  April.  In  1850  an 
act  of  the  Legislature  provided  that  from  the 
year  185 1  it  should  begin  the  first  Monday  in 
January. 

Young  Men's  Christian  Association. — 

A  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  was  or- 
ganized in  Worcester  in  1852,  of  which  Thom- 
as Tucker,  proprietor  of  the  American  House, 
was  president.  A  reading  room  was  opened 
in  Bank  Block  on  Foster  street,  and  main- 
tained for  a  few  months,  but  the  formation 
of  the  Young  Men's  Library  Association  prob- 
ably influenced  the  withdrawal  from  the  field 
of  the  first-named  society,  for  it  soon  ceased 
to  exist.  The  present  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association  was  formed  June  14,  1864, 
incorporated  June  4,  1868.  Frederick  A. 
Clapp  was  the  first  president.  Rooms  were 
opened  in  Mechanics  Hall  Building,  where 
the  association  remained  till  18^9,  when  it  re- 


moved to  279  Main  street,  and  again  in  1870 
to  Chapin  Block,  Pearl  street.  In  1878  an- 
other removal  to  411  Main  street  was  effect- 
ed. In  1879  the  first  general  secretary  was 
employed,  and  the  work  and  membership  in- 
creased until  the  need  of  larger  quarters  com- 
pelled the  managers  to  make  efforts  toward  the 
erection  of  a  building  adequate  to  the  require- 
ments of  the  association.  In  1884  Albert 
Curtis  had  offered  $25,000  as  a  building  fund, 
and  $4,125  had  accumulated  from  several 
small  legacies  and  interest.  A  thorough  can- 
vass was  made,  with  the  grand  result  of  $92,- 
138.88  from  more  than  3,100  contributors. 
The  adjoining  estates  on  Pearl  and  Elm  streets 
were  purchased  for  $40,000,  with  a  small  ad- 
ditional strip  to  ensure  light  for  $3,300,  and 
the  present  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Building  erected. 
The  corner-stone  was  laid  August  27,  1886, 
and  the  building  was  occupied  in  1887.  It 
extends  from  Elm  to  Pearl  street,  with  en- 
trances on  both,  and  contains  besides  the  suites 
of  rooms  in  general  use  by  the  association,  two 
halls — Ctirtis2iud  AssociaHon — which  are  used 
for  religious  and  other  meetings,  public  lec- 
tures, etc.  A  well-supplied  reading  room  and 
a  gymnasium  are  maintained.  Cost  of  build- 
ing and  lot  complete  $155,000,  on  which 
there  is  a  mortgage  of  $55,000.  The  object 
of  the  association  is  the  spiritual,  mental  and 
physical  advancement  of  young  men,  in  afford- 
ing proper  and  attractive  advantages  and  in- 
fluences which  will  withdraw  them  from  evil 
associations.  Classes  for  instruction,  a  young 
men's  congress,  monthly  meetings,  practical 
talks  and  courses  of  entertainments  are  main- 
tained: and  during  the  summer,  from  May  to 
October,  special  work  is  carried  on  by  the  Out- 
ing Club  at  the  Association  Athletic  Grounds  at 
Lake  Quinsigamond,  where  are  various  attrac- 
tions. A  bicycle  club  was  organized  in  1891. 
Any  young  man  of  good  moral  character, 
without  regard  to  age  or  religious  belief,  may 
join  the  association.  The  membership  num- 
bers over  1 500.  Charles  F.  Rugg  is  president 
and  Herbert  L.  Gale,  general  secretary. 

Young  Women's  Christian  Association. 

— "Intent  on  benefiting  in  the  most  judicious 
manner,  and  in  the  largest  numbers,  the  young 
women  among  us,  many  of  whom  have  been 
thrown  homeless,  and  largely  friendless,  upon 
their  own  resources  for  personal  support  and 
maintenance,"  the  first  Young  Women's 
Christian  Association  was  formed   in  1865. 


YOU— APP 


30 


Boston  was  the  pioneer  in  this  work,  and  has 
always  remained  in  the  front  rank.  Now, 
in  nearly  every  large  city,  such  an  organization 
can  be  found.  The  Young  Women's  Chris- 
tian Association  of  Worcester  was  formed  in 
1885,  and  incorporated  October  26  of  that 
year.  Its  financial  basis  at  the  start  was  a 
gift  of  $1000  from  Mr.  Dwight  Reed. 
Rooms  at  352  Main  street  were  secured,  and 
are  still  in  use  as  a  branch.  A  lunch  room  for 
women  and  children  is  open  from  12  to  2  each 
day,  and  on  Saturdays  from  5  to  7  P.  M.,  addi- 
tional. These  rooms  becoming  too  small  for 
the  rapidly  increasing  work,  an  effort  was 
made  in  the  summer  of  1890  to  raise  a  sum  to 
be  used  as  a  building  fund,  which  was  carried 
to  success.  A  lot  on  the  corner  of  Chatham 
and  High  streets  was  purchased  and  work  be- 
gun in  October  of  1890.  The  building  was 
finished  and  dedicated  September  22,  1893. 
It  contains  a  boarding  house  for  young  women, 
a  free  circulating  library  of  about  1, 100  vol- 
umes, a  reading  room  with  about  40  papers 
and  magazines,  an  employment  bureau,  a 
board  directory,  a  directory  for  nurses  and  a 
restaurant  for  women.  Memorial  Hall  in  the 
building,  with  a  seating  capacity  of  400,  is  the 


most  beautiful  hall  of  its  size  in  this  vicinity. 
It  was  the  gift,  with  its  furnishings,  of  Mr.  E. 
A.  Goodnow.  The  building  cost  $90,000,  and 
there  is  a  debt  of  $25,000.  The  association 
has  the  only  gymnasium  in  the  city  for 
women,  and  there  have  been  classes  of  women 
and  children  from  September  to  June.  There 
is  a  tennis  club,  the  grounds  for  its  use  and 
the  club  house  on  it  being  the  gift  of  Hon. 
Stephen  Salisbury.  The  membership  of  the 
association  is  over  1500.  The  annual  meet- 
ing is  held  the  last  Monday  in  April.  Mrs. 
C.  H.  Morgan  is  president  and  Miss  Sybil 
M  (iray,  general  secretary. 

Zion  M.  E.  Church.— See  African 
Churches. 

Zo-ological  Club  of  Worcester. — This 
club  was  formed  through  the  efforts  of  Prof. 
Francis  G.  Sanborn  at  the  time  he  was 
in  charge  of  the  Natural  History  rooms.  Its 
purpose  was  the  study  of  zoology  in  a  practi- 
cal way,  i.  e.,  by  dissection  and  demonstration. 
Rooms  at  38  Foster  street  were  occupied. 
The  club  was  in  existence  only  about  a  year, 
from  1883  to  the  time  of  Prof.  Sanborn's  death 
in  June,  1884. 


APPENDIX. 


American  (The). — An  eight-page  weekly 
paper,  "devoted  to  Home,  Church  and  Coun- 
try," published  by  the  American  Publishing 
Co.,  at  405  Main  street.  F.  W.  Cum- 
mings  is  the  editor,  and  Rev.  Thomas  Atkin- 
son, associate  editor,  with  Rev.  A.  Z.  Conrad, 
D.  D.,  Rev.  D.  O.  Mears,  D.  D.,  Rev.  C.  H. 
Pendleton,  Rev.  W.  T.  Worth,  Rev.  J.  D. 
Pickles,  Ph.  D.,  and  Mr.  William  Woodward 
as  editorial  contributors.  The  following  state- 
ment printed  in  the  first  number,  November  i, 
1892,  indicates  the  purpose  and  character  of 
the  paper:  "The  .^Wi?rmz«  is  modestly  and 
confidently  given  to  the  public,  asking  only 
such  reception  as  its  merits  may  fairly  de- 
mand. It  will  be  American  in  the  truest 
sense.  Non-partisan  and  non-sectarian,  it  will 
let  its  moderation  be  known  unto  all  men.  It 
will  endeavor  to  promote  and  conserve  the 
purity  and  sanctity  of  American  homes.  The 
Afncrican-wWX  present  an  uncompromising  op- 


position to  all  attempts  to  form  in  this  free 
country  of  ours  that  'unholy  alliance'  between 
church  and  state  so  fatal  to  both.  It  will 
deal  with  all  live  subjects,  religious  and  moral, 
and  will  endeavor  to  promote  true  American 
patriotism." 

Corrections. — Electric  Lights,  page  30. 
Lights  of  2000  candle-power,  cost  the  city  forty 
cents  per  light  all  night.  Lfigh  School,  page 
43.  Mr.  John  G.  Wight,  principal  of  the 
Classical  High  School,  is  a  graduate  of  Bow- 
doin  College. 

East  Worcester. — The  region  east  of 
Washington  square,  generally  called  Pine 
Meadow,  or  "The  Meadows."  Shrewsbury 
and  East  Central  streets  are  its  principal 
thoroughfares. 

Express  Business. —Page  33.  It  would 
appear  that  the  first" person  to  do  express  busi- 


APP— 


ness  over  the  Boston  &  Worcester  Railroad 
was  a  young  man  named  Prentiss  Brown,  a 
cripple,  who  walked  on  crutches.  He  began 
carrying  packages  and  business  orders  in  the 
early  part  of  the  year  1835  from  Westboro  to 
Boston,  on  each  morning  train,  riding  in  a 
second  class  car  to  save  expenses,  and  return- 
ing each  afternoon.  When  the  railroad  was 
•opened  through  to  Worcester,  in  July,  1835, 
Mr.  Brown  extended  his  trip  from  Worcester 
to  Boston,  carrying  his  packages  in  a  large 
trunk,  and  employing  a  man  with  a  handcart 
(there  being  no  job  wagons  here  then)  to  de- 
liver his  goods  to  his  customers.  Mr.  Henry 
J.  Howland  writes:  "I  well  recollect  send- 
ing a  package  of  'copy'  by  him  to  Boston  Oc- 
tober 14,  1835,  which  was  printed  and  re- 
turned the  next  day." 

French  Paper. — The  first  number  of 
Z'  Opinion  Publique,  the  new  semi-weekly 
French  paper,  appeared  Jan.  27,  1893.  It  is 
published  and  edited  by  the  Belisle  Brothers, 
five  of  whom  are  interested  in  the  venture. 
It  is  independent  in  politics,  and  will  be  de- 
•voted  to  the  interests  of  French  Canadians,  of 
whom  there  are  50,000  in  Worcester  County. 

Market     Gardeners'     Association. — A 

meeting  of  the  market  gardeners  of  Worcester 
and  vicinity  was  held  at  the  Board  of  Trade 
rooms  January  21,  1893,  form  an  organiza- 
tion whose  aim  is  to  bring  those  engaged  in 
the  business  into  closer  acquaintance  with  each 
other,  and  to  promote  the  interests  of  the  in- 
dustry, which  has  grown  to  be  one  of  large 
proportions.  There  were  present :  Ex- Alder- 
man J.  Lewis  Ellsworth,  A.  S.  Wolfe,  Elias 
Sprague,  H.  E.  Sprague,  Charles  F.  Stowell, 
Alden  Rice,  F.  J.  Kinney,  H.  R.  Kinney  and 
G.  H.  Rich  of  this  city  and  E.  A.  Bartlett  of 
Shrewsbury.  It  was  decided  to  call  the  or- 
ganization the  Worcester  County  Market  Gar- 
deners' Association,  and  the  following  officers 
were  elected:  President,  J.  Lewis  Ellsworth; 
Vice-Presidents,  A.  S.  Wolfe  of  this  city,  E. 
A.  Bartlett  of  Shrewsbury,'  Park  Webb  of 
Wilkinsonville,  T.  F.  Corey  of  Northboro; 
Secretary,  H.  E.  Sprague;  Treasurer,  E.  A. 
Bartlett.  The  initiation  fee  was  fixed  at  $1. 
One  of  the  aims  of  the  association,  as  explained 
by  President  Ellsworth,  will  be  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  public  market  similar  to  those 
in  larger  cities.  Mr.  Ellsworth  said  if  a  peti- 
tion was  presented  to  the  City  Council  asking 
for  a  location  on  some  one  of  the  central 


squares,  he  had  no  doubt  that  it  would  be 
granted.  The  market  gardeners  could  then 
drive  to  this  place  early  in  the  morning  with 
their  loads  of  garden  truck,  and  could  be  found 
there  by  the  dealers  when  wanted.  Such  a 
move  would  make  things  much  easier  for  the 
gardeners,  who  are  frequently  obliged  to  drive 
all  over  the  city  to  dispose  of  their  stock. 

Relief  Funds. — Worcester  has  contributed 
to  many  relief  funds  in  the  past,  the  first,  per- 
haps, being  in  aid  of  the  Greeks  sixty  or  seven- 
ty years  ago.  Within  the  last  fifteen  years 
money  has  been  contributed  to  several  funds 
as  follows,  Hon.  Henry  A.  Marsh,  as  treasurer 
of  all  of  them,  having  received  the  amounts 
here  given : 

Irish  Relief  Fund,  1880,  $4>357  00 

Forest  Fires  in  Michigan,  1881,  3,126  57 
Charleston  Earthquake  Sufferers, 

1886,  2,759  00 

Yellow  Fever  Sufferers,  1888,  2,117  00 

Conemaugh  Valley  Flood,  1889,      15,463  00 

$27,882.  57 

Sleeping  Car,  Invention  of  the.— The 

following  is  from  the  IVorcester  Spy  of  April 
24,  1893:  Asa  Hapgood,  who  is  referred  to 
in  the  clipping  from  the  N'eiv  York  Sun  printed 
below,  died  in  this  city  about  20  years  ago. 
He  was  a  cabinet  maker  by  trade,  but  at  the 
time  of  his  death  he  conducted  the.  sleeping 
car  line  between  Boston  and  New  York, 
through  this  city. 

Mr.  Hapgood  was  also  at  one  time  a  con- 
ductor on  the  old  Boston  «S:  Worcester  Rail- 
road, in  which  capacity  he  was  well  known 
and  popular.  He  was  the  father  of  Miss  Hap- 
good, the  Russian  traveler,  who  recently  lec- 
tured in  this  city,  on  Russia. 

Osgood  Bradley  was  seen  last  evening  con- 
cerning the  article  in  the  Sun  and  said  that 
although  Asa  Hapgood  was  not  the  inventor 
of  the  sleeping  car,  he  was  the  inventor  of  the 
upper  berth  and  of  the  peculiar  elbow-hinge 
which  made  it  possible  to  turn  the  berths 
up  out  of  the  way  in  the  day  time.  Mr.  Brad- 
ley also  said  that  Mr.  Hapgood  was  not  in 
good  health  the  last  two  or  three  years  of  his 
life,  and  but  for  that  he  would  have  asserted 
and  probably  gained  his  rights. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Suk:     Your  issue  of  last 

Sunday,    April  16,  contained  an    article  which  I 

ask  you,  in  the  interests  of  justice,  to  correct  by 

publishing  this  reply:  Neither  Webster  Wagner 


APP— 


132 


nor  George  Pullman  invented  the  sleeping:  car.  It 
was  invented  by  Asa  Hapgood  of  Worcester,  Mass., 
and  his  cars  were  placed  on  the.  line  between  Boston 
and  New  York  at  the  critical  period  in  the  history 
of  those  allied  roads  when  they  were  in  a  very  bad 
way  financially,  because  people  preferred  a  conitort- 
able  night's  rest  on  the  Sound  steamers. 

The  great  difficulty  of  profitable  sleeping  cars  lav 
in  the  necessity  of  having  an  upper  berth  whicn 
would  turn  up  out  of  the  way  in  the  day  time  after 
doubling  the  carrying  capacity  at  night.  Asa 
Hapgood  aho  invented  the  device,  the  peculiar  el- 
bow hinge,  which  made  this  possible.  Webster 
Wagner  adopted  this  device,  and  George  M.  Full- 
man  patented  it.  About  187S  a  grand  legal  battle 
was  approaching  between  George  M.  Pullman,  who 
demanded   the  payment  of  royalty  from  Webster 


Wagner,  on  that  upper-berth  device,  and  the  Wag- 
ner Company,  which  resisted  payment  on  the  ground 
that  Pullman  was  not  the  inventor,  had  no  valid 
right  to  his  patent,  and  so  forth.  The  Wagner  Com- 
pany's lawyers,  in  making  preparations  for  the  bat- 
tle, went  to  Worcester  and  took  from  the  car  shops- 
of  the  Bradley  Car  Building  Company  there  a 
model  of  the  upper  berth  in  question,  and  the  hinge, 
which  Asa  Hapgood  had  made  with  his  own  hands, 
as  all  the  members  of  the  Bradley  firm  and  the 
workmen  who  had  been  in  the  shop  at  the  time, 
were  ready  and  willing  to  swear.  By  virtue  of  this- 
model,  the  Wagner  Company  succes'sfully  resisted 
the  demand  of  George  M.  Pullman  and  continued^ 
as  before,  to  use  the  berth  and  hinge  without  pay- 
ing royalty. 


I  N  D  EX. 


ADDOtt,  Jonn  b. 

55 

Adams,  John,  in  Worcester, 

96 

Adams,  John  Quincy, 

62, 

Agricultural  Implements, 

56 

Allen,  Charles, 

•    7,  37>  102 

Allen,  rLtnan, 

Allen,  George, 

•   5>  37 

Allen,  Joseph, 
'*  Angel  (jabriel. 

90, 1 19 

91 

Anthropological  Society, 

39 

Anti- Masonic  party. 

02 

Archceologia  Americana, 

6 

Arbuckle,  Matthew, 

73 

Baker,  Zephaniah, 

14 

Baldwin,  John  D., 

91,  102 

Bancroft  Hill,  . 

87 

Barber's  Historical  Collections, 

17 

Barton,  E.  M., 

6 

Bibliography, 

16 

Bigelow,  H.  H., 

.  14,  51 

Bigelow,  Timothy, 

.  14,  67 

Blake,  James  B.,       .  . 

98,  99 

Blanchard's  Lathe, 

48 

Boyden,  Elbridge, 

.  65 

Boynton,  John, 

•  83 

Boys'  Camp, 

75 

Brigham,  David  T.,  . 

46,  89 

Brinley  Hall, 

41,  118 

Brown,  George  L.,  . 

9 

Bull,  Ole,          .        .       .  . 

72 

Bullock  Medal  Fund, 

43 

Burroughs,  Stephen, 

91 

Burritt,  Elihu,    .       .        .  . 

53.  56,  64 

Bushnell,  George, 

97 

Business  Exchange,  Worcester,  . 

.  127 

Butman  Riot,     .       .        .  . 

•   7,  91 

Camp  Lincoln,  .        .        .  . 

68 

Camp  Scott,       .       .       .  . 

68 

Card  Clothing,  .       .        .  . 

.  58 

Cattle-shows,  origin  of, 

.  127 

Chandler,  Clark,  .  .  .  .  119 
Chandler,  John,  .  .  .  67,  119 
Clark,  Jonas  G.,  .  .  .  .  8,  22 
College  Regattas,  .  .  .  .  51 
Commercial  Colleges,  ...  95 
Conant,  Edwin,  ....  75 
Confucius,  works  of,  .  .  .  .  14 
Congress,  Representatives  in,  .  .  90 
Continental  Hall,  ....  42 
Cruikshank's  Drawings,  ...  44 
Curtis,  Albert,  .        .         28,  114,  129 

Curtis  Hall,  .  .  .  .  .129 
Crystal  Park,     .       .        .       .  .123 

Dam  burst.        .        .        .        .        .  91 

Davis,  Edward  L.,     .        .        .        .  51 

Davis,  Isaac,     .        .        .        •    5>  23,  126 
Davis,  John,      ....    29,  91,  98 

Dayton,  H.  H.,         ....  30 

Deed  to  the  Almighty,       .        .         42,  88 
Denton,  William,       ....  39 

Devens,  Charles,        .       .        .        68,  too 
DeWitt,  Alexander,   .        .       .        91,  102 
Dictionary,  the  first  published  in  America,  16 
Dodge,  Thomas  H.,  .  29,  74,  119 

Downes  Collection,    .        .        .  .128 

Drawing  School,        ....  65 

Drew,  Thomas,  .        .        .        .  loi 

Dustin,  Hannah,       •       •       •       •  53 

Earle,  Edward,  ....  43 

Earle,  John  Milton,  .  .  11,  loi,  118 
Earle,  William  B.,  ....  58 
Ears  cropped,  .  .  .  .  .125 
Eliot,  John,  .....  41 
Elliott,  James,  .....  loi 
Envelopes,  .....  58 
Estabrook,  James,  .  .  •  n,  50,  98 
Everett,  Edward,       .        .        .  .127 

Father  Mathew  Temperance  Society,  48 
Fenwick,  Bishop,       ....  23 


Fire  Arms,  .... 
Foster,  Stephen  S.  and  Abby  Kelley, 
Foster  Street  Depot,  . 
Freemasonry, 
Fruit-preserving  Company, 

Garrison,  William  Lloyd, 
George,  Henry, 
Girls'  Camp, 
Glacial  marks,  . 
Goodnow,  E.  A., 
Gough,  John  B., 
Greek  Lexicon, 
Greek  Testament, 
Green,  Samuel  S., 
Green,  John, 
Greenwood,  T.  J., 
Grout,  John  W., 

Hale,  E.  E.,  . 
Hall,  G.  Stanley, 
Hamilton,  C.  A., 
Hamilton,  Edward, 
Harris,  Clarendon, 
Hassanamisco,  . 
Heard,  Nathan, 
Heywood,  Daniel, 
Higginson,  T.  W., 
Hoar,  George  F., 
Homoeopathic  Medical  Library, 
Hovey,  William, 
Howland,  Henry  J. 

Indexed  Worcester  Information, 
Indian  Praying  Town, 
Ingersoll,  Robert  J. 

Jackson,  Joseph, 
Jackson,  S.  R., 
Jackson  Guards, 
Jaques,  George, 
lillson,  Clark, 
Jones,  J.  D.  E., 
Jordan,  Marsh  &  Co., 
Josephus,  Works  of. 


Kansas  Emigrant  Movement 
Kean,  Edmund, 
Keyes,  Lucy,  story  of, 
Knowles  Art  Fund, 
Knowles  Maternity, 
Knowlton,  J.  S.  C, 
Koran,  The 

Lafayette, 
Lawrence,  Myron, 
Le  Baron,  Francis, 
Liberal  Tract  Society, 


58 
7 
14 
62 

71 

7 
99 
119 
12 

20,  130 
44 
17 
14 

38 
37 
123 
68 

56,  73 
22 
:i,  119 

73 
29 

41 
18 
46 
II,  56 
91,  98 
.  65 
.  46 
17,  86,  131 


125 
41 
39 

37 
18 

69 

45 
17,  64 

97 
5 

17 
7 

119 
124 

9 
45 
18 

14,  17 

33 
126 
22 
39 


Edward  Winslow, 
George, 
John  W., 
Levi,  senior, 
Levi,  2d, 
William, 


Lincoln 
Lincoln 
Lincoln 
Lincoln 
Lincoln 
Lincoln 
Looms, 

Lovell,  A.  A.,  . 
Lundy,  Benjamin, 
Lynde  Brook  Dam 

Machinists'  Tools, 
Manual  Labor  School, 
Marble,  A.  P.,  . 
Marble,  Manton, 
Marsh,  Henry  A. 
Marvin,  A.  P.,  . 
''  Meadows,  The, 
Merrick,  Pliny,  . 
Messinger,  D.  S., 
Metcalf,  C.  B., 

Mexican  War,  number  of  soldiers 
Molineaux,  Aaron, 
Morgan,  William, 
"  Mount  Adams," 
Mower,  Thomas  Gardi 
Music  Festival, 
Musical  Instruments, 
Mutual  Fire  Association, 

"Nat  Turner  Massacre," 
New  England  Fair, 
Newton,  Calvin, 

Old  Books, 
Organ,  great, 
Otis,  Harrison  Gray, 

Paige,  L.  R.,  . 
Paine,  Nathaniel, 
Paine,  Timothy, 
Parry,  W.  M., 
Parsons,  Solomon, 
Penny  Posts, 
Perry,  Emory, 
Pickett,  Josiah,  . 
Pillsbury,  Parker, 
Plunkett,  Sergeant, 
Poll  Parish,  first, 
Pond,  John  F., 
Pratt,  C.  B., 
Pratt,  Daniel,  . 
Printing,  Thomas'  History  of, 
Putnam,  Samuel  H., 

"Quock  Walker  "  ca 

Raymenton,  W.  H., 
Record  Printing, 


30. 


81,85 
.  67 
20,  98 
91 

23.  30.  55>  91 
16,  23,  42,  55 

59 
67,  68 

7 
91 

59 
126 

97 
126 

93 
68 
82 
62 
34,  89 
43 
67 
1 1 
62 
124 
67 
71 
59 
87 

7 

127 
65 

54 
65 
127 

123 
15,  16 
91 
"5 
42,  88 

85 
72 
9,  85 
39 
13 
122 
122 

47 
116 

17,  55 
II,  54,  117 

7 

.  89 
74 


135 


Rice,  George  M., 

.  10 

Rice,  Jonas, 

96 

Rice,  William  W.,  . 

91 

Roe,  Alfred  S., 

43,  54 

Rogers,  Randolph, 

100 

Russell,  E.  Harlow,  . 

77 

Salisbury,  Stephen,  2d, 

43>  65,  83 

Salisbury,  Stephen,  3d, 

•  45 

47,  63,  129 

Sanborn,  F.  G., 

130 

Shaffner,  T,  P., 

78,  1 16 

Shays'  Rebellion, 

91 

Sheldon,  William, 

55 

Skull,  prehistoric, 

63 

Sleeping  Car  invention, 

131 

Smith,  Eleazer, 

58 

Soldiers  in  different  wars. 

07 

Souther,  S., 

22 

Staples,  Samuel  E.,  . 

71,  128 

Summer  Camp, 

75 

Sumner,  Charles, 

53 

Stowell,  Peter  and  Ebenezer, 

18 

Tan  yard. 

57 

Thayer,  Eli, 

5,  50 

80,  91,  126 

Thomas,  Benj.  V. 

100 

Thomas,  Isaiah,  6,  62,  80, 

85;  h 

is  History  of 

Printing, 

•  17,  55 

Thomas,  Robert  B.,  . 

6 

Thompson,  CO., 

83 

Thurber,  Charles, 

48 

Triphammer  shop, 

27 

Triscott,  S.  P.  R., 

9 

Trumbull,  George  A., 

17 

Veto  by  the  Mayor,  . 

1 7 

Vottier,  A.  G., 

I  Q 

Waites,  Alfred, 

56 

Waldo,  Daniel, 

20 

Walker,  Adam, 

67 

Walker,  J.  H., 

75»  91, 

I  26 

Ward,  Artemas, 

I  I 

Ward,  George  H., 

41 

,  68 

Ward,  Town  of,  : 

1 1 

Washburn,  Ichabod,  . 

44 

,  64 

Washington, 

33 

Wasson,  David  A., 

56 

Watson,  Elkanah, 

127 

Weston,  David, 

126 

Wheeler,  D.  G.,        .  . 

29 
18 

Wheelock,  Clarendon, 

White,  Charles, 

5 

White,  William  Charles, 

55 

Whitney,  Peter,  History  Worccstt 

■r  County 

,  79 

Wilder,  S.  V.  S., 

49 

Wire,  

60 

Woodworking  Machinery,  . 

60 

Savings 


452    WfllN  STtJEET. 


Incorporated  May   13,  1864. 
Assets,  Sept.,  1893,         -         -         -         -  $6,747,038.53 
Number  of  Depositors,      -----  14,962 


Deposits  put  upon  interest   on   the  first   day  of 
February,  May,  August  and  November. 

Semi-annual  dividends  payable  February  and  August 
15,  and  added  to  the  principal  if  not  withdrawn. 

In  addition  to  the  usual  hours,  the  bank  is  open  to 
receive  deposits  on  Saturday  evening  from 
6  to  8  o'clock. 


SAM'L  R.  HEYWOOD,  • 
Prest. 


CHARLES  M.  BENT, 

Treas. 


A  Carpenter 

Is  known  by  tiis  chips. 

A  Tailor  by  the  fit  of  his  clothes,  and  so  on  through  the  trades. 

A  PRINTER,  if  he  is  a  good  one,  ought  to  be  known  by 
his  jobs. 


Do  YOU  KNOW  Blanch ARD? 


Of  course  you  know  his  jobs,  for  what  person  hereabouts  has 
not  seen  the  COLUMBIAN  TRIBUTE,  the  WORCESTER  COM- 
MERCIAL?— but  what's  the  use  of  enumerating  the  long  list? 
You  have  seen  the  imprint  of  F.  S.  Blanchard  &  Co.  on  hundreds 
of  jobs,  and  you  know  they  were  good  ones,  too  ;  something  about 
them  that  suggested  at  once  that  they  were  done  at  154  Front 
street. 

That  imprint  would  look  well  on  your  next  Catalogue,  and 
you  may  be  sure  the  Catalogue  would  look  well,  too. 

If  you  want  good  printing  of  ANY  KIND,  go  to  Blanchard's. 

If  you  want  it  in  an  awful  hurry,  and  nobody  else  has  facilities 
to  handle  it  quick  enough,  then  take  it  to  Blanchard's,  sure. 


Morcester  County 
ITnstitutton  for  Savings, 

Ho.  13  FOSTEl^  ST.,  WORCESTER. 


Officers  for  1893-4. 


PRESIDENT; 


STEPHEN  SALISBURY. 


GEOllCiE  S.  HOWE, 


(iEOIUiE  S.  HOWE, 
]OSKlMI  MASOX, 
■yOIIX  D.  W  ASHIIURX, 
l£DWARD  I..  DAVIS, 
STEPHEN  SALISBURY, 
GEORGE  E.  FRANCIS, 
WILLIAM   H.  JOURDAN, 
THOMAS  II.  GAGE, 
A.  GEORGE  BULLOCK, 


\  ICE-PRESII>ENTS : 

JOSEPH  MASON, 

TRUSTEES: 

JOSIAH  H.  CLARKE, 
CHARLfiS  B.  PRATT, 
]OIIN  W.  WETHERELL, 
WALDO  LINCOLN, 
FRANK  P.  GOULDING, 
LINCOLN  N.  KINNICUTT, 
JONAS  G.  CLARK, 
CHARLES  F.  ALDRICH, 


JOHN  D.  WASHBURN. 


SAMUEL  S.  GREEN, 
ELISHA    D.  BUFFINGTON, 
SAMUEL  C.  WILLIS, 
LEONARD  WHEELER, 
EDWARD   D.  THAYER,  Jr., 
GEORGE  F.  BLAKE,  Jr.," 
EDWARD  F.  TOLMAN, 
LYMAN  A.  ELY. 


CLERK:   CHARLES  F.  ALDRICH. 


TREASURER:   CHARLES  A.  CHASE. 


BOARD  OF  INVESTMENT: 

STEPHEN  SALISBURY,  GEORGE  E.  FRANCIS,        EDWARD  D.  THAYER,  Jr. 

LYMAN  A.  ELY,  WALDO  LINCOLN. 


SAMUEL  C.  WILLIS, 


AUDITORS  : 

EDWARD  F.  TOLMAN, 


GEORGE  S.  HOWE. 


Edward  B.  Hamilton,  Ge/ierol  Accountant.         Llther  M.  Lovell,  Teller. 

Accountajtts:  Clerks: 
Frank  L.  Messinger,     Linls  Sibley.  Ralph  E.  Stewart,    Lucius  W.  White. 


This  Institution  was  established  February  5,  1828.  Its  object  is  to  receive  and  safely 
invest  the  savings  of  the  people  and  to  divide  the  profits  among  the  depositors. 

Deposits  of  one  dollar  or  upwards  are  received.  The  limit  of  deposits  is  One  Thousand 
Dollars.    Deposits  are  allowed  to  accumulate  to  Sixteen  Hundred  Dollars. 

Money  is  put  on  interest  on  the  first  day  of  January,  April,  July  and  October.  Interest 
on  deposits  is  computed  to  January  I  and  July  i.  No  amount  under  Three  Dollars  js 
entitled  to  a  dividend. 


The  GOIiOjWBlA|<  THIBUTE 


Has  been  pronounced  by  those  competent  to  judge,  to  be  the 
finest  representation  in  paper  and  ink  that  the  city  of  Worcester  ever 
had. 

No  city  in  the  country  has  ever  been  more  graphically  or  truthfully 
set  before  the  world  in  print. 

It  presents  the  educational,  social,  charitable,  financial  and  indus- 
trial features  of  the  Heart  of  the  Commonwealth  as  they  exist  to-day. 

It  is  beautfully  illustrated.  No  public  building,  institution,  land- 
mark, manufacturing  or  business  building  ot  note  but  what  graces  its 
pages  in  the  popular  and  artistic  half-tone  style  of  engravings. 

It  contains  over  500  illustrations. 

It  gives  a  complete  classified  list  of  the  products  of  Worcester  man- 
ufactures, the  variety  and  extent  of  which  no  city  in  this  country  can 
excel. 

It  was  issued  as  a  tribute  to  the  notable  Columbian  year  1893, 
under  the  patronage  and  endorsement  of  the.  Board  of  Trade. 

That  Worcester  gives  ^  good  account  of  herself  cannot  be  gainsaid. 

The  heart  of  every  resident  should  swell  with  pride  in  not  only 
having  a  copy  for  his  own  preservation,  but  should  help  to  spread  the 
fair  fame  of  Worcester  by  sending  copies  to  distant  friends  or  corre- 
spondents abroad. 

Printed  on  elegant  coated  paper,  200  pp.  folio  size. 

Card  Covers  (in  envelopes  ready  for  mailing),  40c. 
Postage  15c.  extra. 

Cloth  Covers,  stamped  in  gold  leaf,    -      -  $1.00. 
Souvenir  Embossed  Leather,  round  corners, 

gold  edges,     -------  Jj>3.50 

F.  S.  BLANCHARD  &  CO.,  Publishers, 


^154  Front  Street,  WORCESTER,  MASS. 


Brtss(3ravuim 


We  beg  to  announce  that  we  have  made  arrange- 
ments whereby  we  can  supply  the  beautiful  process 
prints  known  as  Art-Gravures,  Heliotypes,  Litho- 
types,  Photogravures,  and  half  a  dozen  other  names 
which  mean  practically  the  same  thing. 

3for  iruuetratmg 

Genealogical  or  Biographical  Sketches,  Memorial 
Volumes,  College  Publications,  Town  and  County 
Histories,  Souvenir  Editions,  Machinery,  Buildings, 
Groups  or  general  mercantile  subjects,  this  process 
cannot  be  excelled.  The  prints  are  soft,  clear  and 
distinct,  furnished  in  a  variety  of  colors  of  tinted  inks, 
and  for  limited  editions  are  much  cheaper  than 
engravings. 

These  prints  can  be  reproduced  from  Photographs,  Paintings, 
Engravings,  Etchings  or  Drawings,  and  our  experience  as  pub- 
lishers has  convinced  us  that  there  is  no  process  for  illustrating 
equal  to  them. 

Call  and  see  samples,  and  get  estimates. 


F.  S.  BLANCHARD  &  CO., 

154  Front  Street.  WORCESTER,  MASS. 


Worcester  Storage  Co. 

HORACE  WYMAN,  Pkest.  C.  C.  BROWN,  Managek. 

29  GOLD  ST.  COURT. 

Teuephone .  6A2-3,^  


Storage  for  Furniture,  Merchandise,  Machinery,  Carriages,  Sleighs,  Trunks,  Packages, 
and  Bulky  Valuables.  The  warehouse  has  a  powerful  Hydraulic  elevator,  which  raises 
goods  by  the  wagon-load,  thus  saving  extra  handling. 


Rooms  of  all  Sizes  For  Rent. 

Insurance  obtainable  at  the  lowest  rates  written  for  storage.  Furniture  moved  from 
house  to  house  or  to  storage  warehouse.    Covered  van  for  wet  or  dusty  weather. 


For  STORAGE  RATES,  Apply  at  the  Warehouse, 

OR  BY  MAIL. 


Grand  and  Upright  Pianos 

The  recognized  Standard  Pianos  of  the  world;  pre-eminent]_y  the  best  in- 
struments at  present  made,  exported  to  and  sold  in  all  art  centres  of  the 
globe  ,  preferred  for  public  and  private  use  hy  the  greatest  living  artists. 

A.  B.  Chase  Wonderful  Pianos, 

The  A.  B.  Chase  Piano  has  come  with  rapid  strides  to  the  front,  till 
today  it  stands  with  the  leaders. 

Kranich  &  Bach  Faultless  Pianos. 

28,000  Pianos  made,  and  sold.  Endorsed  hy  all  Worcester  musicians 
Sold  b_y  us  27  years. 

HHINES  BROS.  SDPEHB  DPRliT  PlflNOS. 

The  best  Upright  Piano  at  a  reasonable  price  in  the  market  to-day  The 
favorite  piano  of  Mme.  Adelina  Patti  and  other  noted  artists  Cases  in 
Mahogany,  Rosewood,  Ebonized,  Cherry,  French,  Circassian  and  Ameri- 
can Walnut,  English  and  American  Oak. 

C.  L.  ©ORHAM  &  eo. 

454  Main  St.,  Worcester,  Mass. 


F.  M.  MARBLE 


A  strong  personality  pervades  the  enterprise  that 
appears  to  be  so  firmly  founded  at       .       .  . 

32  Front  St.,  Crompton  Block. 

Here  one  notes  the  fulfillment  of  an  original  purpose,  tenaciously  adhered  to 
during  seventeen  years,  to  furnish  for  the  million,  at  moderate  charge,  substantial 
food  — solid  and  liquid,  on  strictly  temperance  principles — of  the  best  quality  in  un- 
stinted measure.     Hence  the         .        .  . 


Popular  Eating:  House, 


Fortunate  in  Location, 
Ample  in  Area, 

Perfect  in  Every  Detail  of  Arrangement, 

equipped  with  the  freshest,  choicest,  most  appetizing  selections  from  the  markets, 
a  skillful  cuisine,  the  most  luscious  fruits  in  their  season,  all  presided  over  by  a 
genial  gentleman,  with  polite  and  attentive  assistants. 

A  fitting  climax  is  reached  in  the  splendid 

Restaurant  of  F.  H.  Marble, 
32  FRONT  ST.,       WORCESTER,  MASS. 


